Deck 10: C: Within-Subjects Designs: Can Watching Reality Tv Shows Be Good for Us

Question 1

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Kahn,M. ,Fridenson,S. ,Lerer,Bar-Haim,Y.& Sadeh,A.(2014).Effects of one night of induced night-wakings versus sleep restriction on sustained attention and mood: a pilot study.Sleep Medicine,15,825-832.
Effect of Sleep Deprivation on Attention Study
The purpose of this study was to examine whether sleep interrupted by frequent waking affects a person's mood and attention.Forty women and 21 men participated in a one-factor within-subjects design that consisted of two treatment conditions.In the control condition participants had eight continuous hours of sleep.In the experimental condition participants also had eight hours of sleep,but it was interrupted every two hours.After each treatment the participants' mood was assessed using the Profile of Mood States (POMS)and their attention was assessed with an Online Continuous Performance Test (OCPT).The participants also recorded how they felt using a behavioral diary.The results revealed a significant difference in participants' mood and attention across the two treatment conditions.As predicted,when sleep was interrupted participants reported feeling more depressed than when they received eight hours of continuous sleep.The data also indicate that when sleep was interrupted the participants made more errors on the OCPT than when they received eight hours of continuous sleep.These quantitative data support the behavioral diary entries of the participants.The results of this study indicate that sleep deprivation has emotional and cognitive consequences.
(Scenario I)Why do you think the researchers in Scenario I did not rely only on participants' behavioral diaries to assess mood and cognition?

A) The researchers are unable to control the diary entries making interpretation difficult.
B) Participants could succumb to demand characteristics and simply write what they thought the researchers wanted to hear.
C) Quantitative measures must always accompany behavioral diaries to establish validity.
D) All of the above.

Answer 1

Participants could succumb to demand characteristics and simply write what they thought the researchers wanted to hear.

Question 2

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Yik,M. ,Widen,S.C.& Russell,J.A.(2013).The within-subjects design in the study of facial expressions.Cognition and Emotion,27,1062-1072.
Influence of Facial Expressions on Emotion
In this study Yik,Widen,and Russell examined whether one's judgment of the emotion expressed by a face is influenced by the emotion on faces viewed previously.To that end,344 participants were recruited from two university participant pools.The participants viewed 17 photographs of faces making seven different expressions.After viewing each face the participants labeled the emotion of the face using seven response alternatives (surprise,happy,fear,anger,sad,disgust,sick).This procedure was repeated nine times with the order of the faces varying from trial to trial.The study was designed so that the disgust face was preceded by angry expressions (anger,fear)or sad expressions (sad,sick).The results indicated that participants accurately identified the disgust face when it was preceded by angry expressions,but not when it was preceded by sad expressions.This study describes how order effects can introduce bias in within-subjects designs.
(Scenario II)Suppose the researchers of the study described in Scenario II increased the number of trials from 9 to 99.What potential order effect would be more likely to occur?

A) practice effect
B) carryover effect
C) fatigue effect
D) all of the above

Answer 2

fatigue effect

Question 3

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario III
Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Cobeya,K.D. ,Buunka,A.P. ,Robert,S.C. ,et al.(2012).Reported jealousy differs as a function of menstrual cycle stage and contraceptive pill use: a within-subjects investigation.Evolution and Human Behavior,33,395-401.
Effect of Hormone Level on Female Jealousy
The purpose of this study was to examine female jealously over the course of one's menstrual cycle.To that end,29 females between the ages of 20 and 33 years were recruited from a reproductive health clinic via word of mouth.The women completed a jealousy scale via computer from their home on three separate occasions.The first occasion was when women were taking the birth control pill.After not having taken the pill for at least two months the women completed another two jealousy surveys,once during ovulation when they were fertile,and again when they were in the luteal cycle and not fertile.Fertility (and lack thereof)was determined by ultrasound.Of the 29 women who started the study,only 17 completed the study.The mean level of jealousy of the remaining 17 women at the time of each test was compared.The results indicated a statistically significant effect of time of survey on jealousy.Women,regardless of relationship status,were significantly less jealous when they were not fertile than when they were fertile.
(Scenario III)Scenario III describes that only 17 of the initial 29 women completed the study.This is an example of _____________ and is a potential threat to the study's ______________:

A) instrumentation;external
B) mortality;internal
C) attrition;external
D) maturation;internal

Answer 3

mortality;internal

Question 4

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Kahn,M. ,Fridenson,S. ,Lerer,Bar-Haim,Y.& Sadeh,A.(2014).Effects of one night of induced night-wakings versus sleep restriction on sustained attention and mood: a pilot study.Sleep Medicine,15,825-832.
Effect of Sleep Deprivation on Attention Study
The purpose of this study was to examine whether sleep interrupted by frequent waking affects a person's mood and attention.Forty women and 21 men participated in a one-factor within-subjects design that consisted of two treatment conditions.In the control condition participants had eight continuous hours of sleep.In the experimental condition participants also had eight hours of sleep,but it was interrupted every two hours.After each treatment the participants' mood was assessed using the Profile of Mood States (POMS)and their attention was assessed with an Online Continuous Performance Test (OCPT).The participants also recorded how they felt using a behavioral diary.The results revealed a significant difference in participants' mood and attention across the two treatment conditions.As predicted,when sleep was interrupted participants reported feeling more depressed than when they received eight hours of continuous sleep.The data also indicate that when sleep was interrupted the participants made more errors on the OCPT than when they received eight hours of continuous sleep.These quantitative data support the behavioral diary entries of the participants.The results of this study indicate that sleep deprivation has emotional and cognitive consequences.
(Scenario I)The researchers of the study described in Scenario I counterbalanced the design so that half the participants received a solid eight hours of sleep first and the other half received interrupted sleep first.They did this to reduce which order effect?

A) practice effect
B) carryover effect
C) fatigue effect
D) all of the above

Question 5

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Kahn,M. ,Fridenson,S. ,Lerer,Bar-Haim,Y.& Sadeh,A.(2014).Effects of one night of induced night-wakings versus sleep restriction on sustained attention and mood: a pilot study.Sleep Medicine,15,825-832.
Effect of Sleep Deprivation on Attention Study
The purpose of this study was to examine whether sleep interrupted by frequent waking affects a person's mood and attention.Forty women and 21 men participated in a one-factor within-subjects design that consisted of two treatment conditions.In the control condition participants had eight continuous hours of sleep.In the experimental condition participants also had eight hours of sleep,but it was interrupted every two hours.After each treatment the participants' mood was assessed using the Profile of Mood States (POMS)and their attention was assessed with an Online Continuous Performance Test (OCPT).The participants also recorded how they felt using a behavioral diary.The results revealed a significant difference in participants' mood and attention across the two treatment conditions.As predicted,when sleep was interrupted participants reported feeling more depressed than when they received eight hours of continuous sleep.The data also indicate that when sleep was interrupted the participants made more errors on the OCPT than when they received eight hours of continuous sleep.These quantitative data support the behavioral diary entries of the participants.The results of this study indicate that sleep deprivation has emotional and cognitive consequences.
(Scenario I)Which statistic should the researchers use to analyze the data from Scenario I?

A) t-test for independent means
B) one-factor between-subjects ANOVA
C) t-test for dependent means
D) one-factor within-subjects ANOVA

Question 6

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario III
Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Cobeya,K.D. ,Buunka,A.P. ,Robert,S.C. ,et al.(2012).Reported jealousy differs as a function of menstrual cycle stage and contraceptive pill use: a within-subjects investigation.Evolution and Human Behavior,33,395-401.
Effect of Hormone Level on Female Jealousy
The purpose of this study was to examine female jealously over the course of one's menstrual cycle.To that end,29 females between the ages of 20 and 33 years were recruited from a reproductive health clinic via word of mouth.The women completed a jealousy scale via computer from their home on three separate occasions.The first occasion was when women were taking the birth control pill.After not having taken the pill for at least two months the women completed another two jealousy surveys,once during ovulation when they were fertile,and again when they were in the luteal cycle and not fertile.Fertility (and lack thereof)was determined by ultrasound.Of the 29 women who started the study,only 17 completed the study.The mean level of jealousy of the remaining 17 women at the time of each test was compared.The results indicated a statistically significant effect of time of survey on jealousy.Women,regardless of relationship status,were significantly less jealous when they were not fertile than when they were fertile.
(Scenario III)To conclude that jealousy is greater when women are fertile than when they are not fertile or when taking birth control pills,the researchers must have performed a(n):

A) t-test.
B) ANOVA.
C) post-hoc test.
D) chi square test.

Question 7

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario III
Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Cobeya,K.D. ,Buunka,A.P. ,Robert,S.C. ,et al.(2012).Reported jealousy differs as a function of menstrual cycle stage and contraceptive pill use: a within-subjects investigation.Evolution and Human Behavior,33,395-401.
Effect of Hormone Level on Female Jealousy
The purpose of this study was to examine female jealously over the course of one's menstrual cycle.To that end,29 females between the ages of 20 and 33 years were recruited from a reproductive health clinic via word of mouth.The women completed a jealousy scale via computer from their home on three separate occasions.The first occasion was when women were taking the birth control pill.After not having taken the pill for at least two months the women completed another two jealousy surveys,once during ovulation when they were fertile,and again when they were in the luteal cycle and not fertile.Fertility (and lack thereof)was determined by ultrasound.Of the 29 women who started the study,only 17 completed the study.The mean level of jealousy of the remaining 17 women at the time of each test was compared.The results indicated a statistically significant effect of time of survey on jealousy.Women,regardless of relationship status,were significantly less jealous when they were not fertile than when they were fertile.
(Scenario III)The researchers of the study described in Scenario III offered participants an iPhone or the equivalent in cash after they completed the study.Why do you think they did this?

A) to minimize attrition
B) to reduce maturation
C) to minimize testing effects
D) to reduce instrumentation

Question 8

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Yik,M. ,Widen,S.C.& Russell,J.A.(2013).The within-subjects design in the study of facial expressions.Cognition and Emotion,27,1062-1072.
Influence of Facial Expressions on Emotion
In this study Yik,Widen,and Russell examined whether one's judgment of the emotion expressed by a face is influenced by the emotion on faces viewed previously.To that end,344 participants were recruited from two university participant pools.The participants viewed 17 photographs of faces making seven different expressions.After viewing each face the participants labeled the emotion of the face using seven response alternatives (surprise,happy,fear,anger,sad,disgust,sick).This procedure was repeated nine times with the order of the faces varying from trial to trial.The study was designed so that the disgust face was preceded by angry expressions (anger,fear)or sad expressions (sad,sick).The results indicated that participants accurately identified the disgust face when it was preceded by angry expressions,but not when it was preceded by sad expressions.This study describes how order effects can introduce bias in within-subjects designs.
(Scenario II)Which order effect is illustrated in the study described in Scenario II?

A) practice effect
B) carryover effect
C) fatigue effect
D) all of the above

Question 9

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Yik,M. ,Widen,S.C.& Russell,J.A.(2013).The within-subjects design in the study of facial expressions.Cognition and Emotion,27,1062-1072.
Influence of Facial Expressions on Emotion
In this study Yik,Widen,and Russell examined whether one's judgment of the emotion expressed by a face is influenced by the emotion on faces viewed previously.To that end,344 participants were recruited from two university participant pools.The participants viewed 17 photographs of faces making seven different expressions.After viewing each face the participants labeled the emotion of the face using seven response alternatives (surprise,happy,fear,anger,sad,disgust,sick).This procedure was repeated nine times with the order of the faces varying from trial to trial.The study was designed so that the disgust face was preceded by angry expressions (anger,fear)or sad expressions (sad,sick).The results indicated that participants accurately identified the disgust face when it was preceded by angry expressions,but not when it was preceded by sad expressions.This study describes how order effects can introduce bias in within-subjects designs.
(Scenario II)The study described in Scenario II uses undergraduate volunteers from a university participant pool.Which of the following is NOT true of participant pools?

A) They are usually more representative of students in general.
B) They typically receive course credit for participating in psychology research.
C) The volunteer bias is completely removed.
D) All of the above.

Question 10

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario III
Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Cobeya,K.D. ,Buunka,A.P. ,Robert,S.C. ,et al.(2012).Reported jealousy differs as a function of menstrual cycle stage and contraceptive pill use: a within-subjects investigation.Evolution and Human Behavior,33,395-401.
Effect of Hormone Level on Female Jealousy
The purpose of this study was to examine female jealously over the course of one's menstrual cycle.To that end,29 females between the ages of 20 and 33 years were recruited from a reproductive health clinic via word of mouth.The women completed a jealousy scale via computer from their home on three separate occasions.The first occasion was when women were taking the birth control pill.After not having taken the pill for at least two months the women completed another two jealousy surveys,once during ovulation when they were fertile,and again when they were in the luteal cycle and not fertile.Fertility (and lack thereof)was determined by ultrasound.Of the 29 women who started the study,only 17 completed the study.The mean level of jealousy of the remaining 17 women at the time of each test was compared.The results indicated a statistically significant effect of time of survey on jealousy.Women,regardless of relationship status,were significantly less jealous when they were not fertile than when they were fertile.
(Scenario III)Which statistic should the researchers use to analyze the data from Scenario III?

A) t-test for independent means
B) one-factor between-subjects ANOVA
C) t-test for dependent means
D) one-factor within-subjects ANOVA

Question 11

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Yik,M. ,Widen,S.C.& Russell,J.A.(2013).The within-subjects design in the study of facial expressions.Cognition and Emotion,27,1062-1072.
Influence of Facial Expressions on Emotion
In this study Yik,Widen,and Russell examined whether one's judgment of the emotion expressed by a face is influenced by the emotion on faces viewed previously.To that end,344 participants were recruited from two university participant pools.The participants viewed 17 photographs of faces making seven different expressions.After viewing each face the participants labeled the emotion of the face using seven response alternatives (surprise,happy,fear,anger,sad,disgust,sick).This procedure was repeated nine times with the order of the faces varying from trial to trial.The study was designed so that the disgust face was preceded by angry expressions (anger,fear)or sad expressions (sad,sick).The results indicated that participants accurately identified the disgust face when it was preceded by angry expressions,but not when it was preceded by sad expressions.This study describes how order effects can introduce bias in within-subjects designs.
(Scenario II)Which of the following may have been a confounding variable in the study described in Scenario II?

A) the order in which the faces were presented
B) collecting data from two independent universities
C) if the faces were familiar to the participants
D) if the same researcher ran each participant

Question 12

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Kahn,M. ,Fridenson,S. ,Lerer,Bar-Haim,Y.& Sadeh,A.(2014).Effects of one night of induced night-wakings versus sleep restriction on sustained attention and mood: a pilot study.Sleep Medicine,15,825-832.
Effect of Sleep Deprivation on Attention Study
The purpose of this study was to examine whether sleep interrupted by frequent waking affects a person's mood and attention.Forty women and 21 men participated in a one-factor within-subjects design that consisted of two treatment conditions.In the control condition participants had eight continuous hours of sleep.In the experimental condition participants also had eight hours of sleep,but it was interrupted every two hours.After each treatment the participants' mood was assessed using the Profile of Mood States (POMS)and their attention was assessed with an Online Continuous Performance Test (OCPT).The participants also recorded how they felt using a behavioral diary.The results revealed a significant difference in participants' mood and attention across the two treatment conditions.As predicted,when sleep was interrupted participants reported feeling more depressed than when they received eight hours of continuous sleep.The data also indicate that when sleep was interrupted the participants made more errors on the OCPT than when they received eight hours of continuous sleep.These quantitative data support the behavioral diary entries of the participants.The results of this study indicate that sleep deprivation has emotional and cognitive consequences.
(Scenario I)The design described in Scenario I is best described as a _____ design.

A) pretest-posttest
B) longitudinal
C) repeated-measures
D) cross-sectional

Question 13

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Kahn,M. ,Fridenson,S. ,Lerer,Bar-Haim,Y.& Sadeh,A.(2014).Effects of one night of induced night-wakings versus sleep restriction on sustained attention and mood: a pilot study.Sleep Medicine,15,825-832.
Effect of Sleep Deprivation on Attention Study
The purpose of this study was to examine whether sleep interrupted by frequent waking affects a person's mood and attention.Forty women and 21 men participated in a one-factor within-subjects design that consisted of two treatment conditions.In the control condition participants had eight continuous hours of sleep.In the experimental condition participants also had eight hours of sleep,but it was interrupted every two hours.After each treatment the participants' mood was assessed using the Profile of Mood States (POMS)and their attention was assessed with an Online Continuous Performance Test (OCPT).The participants also recorded how they felt using a behavioral diary.The results revealed a significant difference in participants' mood and attention across the two treatment conditions.As predicted,when sleep was interrupted participants reported feeling more depressed than when they received eight hours of continuous sleep.The data also indicate that when sleep was interrupted the participants made more errors on the OCPT than when they received eight hours of continuous sleep.These quantitative data support the behavioral diary entries of the participants.The results of this study indicate that sleep deprivation has emotional and cognitive consequences.
(Scenario I)The study described in Scenario I required participants to volunteer two nights of sleep.What might the researchers have done to minimize the attrition rate?

A) provide a monetary incentive for each night and a bonus incentive for participating in both nights
B) increase the number of days between each sleep condition
C) ensure consistency in the way behavior was assessed so participants knew what to expect the next time they were studied
D) all of the above