Deck 8: B: Two-Group Design: Texting: I Cant Get You Out of My Mind

Question 1

If you are interested in determining whether fatigue causes negative mood,you would need to conduct a(n):

A) interview.
B) survey.
C) experiment.
D) observational study.

Answer 1

experiment.

Question 2

Internal validity is a characteristic of which type of study?

A) observational studies
B) correlations
C) experiments
D) interviews

Answer 2

experiments

Question 3

A factor other than the intended treatment that may change the outcome variable is known as:

A) covariation.
B) an extraneous variable.
C) internal validity.
D) temporal precedence.

Answer 3

an extraneous variable.

Question 4

The _____ experimental control a study has,the _____ internal validity it has.

A) more;less
B) less;less
C) more;more
D) less;more

Question 5

Compared with participants in the control condition,participants in the experimental condition should be:

A) older.
B) wealthier.
C) smarter.
D) essentially the same.

Question 6

Professor Carlson is interested in understanding whether uniform color impacts football players' performances.In his study,_____ is manipulated and _____ is measured.

A) performance;uniform color
B) uniform color;performance
C) performance;which team is playing
D) uniform color;years of playing experience

Question 7

For which of the following would using experimental research NOT be appropriate?

A) the influence of weight lifting on aggression
B) the impact of snacking on weight gain
C) the relationship between eye color and IQ
D) the impact of alcohol consumption on behavioral inhibition

Question 8

In an experiment examining whether pet ownership leads to greater life satisfaction,pets would be considered the _____ variable,whereas life satisfaction would be considered the _____ variable.

A) independent;dependent
B) dependent;independent
C) dependent;control
D) control;independent

Question 9

Covariation tells us:

A) that one variable causes changes in another variable.
B) that two variables are associated with each other.
C) that two variables are not associated with each other.
D) that one variable is not responsible for changes in another variable.

Question 10

An experimenter _____ the independent variable and _____ the dependent variable.

A) varies;manipulates
B) measures;varies
C) manipulates;measures
D) measures;manipulates

Question 11

You are interested in investigating whether blondes really do have more fun.To do so,you ask a group of blondes and a group of brunettes to self-report on their level of fun.In this study,_____ would be considered the independent variable,whereas _____ would be considered the dependent variable.

A) amount of fun;hair color
B) hair color;age of the participants
C) amount of fun;number of participants in each condition
D) hair color;amount of fun

Question 12

If you were conducting an experiment examining the impact of sleep deprivation on physical ability,which of the following would be an appropriate operational definition of sleep deprivation?

A) being without sleep for more than 24 hours
B) getting more than 8 hours of sleep the night before the study
C) participants' self-reported amount of sleep the night before
D) the average amount of sleep Americans get in a given night

Question 13

Which of the following requires examination using experimental research?

A) the effect of practice on performance
B) the relationship between height and weight
C) the role of gender on athleticism
D) the relationship between head circumference and intelligence

Question 14

For a researcher to have confidence in his/her results,the level of internal validity should:

A) vary.
B) be high.
C) be low.
D) not matter.

Question 15

If Dr.Ryan,a social psychologist,was investigating the relationship between temperature and participants' moods,an example of an extraneous variable would be:

A) how hot it is in the study room.
B) how cold it is in the study room.
C) self-reports of how happy or sad one feels.
D) the time of day the study takes place.

Question 16

Cause is to effect as the _____ is to _____.

A) control group: experimental group
B) dependent variable;independent variable
C) independent variable;dependent variable
D) experimental group: control group

Question 17

Temporal precedence is established by showing that changes in the suspected cause occur _____ changes in the outcome.

A) before
B) at the same time as
C) after
D) regardless of

Question 18

Research has shown that bad weather puts people in a bad mood.In this experiment,which variable must have occurred first in order to ensure temporal precedence?

A) bad mood
B) bad weather
C) good mood
D) good weather

Question 19

Imagine that you are studying the effect of sour tastes on the human salivation response.In designing this study,what are you likely to ask participants in your experimental condition to do?

A) taste something sweet
B) taste something sour
C) salivate
D) not salivate

Question 20

An important condition for establishing causation is covariation.This is:

A) a statistical measure of the magnitude of the difference between comparison groups.
B) the degree to which a study parallels the real world.
C) the degree to which researchers can rule out other possible causal explanations for an observed relationship.
D) when changes in one variable are associated with changes in another variable.

Question 21

Riya is examining whether exposure to sunlight will minimize the depressive symptoms associated with seasonal affective disorder (SAD).Her study design requires participants to sit outside in direct sunlight rather than use sunlamps because this gives her study more:

A) mundane realism.
B) statistical significance.
C) internal validity.
D) experimental control.

Question 22

A self-report measure may be inappropriate when the experimenter has concerns about:

A) covariation.
B) mundane realism.
C) external validity.
D) social desirability bias.

Question 23

If Emmanuel is concerned about social desirability bias having an impact on his results,he should choose to use which of the following?

A) a self-report measure for the independent variable
B) a behavioral measure for the independent variable
C) a self-report measure for the dependent variable
D) a behavioral measure for the dependent variable

Question 24

Designing a highly controlled laboratory experiment will _____ power and _____ external validity.

A) increase;decrease
B) increase;increase
C) decrease;decrease
D) decrease;increase

Question 25

A key component of an experiment is the control group.This is the condition that:

A) receives the experimental manipulation.
B) the experimenter measures to determine the outcome.
C) serves as the baseline for comparison.
D) the experimenter does not randomly assign.

Question 26

An experimenter conducts a study to examine whether caffeine improves performance on an IQ test.Which of the following represents what happens in the control condition?

A) participants drink a caffeinated beverage while testing
B) participants do not drink a caffeinated beverage while testing
C) participants are incentivized to do their best on the IQ test
D) participants are incentivized to do their worst on the IQ test

Question 27

Why do researchers often choose to conduct experiments in a laboratory?

A) It is cheaper than conducting experiments in their natural environments.
B) It is easier than conducting experiments in their natural environments.
C) It increases control over experimental manipulations.
D) Experiments can only be conducted in the laboratory.

Question 28

The most basic way to establish cause and effect is with a(n):

A) two-group research design.
B) correlation.
C) interview.
D) observational study.

Question 29

In an experiment,the _____ group is compared with the experimental group.

A) simple
B) null
C) variable
D) control

Question 30

Distinguish which of the following is NOT a benefit that experimental designs offer over nonexperimental designs?

A) They establish a causal relationship.
B) They lead to greater internal validity.
C) They control for extraneous variables.
D) They lead to greater generalizability.

Question 31

In experimental studies examining the effectiveness of new medications,researchers often administer a placebo (an inactive substance that should have no medical effect on the participant).Giving a placebo to participants in the control condition increases:

A) external validity.
B) internal validity.
C) independence.
D) extraneous variables.

Question 32

How would you increase the mundane realism of a study examining the affect of alcohol consumption on driving ability?

A) use self-report measures of drinking and driving
B) get feedback from informants on past driving ability while impaired
C) test participants in a driving simulator after drinking alcohol
D) have participants drive real cars while pretending to be under the influence of alcohol

Question 33

In a study examining the impact of dietary supplements on weight loss,an experimenter would manipulate _____ and measure _____.

A) participants' weight loss;dietary supplement use
B) participants' use of dietary supplements;weight loss
C) participants' use of dietary supplements;well-being
D) participants' weight loss;daily caloric intake

Question 34

In designing an experiment,a _____ measure would give you the most objective and sensitive assessment of the dependent variable?

A) true-false
B) multiple choice
C) short answer
D) essay

Question 35

Marcus is interested in examining whether attending preschool makes children more extraverted.In designing a study to examine this relationship,which of the following would NOT be a potential extraneous variables?

A) the personalities of participants' classmates
B) the age at which one starts school
C) the personalities of participants' parents
D) whether the participant attends preschool

Question 36

Wanda is a dance teacher who wants to investigate whether room color affects students' memories of complex choreography.She teaches two identical classes,one in a blue room and one in a red room.In this study,the independent variable is _____,whereas the dependent variable is _____.

A) room color;memory of choreography
B) memory of choreography;room color
C) room color;type of dance class
D) type of dance class;memory of choreography

Question 37

For which of the following would a two-group experimental research design be appropriate?

A) a study examining the effect of high- and low-mortality salience on risk taking
B) an examination of the attachment styles of a mother and her three children
C) an investigation of the developmental differences between children raised by one parent versus both parents
D) interviews of returning soldiers aimed at assessing PTSD risk

Question 38

When asked to conduct an experiment for his Research Methods class,Santiago had 10 of his friends self-report on the frequency of their exposure to movie violence,as well as their typical level of aggression.Based on his results he concluded that watching violent movies causes people to be more aggressive.Santiago's teacher tells him that he has failed to conduct an experimental study.Why wouldn't this study be considered an experiment?

A) He fails to establish covariation,which is a criterium for causation.
B) There is no control group.
C) Self-report measures are unreliable.
D) This study is unable to assess gender differences in aggression.

Question 39

Professor Tompkins notices that rats run quickly through a maze when exposed to loud noise.Identify which of the following is necessary to transform this observation into a two-group experimental design?

A) multiple comparison conditions where rats run through mazes while exposed to several different volumes of noise
B) multiple rats to observe running through the maze with loud noise
C) a control condition where rats run through a maze without exposure to loud noise
D) a subjective way to measure how fast a rat runs

Question 40

If you were interested in empirically testing whether the saying,"More money,more problems" is true,which variable would you expect to see change first in order to establish temporal precedence?

A) money
B) problems
C) neither,they would have to change at the same time
D) neither,because money and problems are not related

Question 41

Each of the following is required in a true experiment,EXCEPT:

A) experimental control
B) a pretest and posttest measurement
C) random assignment
D) temporal precedence

Question 42

As the number of participants in an experimental test session increases,the independence of a study:

A) stays the same.
B) decreases.
C) increases.
D) varies unpredictably.

Question 43

Which of the following is an acceptable manner for randomly assigning participants to groups?

A) allowing participants to self-select into condition
B) separating by gender
C) assigning by age
D) flipping a coin

Question 44

What is the goal of random assignment?

A) to create two samples that are roughly equal
B) to create two samples that are not equal
C) to create two populations that are roughly equal
D) to create two populations that are not equal

Question 45

Which of the following tests would have the greatest sensitivity to detect an effect?

A) a test with 1 question
B) a test with 5 questions
C) a test with 25 questions
D) a test with 50 questions

Question 46

Penelope is investigating the hypothesis that wearing a watch makes people more punctual.In her study participants in the experimental group are those who are assigned to _____,while participants in the control group are assigned to_____.

A) wear a watch;not wear a watch
B) wear a watch;report how punctual they typically are
C) not wear a watch;wear a watch
D) not wear a watch;report how punctual they typically are

Question 47

Professor Montgomery is interested in testing the utility of a new teaching technique but is worried that individual differences between her students' levels of comprehension of the course material may affect her outcomes.How might she reduce this concern?

A) use random sampling
B) use random assignment
C) use another professor's students
D) only examine students who are already doing well in the class

Question 48

The _____ sensitive a measure is,the _____ ability it has to detect a difference between the experimental and control group.

A) more;less
B) less;less
C) more;more
D) less;more

Question 49

Dante is investigating whether smoking affects mental clarity.Which of the following participants would be an appropriate matched-pair for an individual who is a regular smoker?

A) someone who has never smoked
B) someone who socially smokes about once a month
C) someone who smokes daily
D) someone who recently quit smoking

Question 50

Convenience samples have each of the following benefits,EXCEPT:

A) they are representative of the population.
B) they are readily available.
C) they are inexpensive.
D) they are easy to use.

Question 51

A sensitive measure is one that:

A) is more likely to detect a difference between the experimental and control group.
B) participants are likely to be deceived by.
C) is less likely to detect a difference between the experimental and control group.
D) mirrors conditions in the real world.

Question 52

The formula for the experimental hypothesis is:

A) H₀: µ₁ = µ_2.
B) H₀: µ₁ $\neq$ µ_2.
C) H₁: µ₁ = µ_2.
D) H₁: µ₁ $\neq$ µ_2.

Question 53

The _____ hypothesis is a clear and specific prediction of how the independent variable will influence the dependent variable.

A) null
B) experimental
C) continuous
D) control

Question 54

Jayla's experimental study revealed a significant result.Which of the following will help to increase her confidence in her findings?

A) confirmation bias
B) covariation
C) a confederate
D) replication

Question 55

A _____ hypothesis states that groups are expected to be different,whereas a _____ hypothesis states which way groups are expected to vary.

A) directional;nondirectional
B) directional;null
C) nondirectional;directional
D) nondirectional;null

Question 56

How might a researcher ensure that a study has independence?

A) run participants one at a time
B) use a convenience sample
C) replicate previous findings
D) run a pilot study

Question 57

Each of the following makes a measure more sensitive,EXCEPT:

A) adding more questions.
B) removing questions.
C) making the rating scale more diverse.
D) making questions more difficult.

Question 58

In a _____ design,the researcher creates a set of two participants who are highly similar on a key trait and then randomly assigns these individuals to different groups.

A) matched-pair
B) completely randomized
C) randomized block
D) self-selected

Question 59

Which of the following represents a nondirectional hypothesis?

A) Professor Nils believes that bringing donuts to his class will have a negative impact on his course evaluations.
B) Professor Nils believes that bringing donuts to his class will have a positive impact on his course evaluations.
C) Professor Nils believes that bringing donuts to his class will have some type of impact on his course evaluations.
D) Professor Nils believes that bringing donuts to his class will not have an impact on his course evaluations.

Question 60

A confederate is:

A) the researcher's collaborator from another university.
B) an unknowing participant.
C) a participant who creates difficulty with a study and whose data must ultimately be removed before analyses.
D) an accomplice of the experimenter who helps to administer the study by pretending to act as a participant.

Question 61

Juanita recruits participants for a study examining the impact of adrenaline on attraction.In her study she randomly assigns participants to either receive a placebo injection or an injection of adrenaline.All participants then rate the desirability of potential romantic partners.Juanita is conducting a(n)_____ and the appropriate statistical test is a(n)_____.

A) correlation;ANOVA
B) three-group experiment;independent samples t-test
C) two-group experiment;independent samples t-test
D) observational study;correlation

Question 62

The independent samples t-test compares:

A) the variance of the control group with the variance of the experimental group.
B) the standard deviation of the control group with the standard deviation of the experimental group.
C) the mean of the control group with the mean of the experimental group.
D) the mean of the control group with the mean of the null group.

Question 63

The effect size is the:

A) measure of statistical significance.
B) the degree to which one variable is related to another variable.
C) the extent to which the experiment resembles a real world setting.
D) magnitude of the difference between groups.

Question 64

Charles works at a newspaper as a fact-checker.His job is to verify claims to ensure that any conclusions made by the reporters are,in fact,correct.Charles is the metaphorical _____ of the newspaper.

A) manipulation check
B) measure of effect size
C) internal validity
D) check of mundane realism

Question 65

Isabel would like for her experiment to have as much experimental realism as possible.Accordingly,when examining the impact of fear on memory,she uses _____ to induce participants' fear.

A) pictures of a snake
B) a video of a snake
C) an actual snake
D) visualization of a snake

Question 66

Virtual reality has been used to increase _____ and helps to make a study feel as real as possible.

A) temporal precedence
B) covariation
C) experimental realism
D) internal validity

Question 67

Valentino is a health psychologist who is working on a campaign to encourage people to take the stairs instead of the elevator.He places posters in the elevators in his building.In one location the posters highlight the negative consequences of taking the elevator.In another location,the posters highlight the positive consequences of taking the stairs.He then measures how many people change their behavior at each location.What measure could Valentino include as a manipulation check?

A) a self-report of participants' typical level of physical activity
B) a questionnaire asking about the content of the poster in their location
C) informant measures of participants' activity level outside of work
D) measures of daily caloric intake

Question 68

_____ is a measure that helps determine whether the manipulation effectively changed (or varied)the independent variable across conditions.

A) Experimental realism
B) Effect size
C) Manipulation check
D) Random assignment

Question 69

_____ is the extent to which the research setting influences the participant's behavior.

A) Temporal precedence
B) Covariation
C) Internal validity
D) Experimental realism

Question 70

Sacha is interested in conducting an experiment examining the impact of sleep deprivation on memory.After analyzing her results,she finds a p-value of 0.08.Based on these findings,which of the following is true?

A) Memory has a statistically significant effect on sleep deprivation.
B) Sleep deprivation has a statistically significant effect on memory.
C) Memory does not a statistically significant effect on sleep deprivation.
D) Sleep deprivation does not have a statistically significant effect on memory.

Question 71

_____ is the magnitude of difference between the experimental and control groups.

A) Statistical significance
B) Effect size
C) Sample size
D) Error variance

Question 72

To answer a research question,one must accomplish each of the following tasks,EXCEPT:

A) make sure groups are similar on variables that may provide alternate explanations.
B) determine that an experiment is the only appropriate way to examine the hypothesis.
C) test the hypothesis.
D) make sure the manipulation was effective.

Question 73

Confederates can be used to increase:

A) effect size.
B) independence.
C) experimental control.
D) covariation.

Question 74

Veronica was thrilled to discover that her experimental manipulation resulted in a significant difference between conditions.Now,she is interested in knowing about the magnitude of the difference between the groups.To determine this,she should look at which of the following?

A) p-value
B) t-value
C) degrees of freedom
D) effect size d

Question 75

Luciana believes that practice makes perfect.To empirically test her belief,she conducts a study with two conditions.In one condition participants are asked to memorize a list of words after reviewing them only once.In another condition,they are asked to memorize a list of words,but are allowed to review them four times before being tested.If the results of her independent samples t-test revealed: t(50)= 5.07,p = .00,d = .73,what conclusion can she draw?

A) She is correct,practice does lead to better performance.
B) She is incorrect,practice does not lead to better performance.
C) There is no relationship between practice and performance.
D) She is incorrect,practice leads to worse performance.

Question 76

For which of the following would an independent samples t-test be most appropriate?

A) examining the performance difference between participants who took a SAT preparation class and participants who did not
B) investigating psychological adjustment following the loss of a loved one
C) a cognitive study examining the difference in three different types of memory aids
D) examining whether one's astrological sign predicts well-being

Question 77

Researcher notes are important because they do each of the following,EXCEPT:

A) minimize alternative explanations.
B) document abnormalities.
C) increase the impact of extraneous variables.
D) identify issues that arose during data collection that should be considered.

Question 78

Researcher notes are:

A) the magnitude of the difference observed between experimental and control groups.
B) a collection of comments that document any abnormalities that occurred during the study.
C) a record of the degree to which the research setting influenced participants' behavior.
D) the researcher's belief about how much the experiment resembles a real-world setting.

Question 79

Kimberly wants to know whether running on a treadmill leads to more weight loss than running outside.To test this hypothesis,she randomly assigns participants to either run on a treadmill or run on an outdoor trail.She then measures their weight loss.Would it be appropriate for her to analyze her data using an independent samples t-test?

A) No,because she is measuring a naturally occurring relationship.
B) Perhaps,but only if she has an adequate number of participants.
C) No,because she fails to manipulate the independent variable.
D) Yes,because this is a two-group experimental design.

Question 80

Gustave is testing whether participants are more likely to comply with a request from an individual wearing a uniform than from someone in more casual clothes.Which of the following questions would be an appropriate manipulation check for his study?

A) Did someone ask you for a request?
B) What did the requester ask you to do?
C) How did you feel in response to the request?
D) What was the requester wearing?