Deck 8: C: Two-Group Design: Texting: I Cant Get You Out of My Mind

Question 1

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario III
Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Borota,D. ,Murray,E. ,Keceli,G. ,et al.(2014).Post-study caffeine administration enhances memory consolidation in humans.Nature Neuroscience,17(2),201-203.
Caffeine and Memory Study
The purpose of this study was to determine whether caffeine enhances memory.The researchers obtained a sample of 73 adults who were studied images of objects.Following the study session,half the participants received 200 mg of caffeine while the other half did not.The participants returned to the lab 24 hours later where they were tested for their memory of the images.To that end,the participants were shown a number of images,some of which they had studied (old)and some of which they had not (new),and were asked to indicate whether they were old or new.The results revealed that consuming caffeine just after study significantly improved the participants' ability to discriminate between old and new images.The authors concluded that this study provides evidence for the memory-enhancing potential of caffeine,particularly when it is consumed after study.
(Scenario III)Suppose the researchers who conducted the study described in Scenario III surveyed participants about their caffeine use.Based on their answers,each participant was then assigned to the caffeine condition or control condition.This method of assignment is best described as:

A) random.
B) nonrandom.
C) matched.
D) pseudo-random.

Answer 1

nonrandom.

Question 2

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Curry,N.A.& Kasser,T.(2005).Can coloring mandalas reduce anxiety? Art Therapy: Journal of American Art Therapy Association,22(2)81-85.
Effect of Coloring on Anxiety
Curry and Kasser were interested in examining whether coloring complex geometric patterns reduces anxiety.To that end,they induced anxiety in 84 undergraduate volunteers from their university.Following anxiety induction the participants were divided into two coloring conditions.To determine which condition each participant would be in the researchers put all of their names in a hat.The first name drawn was placed in group 1,the second name drawn was placed in group 2,the third name drawn was placed in group 1,and so on.Those in the complex geometric coloring condition (group 1)were given a paper with a plaid pattern or the outline of a mandala.Those in the control condition (group 2)were given a blank piece of paper.After 20 minutes of coloring all of the participants completed a self-administered State Anxiety Inventory (SAI).Lower SAI scores indicate low levels of anxiety whereas higher SAI scores indicate high levels of anxiety.The mean SAI scores of each coloring condition were compared to determine whether the type of coloring one does affects anxiety.The results revealed that those who colored a complex geometric pattern had significantly different levels of anxiety than those who colored on a blank sheet of paper.Curry and Kasser concluded that coloring causes a change in anxiety,but only when coloring requires a certain amount of attention and focus.
Figure 1.Effect of Coloring on Anxiety

(Scenario I)Based on the information provided in Scenario I,which of the following statements BEST describe(s)the data shown in Figure 1?

A) Coloring complex geometric patterns causes a decrease in anxiety.
B) Anxiety differs between those who color complex patterns and those who color free-form.
C) There is a relationship between coloring complexity and anxiety.
D) All of the above statements are equally good.

Answer 2

Coloring complex geometric patterns causes a decrease in anxiety.

Question 3

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Kouchaki,M. ,Gino,F.& Jami,A.(2014).The burden of guilt: Heavy backpacks,light snacks,and enhanced morality.Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,143(1),414-424.
Weight and Guilt
Kouchaki and colleagues hypothesized that excess weight leads to emotional guilt.To that end,they asked participants to wear either a heavy backpack (12 pounds)or a light backpack (2 pounds)while sitting on a stool to "evaluate the quality of the backpack." In reality,the researchers were not interested in the participants' perception of the backpack's quality,but in how the weight of the backpack may subconsciously affect their behavior.As such,when the participants were leaving the laboratory they were told they may take a snack from a basket as a thank you for participating in the study.Two types of snacks were available: healthy and not healthy.The results revealed that 78% of the participants in the heavy backpack condition selected the healthy snack compared with only 48% of participants in the light backpack condition.The authors concluded that the type of snack the groups of participants chose indicates that an increase in weight causes one to experience feelings of guilt.
(Scenario II)Which of the following is NOT critically required to establish causality?

A) temporal precedence
B) covariation
C) experimental realism
D) extraneous variables

Answer 3

covariation

Question 4

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario III
Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Borota,D. ,Murray,E. ,Keceli,G. ,et al.(2014).Post-study caffeine administration enhances memory consolidation in humans.Nature Neuroscience,17(2),201-203.
Caffeine and Memory Study
The purpose of this study was to determine whether caffeine enhances memory.The researchers obtained a sample of 73 adults who were studied images of objects.Following the study session,half the participants received 200 mg of caffeine while the other half did not.The participants returned to the lab 24 hours later where they were tested for their memory of the images.To that end,the participants were shown a number of images,some of which they had studied (old)and some of which they had not (new),and were asked to indicate whether they were old or new.The results revealed that consuming caffeine just after study significantly improved the participants' ability to discriminate between old and new images.The authors concluded that this study provides evidence for the memory-enhancing potential of caffeine,particularly when it is consumed after study.
(Scenario III)The researchers who conducted the study described in Scenario III were able to make a causal statement about the effect of caffeine on memory because:

A) they conducted their study in a laboratory setting.
B) they examined memory in only those who were naïve to caffeine.
C) they randomly assigned participants to treatment conditions and controlled how much caffeine each condition received.
D) they performed an independent t-test.

Question 5

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Kouchaki,M. ,Gino,F.& Jami,A.(2014).The burden of guilt: Heavy backpacks,light snacks,and enhanced morality.Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,143(1),414-424.
Weight and Guilt
Kouchaki and colleagues hypothesized that excess weight leads to emotional guilt.To that end,they asked participants to wear either a heavy backpack (12 pounds)or a light backpack (2 pounds)while sitting on a stool to "evaluate the quality of the backpack." In reality,the researchers were not interested in the participants' perception of the backpack's quality,but in how the weight of the backpack may subconsciously affect their behavior.As such,when the participants were leaving the laboratory they were told they may take a snack from a basket as a thank you for participating in the study.Two types of snacks were available: healthy and not healthy.The results revealed that 78% of the participants in the heavy backpack condition selected the healthy snack compared with only 48% of participants in the light backpack condition.The authors concluded that the type of snack the groups of participants chose indicates that an increase in weight causes one to experience feelings of guilt.
(Scenario II)By randomly assigning participants to the heavy backpack condition or light backpack condition,the experimenters have:

A) reduced the likelihood that the participants will stay blinded to the research hypothesis.
B) minimized the influence of factors other than weight on their snack preference.
C) increased the external validity of the study.
D) ensured that only weight caused the participants' snack preference.

Question 6

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Kouchaki,M. ,Gino,F.& Jami,A.(2014).The burden of guilt: Heavy backpacks,light snacks,and enhanced morality.Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,143(1),414-424.
Weight and Guilt
Kouchaki and colleagues hypothesized that excess weight leads to emotional guilt.To that end,they asked participants to wear either a heavy backpack (12 pounds)or a light backpack (2 pounds)while sitting on a stool to "evaluate the quality of the backpack." In reality,the researchers were not interested in the participants' perception of the backpack's quality,but in how the weight of the backpack may subconsciously affect their behavior.As such,when the participants were leaving the laboratory they were told they may take a snack from a basket as a thank you for participating in the study.Two types of snacks were available: healthy and not healthy.The results revealed that 78% of the participants in the heavy backpack condition selected the healthy snack compared with only 48% of participants in the light backpack condition.The authors concluded that the type of snack the groups of participants chose indicates that an increase in weight causes one to experience feelings of guilt.
(Scenario II)During the experiment one participant in the heavy backpack condition mentioned he had not eaten all day and was starving.In contrast to the majority of the other participants in the heavy backpack condition,he opted for the high-calorie,nonhealthy snack when leaving the laboratory.According to your text what should a good researcher do in this case?

A) conduct a manipulation check
B) record this in their researcher notes
C) remove the participant from the study
D) reject the null hypothesis

Question 7

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Curry,N.A.& Kasser,T.(2005).Can coloring mandalas reduce anxiety? Art Therapy: Journal of American Art Therapy Association,22(2)81-85.
Effect of Coloring on Anxiety
Curry and Kasser were interested in examining whether coloring complex geometric patterns reduces anxiety.To that end,they induced anxiety in 84 undergraduate volunteers from their university.Following anxiety induction the participants were divided into two coloring conditions.To determine which condition each participant would be in the researchers put all of their names in a hat.The first name drawn was placed in group 1,the second name drawn was placed in group 2,the third name drawn was placed in group 1,and so on.Those in the complex geometric coloring condition (group 1)were given a paper with a plaid pattern or the outline of a mandala.Those in the control condition (group 2)were given a blank piece of paper.After 20 minutes of coloring all of the participants completed a self-administered State Anxiety Inventory (SAI).Lower SAI scores indicate low levels of anxiety whereas higher SAI scores indicate high levels of anxiety.The mean SAI scores of each coloring condition were compared to determine whether the type of coloring one does affects anxiety.The results revealed that those who colored a complex geometric pattern had significantly different levels of anxiety than those who colored on a blank sheet of paper.Curry and Kasser concluded that coloring causes a change in anxiety,but only when coloring requires a certain amount of attention and focus.
Figure 1.Effect of Coloring on Anxiety

(Scenario I)Let's say you are skeptical of the results of this study.You set out to replicate it to determine for yourself whether coloring affects anxiety.Since you don't have access to the State Anxiety Inventory you decide to measure participants' heart rate instead.In doing this,you have changed:

A) the research design.
B) the levels of your independent variable.
C) the operational definition of your dependent variable.
D) the way in which you will analyze the results.

Question 8

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Kouchaki,M. ,Gino,F.& Jami,A.(2014).The burden of guilt: Heavy backpacks,light snacks,and enhanced morality.Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,143(1),414-424.
Weight and Guilt
Kouchaki and colleagues hypothesized that excess weight leads to emotional guilt.To that end,they asked participants to wear either a heavy backpack (12 pounds)or a light backpack (2 pounds)while sitting on a stool to "evaluate the quality of the backpack." In reality,the researchers were not interested in the participants' perception of the backpack's quality,but in how the weight of the backpack may subconsciously affect their behavior.As such,when the participants were leaving the laboratory they were told they may take a snack from a basket as a thank you for participating in the study.Two types of snacks were available: healthy and not healthy.The results revealed that 78% of the participants in the heavy backpack condition selected the healthy snack compared with only 48% of participants in the light backpack condition.The authors concluded that the type of snack the groups of participants chose indicates that an increase in weight causes one to experience feelings of guilt.
(Scenario II)Regardless of their assigned treatment condition,all participants were told,"We are working on manufacturing a new backpack and are interested in your thoughts.Please put this backpack on and have a seat." By using this standard this script the researchers were enhancing:

A) internal validity.
B) experimental realism.
C) experimental control.
D) mundane realism.

Question 9

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Curry,N.A.& Kasser,T.(2005).Can coloring mandalas reduce anxiety? Art Therapy: Journal of American Art Therapy Association,22(2)81-85.
Effect of Coloring on Anxiety
Curry and Kasser were interested in examining whether coloring complex geometric patterns reduces anxiety.To that end,they induced anxiety in 84 undergraduate volunteers from their university.Following anxiety induction the participants were divided into two coloring conditions.To determine which condition each participant would be in the researchers put all of their names in a hat.The first name drawn was placed in group 1,the second name drawn was placed in group 2,the third name drawn was placed in group 1,and so on.Those in the complex geometric coloring condition (group 1)were given a paper with a plaid pattern or the outline of a mandala.Those in the control condition (group 2)were given a blank piece of paper.After 20 minutes of coloring all of the participants completed a self-administered State Anxiety Inventory (SAI).Lower SAI scores indicate low levels of anxiety whereas higher SAI scores indicate high levels of anxiety.The mean SAI scores of each coloring condition were compared to determine whether the type of coloring one does affects anxiety.The results revealed that those who colored a complex geometric pattern had significantly different levels of anxiety than those who colored on a blank sheet of paper.Curry and Kasser concluded that coloring causes a change in anxiety,but only when coloring requires a certain amount of attention and focus.
Figure 1.Effect of Coloring on Anxiety

(Scenario I)Had participants in this study been allowed to select whether they wanted to color the mandala,the plaid pattern,or the blank paper,the researchers would have used __________ assignment.

A) random
B) nonrandom
C) quasi-random
D) matched-pair

Question 10

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Curry,N.A.& Kasser,T.(2005).Can coloring mandalas reduce anxiety? Art Therapy: Journal of American Art Therapy Association,22(2)81-85.
Effect of Coloring on Anxiety
Curry and Kasser were interested in examining whether coloring complex geometric patterns reduces anxiety.To that end,they induced anxiety in 84 undergraduate volunteers from their university.Following anxiety induction the participants were divided into two coloring conditions.To determine which condition each participant would be in the researchers put all of their names in a hat.The first name drawn was placed in group 1,the second name drawn was placed in group 2,the third name drawn was placed in group 1,and so on.Those in the complex geometric coloring condition (group 1)were given a paper with a plaid pattern or the outline of a mandala.Those in the control condition (group 2)were given a blank piece of paper.After 20 minutes of coloring all of the participants completed a self-administered State Anxiety Inventory (SAI).Lower SAI scores indicate low levels of anxiety whereas higher SAI scores indicate high levels of anxiety.The mean SAI scores of each coloring condition were compared to determine whether the type of coloring one does affects anxiety.The results revealed that those who colored a complex geometric pattern had significantly different levels of anxiety than those who colored on a blank sheet of paper.Curry and Kasser concluded that coloring causes a change in anxiety,but only when coloring requires a certain amount of attention and focus.
Figure 1.Effect of Coloring on Anxiety

(Scenario I)"Anxiety levels will not differ between those who color complex designs and those color free-form" is an example of a(n):

A) experimental hypothesis.
B) control hypothesis.
C) null hypothesis.
D) research hypothesis.

Question 11

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Curry,N.A.& Kasser,T.(2005).Can coloring mandalas reduce anxiety? Art Therapy: Journal of American Art Therapy Association,22(2)81-85.
Effect of Coloring on Anxiety
Curry and Kasser were interested in examining whether coloring complex geometric patterns reduces anxiety.To that end,they induced anxiety in 84 undergraduate volunteers from their university.Following anxiety induction the participants were divided into two coloring conditions.To determine which condition each participant would be in the researchers put all of their names in a hat.The first name drawn was placed in group 1,the second name drawn was placed in group 2,the third name drawn was placed in group 1,and so on.Those in the complex geometric coloring condition (group 1)were given a paper with a plaid pattern or the outline of a mandala.Those in the control condition (group 2)were given a blank piece of paper.After 20 minutes of coloring all of the participants completed a self-administered State Anxiety Inventory (SAI).Lower SAI scores indicate low levels of anxiety whereas higher SAI scores indicate high levels of anxiety.The mean SAI scores of each coloring condition were compared to determine whether the type of coloring one does affects anxiety.The results revealed that those who colored a complex geometric pattern had significantly different levels of anxiety than those who colored on a blank sheet of paper.Curry and Kasser concluded that coloring causes a change in anxiety,but only when coloring requires a certain amount of attention and focus.
Figure 1.Effect of Coloring on Anxiety

(Scenario I)In this study,researchers identified a relationship between coloring and anxiety reduction.They were able to conclude that coloring a complex pattern causes anxiety to decrease because of:

A) covariation.
B) temporal precedence.
C) independence.
D) internal validity.

Question 12

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario III
Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Borota,D. ,Murray,E. ,Keceli,G. ,et al.(2014).Post-study caffeine administration enhances memory consolidation in humans.Nature Neuroscience,17(2),201-203.
Caffeine and Memory Study
The purpose of this study was to determine whether caffeine enhances memory.The researchers obtained a sample of 73 adults who were studied images of objects.Following the study session,half the participants received 200 mg of caffeine while the other half did not.The participants returned to the lab 24 hours later where they were tested for their memory of the images.To that end,the participants were shown a number of images,some of which they had studied (old)and some of which they had not (new),and were asked to indicate whether they were old or new.The results revealed that consuming caffeine just after study significantly improved the participants' ability to discriminate between old and new images.The authors concluded that this study provides evidence for the memory-enhancing potential of caffeine,particularly when it is consumed after study.
(Scenario III)In Scenario III the researchers included only those participants who were not regular caffeine drinkers.In doing do,the researchers:

A) increased experimental control.
B) minimized tolerance as an extraneous variable.
C) increased the internal validity of the study.
D) All of the above.

Question 13

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario III
Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Borota,D. ,Murray,E. ,Keceli,G. ,et al.(2014).Post-study caffeine administration enhances memory consolidation in humans.Nature Neuroscience,17(2),201-203.
Caffeine and Memory Study
The purpose of this study was to determine whether caffeine enhances memory.The researchers obtained a sample of 73 adults who were studied images of objects.Following the study session,half the participants received 200 mg of caffeine while the other half did not.The participants returned to the lab 24 hours later where they were tested for their memory of the images.To that end,the participants were shown a number of images,some of which they had studied (old)and some of which they had not (new),and were asked to indicate whether they were old or new.The results revealed that consuming caffeine just after study significantly improved the participants' ability to discriminate between old and new images.The authors concluded that this study provides evidence for the memory-enhancing potential of caffeine,particularly when it is consumed after study.
(Scenario III)The null hypothesis of the study described in Scenario III is:

A) caffeine will improve memory.
B) caffeine will impair memory.
C) caffeine will have no effect on memory.
D) caffeine may improve or impair memory.

Question 14

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Kouchaki,M. ,Gino,F.& Jami,A.(2014).The burden of guilt: Heavy backpacks,light snacks,and enhanced morality.Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,143(1),414-424.
Weight and Guilt
Kouchaki and colleagues hypothesized that excess weight leads to emotional guilt.To that end,they asked participants to wear either a heavy backpack (12 pounds)or a light backpack (2 pounds)while sitting on a stool to "evaluate the quality of the backpack." In reality,the researchers were not interested in the participants' perception of the backpack's quality,but in how the weight of the backpack may subconsciously affect their behavior.As such,when the participants were leaving the laboratory they were told they may take a snack from a basket as a thank you for participating in the study.Two types of snacks were available: healthy and not healthy.The results revealed that 78% of the participants in the heavy backpack condition selected the healthy snack compared with only 48% of participants in the light backpack condition.The authors concluded that the type of snack the groups of participants chose indicates that an increase in weight causes one to experience feelings of guilt.
(Scenario II)Suppose the researchers manipulated the independent variable such that the heavy backpack was 5 pounds and the light backpack was 3 pounds.After conducting the study they saw no difference between the groups when choosing a snack.Prior to the study the researchers should have probably conducted a(n):

A) simple experiment.
B) independent sample t-test.
C) two-group design.
D) manipulation check.

Question 15

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario III
Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Borota,D. ,Murray,E. ,Keceli,G. ,et al.(2014).Post-study caffeine administration enhances memory consolidation in humans.Nature Neuroscience,17(2),201-203.
Caffeine and Memory Study
The purpose of this study was to determine whether caffeine enhances memory.The researchers obtained a sample of 73 adults who were studied images of objects.Following the study session,half the participants received 200 mg of caffeine while the other half did not.The participants returned to the lab 24 hours later where they were tested for their memory of the images.To that end,the participants were shown a number of images,some of which they had studied (old)and some of which they had not (new),and were asked to indicate whether they were old or new.The results revealed that consuming caffeine just after study significantly improved the participants' ability to discriminate between old and new images.The authors concluded that this study provides evidence for the memory-enhancing potential of caffeine,particularly when it is consumed after study.
(Scenario III)The experimental group in Scenario III included those who received ____________,whereas the control group included those _______________.

A) caffeine;who did not receive caffeine
B) a placebo;who received caffeine
C) 200mg of caffeine;100mg of caffeine
D) 100mg of caffeine;a placebo

Question 16

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Kouchaki,M. ,Gino,F.& Jami,A.(2014).The burden of guilt: Heavy backpacks,light snacks,and enhanced morality.Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,143(1),414-424.
Weight and Guilt
Kouchaki and colleagues hypothesized that excess weight leads to emotional guilt.To that end,they asked participants to wear either a heavy backpack (12 pounds)or a light backpack (2 pounds)while sitting on a stool to "evaluate the quality of the backpack." In reality,the researchers were not interested in the participants' perception of the backpack's quality,but in how the weight of the backpack may subconsciously affect their behavior.As such,when the participants were leaving the laboratory they were told they may take a snack from a basket as a thank you for participating in the study.Two types of snacks were available: healthy and not healthy.The results revealed that 78% of the participants in the heavy backpack condition selected the healthy snack compared with only 48% of participants in the light backpack condition.The authors concluded that the type of snack the groups of participants chose indicates that an increase in weight causes one to experience feelings of guilt.
(Scenario II)Based on the information provided in the scenario,how did Kouchaki and colleagues operationally define guilt?

A) a feeling of shame or regret
B) backpack weight
C) selecting a healthy snack
D) a negative evaluation of the backpack