Deck 6: B: Observational Research: The Many Forms of Discipline in Parents Bag of Tricks

Question 1

The deliberate infliction of pain by physical force for the purpose of discipline best describes:

A) disappointment.
B) corporal punishment.
C) time-out.
D) shaming.

Answer 1

corporal punishment.

Question 2

One of the biggest advantages of self-report measures is:

A) real-time interval sampling.
B) accurate predictions of future behaviors.
C) introspection.
D) limited impact of social desirability.

Answer 2

introspection.

Question 3

Corporal punishment results in:

A) immediate compliance.
B) less aggression.
C) higher levels of moral internalization.
D) improved parent-child relationships.

Answer 3

immediate compliance.

Question 4

Corporal punishment results in:

A) delayed compliance.
B) less aggression.
C) lower levels of moral internalization.
D) improved parent-child relationships.

Question 5

Which describes the common and accepted practice of conceptually defining terms for research?

A) making up new definitions not based on the literature
B) not checking literature for existing definitions
C) using previously existing definitions from the literature
D) developing a vague and broad definition of terms

Question 6

Which of the following scenarios would be best suited for descriptive research?

A) providing positive feedback to one group of students and negative feedback to another group of students to observe their subsequent behaviors
B) conducting home visit observations and in-depth parent interviews to determine why certain behavior problems exist for students
C) dividing students in classrooms based on their IQ and then implementing a certain teaching style
D) interviewing teachers regarding problem behaviors in their classrooms

Question 7

Choose which description would be best termed authoritative parenting.

A) Samantha's parents are warm and affectionate,but have high expectations for Samantha.
B) Tony's parents are warm and affectionate,but have very few,if any,expectations for Tony.
C) Sylvia's parents are neither warm nor affectionate and have very few,if any,expectations for Sylvia.
D) Taylor's parents are not warm and affectionate,but have very high expectations for Taylor.

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of observational research?

A) increase in Cohen's d
B) identify key factors related to phenomenon
C) identify connections between variables of interest
D) assist in formulation of theories

Question 9

Loretta and her friend Simon sat on a bench in the food court at the mall all day on Saturday to observe communication and eating patterns of different ages,sexes,and ethnicities.Loretta and her friend Simon needed this information to complete a paper for their sociology class and had decided on what behaviors they were going to focus on prior to their observation on Saturday.This is an example of:

A) laboratory observation.
B) systematic observation.
C) analogue study.
D) participant observation.

Question 10

Sarah's mother does not communicate the reasons behind her actions,but rather uses corporal punishment or another immediate punishment to discipline Sarah.Sarah's mother most likely falls into what category of discipline?

A) nonaggressive power assertion
B) induction
C) aggressive power assertion
D) aggression power compliance

Question 11

Research practices that utilize behavioral choice may introduce:

A) multiple options.
B) behavioral traces.
C) introspection.
D) restriction of options.

Question 12

In the study examining parental discipline practices associations with child behaviors in an international sample,the results indicated that:

A) the implementation of corporal punishment was significantly related to less anxiety.
B) the implementation of time-out was significant related to less anxiety.
C) the implementation of time-out was significantly related to greater anxiety.
D) the implementation of corporal punishment was significant related to less anxiety.

Question 13

Euna is a 22-year-old college student.Given the principle of social desirability she is likely to _____ the number of alcoholic beverages she consumed at a party this past weekend.

A) underreport
B) overreport
C) to not report
D) to challenge

Question 14

Gershoff and colleagues (2010)found that:

A) the implementation of corporal punishment was significantly related to less anxiety.
B) the implementation of time-out was significantly related to less anxiety.
C) the expression of disappointment was not significantly related to child aggression.
D) the implementation of corporal punishment was significantly related to greater anxiety.

Question 15

When a parent communicates the rationale for a rule and the subsequent consequences of the child's actions,the parent is most likely using what form of discipline?

A) nonaggressive power assertion
B) induction
C) aggressive power assertion
D) aggression power compliance

Question 16

Developing a research question to determine what a person feels,thinks,or does would be best suited for:

A) descriptive research.
B) experimental research.
C) correlational research.
D) quasi-experimental research.

Question 17

Social desirability is:

A) the tendency for individuals to overreport socially acceptable qualities and underreport undesirable qualities to look better.
B) the tendency for individuals to underreport socially acceptable qualities and overreport undesirable qualities to look better.
C) the tendency to overreport undesirable qualities in an effort to look worse.
D) the tendency to restrict behavior.

Question 18

When devising your research question,it is important to have clear:

A) differentiation of authorship.
B) conceptual definitions of terms.
C) designation of duties of lab assistants.
D) grant funding.

Question 19

Research practices that utilize behavioral choice may inflate a(n):

A) ecological validity.
B) artificial environment.
C) behavioral traces.
D) introspection.

Question 20

Developing a research question to explore why a person feels,thinks,or behaves in a particular way is best addressed by:

A) descriptive research.
B) experimental research.
C) correlational research.
D) observational research.

Question 21

Tiana wants to see if individuals react differently to negative feedback from men than from women.This would be an example of a(n):

A) analogue study.
B) laboratory observation.
C) systematic observation.
D) participant observation.

Question 22

Which of the following would improves ecological validity?

A) artificiality of setting
B) computer-based programming
C) demand characteristics
D) real-time responses by participants

Question 23

Demarco is initiating a naturalistic observation of children and their parents.Which of the following is NOT absolutely necessary to continue with naturalistic observation study?

A) informed consent
B) coding system
C) research protocol
D) approval from the institutional review board

Question 24

Deliberately making children misbehave to observe parental reactions would be a(n)_____ research behavior.

A) ethical
B) unethical
C) moral
D) fitting

Question 25

If concealment efforts are deemed justifiable and acceptable for the purposes of the specific research question,which setting would be considered an ethical medium for obtaining the data?

A) hiding under someone's bed in their dorm room
B) sitting on a bench in a community park
C) installing hidden cameras in a bathroom
D) audio recording conversations in retail store fitting rooms

Question 26

Alden goes to his sociology professor for advice regarding a research question.Alden wants to have complete control of his participants and their environment and he asks his professor which observational method would be most appropriate.What is his professor's answer?

A) systematic observation
B) laboratory observation
C) naturalistic observation
D) participant observation

Question 27

In a 2008 study examining discipline practices among mothers and fathers suggests:

A) discipline practices of mothers do not influence how the father disciplines the children.
B) discipline practices of single mothers do not influence discipline practices of single fathers.
C) discipline practices of mothers influence how the father disciplines the children.
D) discipline practices of single fathers influence discipline practices of single mothers.

Question 28

Concealment studies tend to drastically reduce issues with all of the following,EXCEPT:

A) ecological validity.
B) reactivity.
C) deception.
D) social desirability.

Question 29

Researchers may experience several difficulties when engaging in participant observation.Which of the following is NOT a problem associated with participant observation?

A) systematic underestimation of events
B) systematic overestimation of events
C) impartiality
D) erroneous conclusions

Question 30

Luella has a 2-year-old son and a 4-year-old daughter.When in the presence of her parents she is likely to _____ the number of problematic behaviors of her children according to the principle of social desirability.

A) underreport
B) overreport
C) not report
D) challenge

Question 31

Dr.Daneker has been reading through the last 10 years of literature on the topic of veterans,mental health,and deployments to develop a representative and accurate list of terms and to make sure she is appropriately and clearly describing her study variables in her upcoming research study.Dr.Daneker was:

A) developing a coding system.
B) debunking previous literature.
C) developing research protocols.
D) developing operational definitions.

Question 32

Donna enlisted to be a part of a psychological study at her university for extra credit.She read the informed consent form and knew she was going to be observed in the classroom during her next course exam.Donna became uncomfortable and starting putting more thought into your typical exam behavior knowing that someone was observing her.This is an example of:

A) perception.
B) bias.
C) ecological validity.
D) reactivity.

Question 33

Gemma is studying young White women between the ages of 18 and 25 years.Choose a limitation of her study based on this provided information.

A) internal validity
B) concurrent validity
C) content validity
D) external validity

Question 34

You are socializing with your friends Rolanda and Zackary.Another couple who you don't know,Alyse and Tyn,joins the gathering.You see Rolanda and Zackary discipline their son with a tap on the hand for sticking his fingers in the potato salad and you see Alyse and Tyn discipline their daughter by tapping her bottom for throwing the potato salad.You react with harsher judgment to the punishment by Alyse and Tyn than to the punishment by Rolanda and Zackary.One potential reason for this discrepancy could be:

A) social desirability.
B) observer bias.
C) artificiality.
D) external validity.

Question 35

In a 2010 study examining reasons for parental discipline it was found that the two main reasons to change a child's behavior are:

A) parental embarrassment and safety.
B) safety and model social norms.
C) model social norms and teach perfection.
D) punishment and reinforcement.

Question 36

Which would likely be considered the most accepted operational definition for the term "child"?

A) someone younger than 18 years still living at home
B) someone between the ages of 2 years and 17 years old
C) someone between the ages of 13 years and 17 years old
D) someone younger than 25 years still living at home

Question 37

Dr.Keefer is skeptical of using laboratory observation designs as he knows they are susceptible to both _____ and social desirability.

A) demand characteristics
B) natural behaviors
C) artificiality
D) personality characteristics

Question 38

Evangelina was part of a summer reality television show and it is finally starting to air on TV.She watched the first several episodes and noticed that she appeared very timid initially,but then began to exhibit some embarrassing drinking and dating behaviors.What happened?

A) Evangelina's reactivity decreased.
B) Evangelina's reactivity increased.
C) Evangelina's bias increased.
D) Evangelina became aware of active deception.

Question 39

Dr.Reef wanted to study relationship break-ups in natural settings.She enlisted several of her research assistants to recruit couples for the study.She fully disclosed the goals of the study to one of the individuals in the couple and only told the other individual that the study was focused on relationships.Dr.Reef devised "natural" scenarios where a break-up would occur and gained permission from both parties to observe.Dr.Reef was not fully honest with both participants for the sake of her research question,but the deception may not have been justifiable.Which of the following is true?

A) Dr.Reef's research used active deception ethically.
B) Dr.Reef's research used active deception unethically.
C) Dr.Reef's research used nonconcealment efforts ethically.
D) Dr.Reef's research used concealment efforts ethically.

Question 40

In most nonconcealment observations it is best to use _____ disclosure.

A) full
B) partial
C) nonexistent
D) comprehensive

Question 41

Dr.Peltier wants his research assistants to be as unbiased as possible when coding observations of participants in an upcoming study on gender identity.One of the most effective means of ensuring limited biases is to conduct:

A) intra-observer reliability.
B) blind observations.
C) external validity.
D) duration recording.

Question 42

Dr.Izmen decided to conduct research multiple nights at the county fair.He decided to observe patrons on both weeknights and weekends,as well as in the afternoon,early evening,and late evening.He had research assistants throughout the fair,at different booths,noting observations about parenting behaviors and romantic relationship behaviors.He was able to collect data on a diverse sample in age,ethnicity,sex,and socioeconomic status.Dr.Izmen's study has:

A) high external validity.
B) low external validity.
C) lack of representativeness.
D) observer bias.

Question 43

Mrs.Sommer and Dr.Elston are researching eating habits in various different types of restaurants.They have several different research questions they would like answered by these observations.One research question focuses on how many different times couples ate at different eating establishments to help determine any patterns in behavior.This research question would best be addressed by:

A) frequency count recording.
B) duration recording.
C) interval recording.
D) variable schedule recording.

Question 44

A study in which an observer must make accurate decisions as to the relationship an individual has with another person (e.g. ,friend,parent,sibling,romantic partner)without being able to question the individuals being observed would rely heavily on:

A) subjective reasoning.
B) research protocol.
C) observer training.
D) blind observations.

Question 45

Mr.Gregory and Dr.Eszpara are researching eating habits in various different types of restaurants.They have several different research questions they would like answered by these observations.One research question focuses on how long between the first bite of the entrée before alcohol is ordered by either party.This research question would best be addressed by:

A) frequency count recording.
B) duration recording.
C) interval recording.
D) variable schedule recording.

Question 46

Who is the worst candidate to be an observer in a study?

A) a trained unbiased observer who was not involved in the development of the study
B) a trained college student who has moderate understanding of coding systems
C) the researcher who is responsible for the inception and development of the study
D) a trained research assistant from another research lab

Question 47

There are multiple considerations Tessa must make when thinking about her sociology homework.She has been given the task to observe diverse children interact.She has decided to go to a neighborhood park near her parents' home.Her parents live in an upper-middle-class,predominantly White neighborhood.Which of the following would be an issue with her sample at the park?

A) low ecological validity
B) high external validity
C) lack of representativeness
D) observer bias

Question 48

Dr.Yanira is an education specialist and has begun observing various schools throughout the county.Dr.Yanira randomly selected a private school in the area with the highest per-capita income to be her first school observation.She decided to base her request for budget,school supplies,school lunches,among many other things on that single observation.What is the main issue with her results from that single observation?

A) low ecological validity
B) low external validity
C) lack of representativeness
D) observer bias

Question 49

Observer training teaches all of the following,EXCEPT how to:

A) minimize potential biases.
B) identify and define appropriate situations.
C) properly record behaviors.
D) use personal judgment in coding.

Question 50

Dr.Pryor is continuing previous research on suicidality by interviewing families as to the occurrence of completed and attempted suicides in the last four generations.Dr.Pryor will most likely use:

A) frequency count recording.
B) variable schedule recording.
C) interval recording.
D) duration recording.

Question 51

Dr.Lorns is examining snoring patterns in males and females.He is interested to see if men snore more frequently than women and has developed a sleep lab to help answer this research question.He will most likely use:

A) frequency count recording.
B) duration recording.
C) interval recording.
D) variable schedule recording.

Question 52

A set of rules that helps guide how a researcher classifies and records observations refers to:

A) a coding system.
B) an action plan.
C) a research protocol.
D) descriptive statistics.

Question 53

Dr.Timmons is investigating criminal behavior trajectories,specifically the length of time between the first criminal act committed and the first criminal act that resulted with incarceration in prison.Dr.Timmons is interviewing hundreds of prisoners for his data collection.Dr.Timmons will be playing close attention to:

A) frequency count recording.
B) variable schedule recording.
C) interval recording.
D) duration recording.

Question 54

In early research it has been found that the presence of others negatively influences:

A) performance on complex and simple tasks.
B) performance on an athletic activity.
C) performance on a task and the decision to help someone in need.
D) naturalistic observations.

Question 55

According to the famous Asch (1951)study individuals feel:

A) pressure to display unique behaviors.
B) pressure to draw lines the same as the person next to them.
C) pressure to be just like their peers.
D) pressure to correct behavior to align more with expectations.

Question 56

In a 2000 study investigating the relation between socioeconomic status and discipline,the researchers found that:

A) higher-income parents tended to endorse harsher discipline practices overall.
B) lower-income parents tended to endorse harsher discipline practices overall.
C) lower-income parents tended to endorse more lenient discipline practices overall.
D) higher-income parents tended to endorse more monetary discipline practices.

Question 57

As discussed in the text,most child discipline research focuses on:

A) fathers.
B) mothers.
C) grandparents.
D) stepparents.

Question 58

Herschel and Lynn were trained observers in Dr.Pettier's research lab.Herschel was known for being consistent in his coding and observations of a rat named Perry,and although Lynn was trained at the same time as Herschel,her observations of Perry were not as dependable as Herschel's observations.Herschel had:

A) high intra-observer reliability.
B) high inter-observer reliability.
C) low inter-observer reliability.
D) low intra-observer reliability.

Question 59

The goals of training observers include all of the following,EXCEPT how to:

A) conduct ambiguous observations.
B) conduct consistent observations.
C) conduct accurate observations.
D) conduct objective observations.

Question 60

Blind observations mean that trained observers do not know:

A) how to code behaviors.
B) what behaviors to code.
C) what the study is about.
D) the individuals they are observing.

Question 61

Dr.Alier is examining psychopathic tendencies among prisoners and nurses.He decided to provide a self-report questionnaire to prisoners and nurses and asked them to complete it.Dr.Alier and his research assistants then followed up with individual interviews for all of the participants.Scores on the self-report scale ranged from 0 to 106.In this example psychopathic tendencies are a(n):

A) interval variable.
B) continuous variable.
C) ordinal variable.
D) categorical variable.

Question 62

Pilot studies are important in order to do all of the following,EXCEPT:

A) refine the study design.
B) provide clarity in the coding system.
C) refine methodology.
D) promote subjectivity.

Question 63

McGuire is classifying and arranging data from his recent park observations.He has grouped participants into three classifications: parents,children,and youth.McGuire is grouping the participants based on a(n):

A) interval variable.
B) continuous variable.
C) ordinal variable.
D) categorical variable.

Question 64

Dr.Marcus developed a study examining verbal arguments in movie theaters.His research protocol and coding systems specified that trained observers were only supposed to observe theater goers for a specific period.The trained observers were supposed to observe whether a verbal argument did or did not occur for 15 minutes and then not observe for 10 minutes and then observe again for 15 minutes and so on until the movie ended.This would be an example of:

A) continuous recording.
B) duration recording.
C) interval recording.
D) frequency-count recording.

Question 65

Dr.Lansing was interested in children's real-time reactions to loss.He had a party and invited all of the participants and their parents.He gave each child a puppy at the beginning of the party.At the end of the party he made an announcement that the puppies needed to be returned to him before they left the party.Dr.Lansing had research assistants throughout the grounds recording the real-time reactions of the children upon news of the loss of their new puppy.The best description for this would be a(n):

A) blind observation.
B) contrived observation.
C) continuous observation.
D) interval observation.

Question 66

Mr.Chapman is a local scientist studying germ incubation times for varying fungi.He records the incubation times to the second,minute,and hour.This would be an example of a(n):

A) nominal variable.
B) ordinal variable.
C) continuous variable.
D) categorical variable.

Question 67

Herschel and Lynn were trained observers in Dr.Pettier's research lab.Herschel was known for being consistent in his coding and observations of a rat named Perry,and although Lynn was trained at the same time as Herschel,her observations of Perry were not as dependable as Herschel's observations.Lynn had:

A) high intra-observer reliability.
B) high inter-observer reliability.
C) low inter-observer reliability.
D) low intra-observer reliability.

Question 68

An example of inter-rater reliability would be:

A) Marlon has been stable and precise in his observations of mating behaviors among fruit flies.
B) Donovan provides dependable and uniform observations of harvesting behaviors on a local farm.
C) Babette provides repeatedly consistent and accurate observations of the lunar cycle.
D) Ronaldo's and Frank's observations of altruistic behaviors at a local homeless shelter have a high degree of consensus.

Question 69

Dr.Flores studies primate behavior during the day and at night.She spends a 24-hour period observing and coding all of the primate's behaviors in the captivity habitat.This would be an example of:

A) interval recording.
B) duration recording.
C) continuous recording.
D) frequency-count recording.

Question 70

In a 2007 study in a local train in the Netherlands researchers were interested in how individuals reacted to insults.The results indicated:

A) insulted participants with a strong belief in honor displayed more anger,less joy,and less fear than those with a weak belief.
B) insulted participants with a strong belief in manners displayed more anger,more joy,and more fear than those with a weak belief.
C) insulted participants with a weak belief in honor displayed more anger,less joy,and less fear than those with a strong belief.
D) insulted participants with a weak belief in manner displayed more anger,more joy,and more fear than those with a strong belief.

Question 71

Data for a given participant is likely to be represented in a statistical dataset within a(n):

A) column.
B) row.
C) cell.
D) observation.

Question 72

Admissions counselors use _____ to determine whether GPA is predictive of success during a student's freshmen year in college.

A) descriptive statistics
B) inferential statistics
C) summative evaluations
D) formative evaluations

Question 73

Dr.Haltyn was conducting a case studying on an adolescent male in the school setting.She attended all of his classes and sat in the back of the room and recorded all of the adolescent male's behaviors in each class throughout the day.This would be an example of:

A) continuous recording.
B) duration recording.
C) interval recording.
D) frequency-count recording.

Question 74

The 2007 study that focused on how individuals react to insult took place on a local train in:

A) Canada.
B) United States.
C) England.
D) the Netherlands.

Question 75

When evaluating the observations of two research trainees using a new coding system you notice that there is little consensus among their ratings.This lack of consensus may illuminate issues with all of the following,EXCEPT:

A) potential biases.
B) reactivity.
C) problems with coding system.
D) effectiveness of training.

Question 76

Dr.Juni is organizing data from his recent study on aggression.He decided to classify participants based on their self-reported hair color: blond,brown,red,and black.Dr.Juni then runs analyses using these groupings.Dr.Juni is grouping the participants based on a(n):

A) categorical variable.
B) continuous variable.
C) ordinal variable.
D) interval variable.

Question 77

An example of intra-observer reliability would be:

A) When compared with each other Dell and Trinity's observations of the local food fair are consistent and accurate.
B) Kenneth provides consistent and accurate observations of the primates in his assigned habitat at the zoo.
C) Margo and Tarah's observations of a daycare center classroom have a high degree of consensus.
D) Fawn and Altha's observations of the local soccer match have a low degree of consensus.

Question 78

Researchers at a local advocacy center are interested in the types of behaviors foster children engage in when in the presence of their foster family in comparison with their biological family.This would be indicative of:

A) descriptive statistics.
B) multiple regressions.
C) summative evaluations.
D) inferential statistics.

Question 79

A researcher is interested in what behaviors are common among individuals during summers of intense and atypical heat waves.This would be indicative of a(n):

A) inferential statistic.
B) multiple regression.
C) descriptive statistic.
D) summative evaluation.

Question 80

Dr.Poppins wanted to study adolescents' reaction to disappointment.At the beginning of a local concert,Dr.Poppins had the announcer broadcast that the musicians would be available immediately following the concert for autographs and photographs.At the end of the concert all of the youth crowded into the autograph area.The announcer then stated that the musicians had to leave unexpectedly and would be unable to stay.Trained observers were planted throughout the arena recording the attendees' reactions to the news.The best description for this would be a(n):

A) blind observation.
B) interval observation.
C) continuous observation.
D) contrived observation.