Deck 6: C: Observational Research: The Many Forms of Discipline in Parents Bag of Tricks

Question 1

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario III
Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Bandura,A. ,Ross,D.& Ross,S.A.(1961).Transmission of aggression through imitation of aggressive models.Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology,63,575-582.
[Children's imitation of adult aggressive behavior.]
In 1961 Bandura published his now famous Bobo Doll Study.The study was designed to examine whether children would exhibit aggressive behavior after observing adults behaving aggressively.Seventy-two children were randomly assigned to one of three treatment conditions.In the aggressive model condition the children witnessed an adult attacking a Bobo doll.In the nonaggressive model condition the children witnessed an adult playing quietly.In the control condition the children did not watch any adult models.All of the children were then taken to a room with several toys.Once they began playing with a toy they were told they could play with any toy but that one.The purpose of this was to make all of the children somewhat angry before taking them to another room which contained a variety of nonaggressive and aggressive toys,including a Bobo doll.The researchers hypothesized that children who witnessed an aggressive adult would be more inclined to behave aggressively themselves compared with children who witnessed a nonaggressive adult or no adult at all.The results supported this hypothesis.Children who observed an aggressive adult initiated significantly more aggressive acts.
(Scenario III)Perhaps the inspiration for Bandura's study occurred when he was picking up his daughter from daycare and observed children behaving very aggressively.As a result,he began a systematic observation of aggression at the daycare center for one month.This type of research design answered _____,whereas the study described in Scenario III answered _____.

A) what;why
B) why;where
C) where;what
D) why;what

Answer 1

what;why

Question 2

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Gueguen,N.(2015).High heels increase women's attractiveness.Archives of Sexual Behavior,44(8),2227-2235.
Do high heels make women attractive?
The purpose of this study was to determine whether the height of the heels of a woman's shoe affected their perceived attractiveness.To that end,the researchers conducted four studies using female confederates who wore shoes with a heel height of 0,5 or 9 cm.In the first study,the women posed as laboratory assistants who administered a survey on gender equality to male volunteers.In the second study,the women posed as laboratory assistants who administered a survey on food habits to male volunteers.The third study examined how likely men in study 1 and study 2 were likely to help women based on their shoe type.Specifically,female confederates posing as laboratory assistants dropped a latex glove while the men waited to participate in the study 1 and study 2 surveys.The confederates recorded whether men picked up the dropped glove.In the fourth study,a female confederate sat alone at a table in the university library and the researchers measured the amount of time it took the men to approach her.The results of the study revealed that men were affected by the confederate's shoe heel height;the higher the heel,the more likely men were to help the confederate.Almost all of the men picked up the confederate's glove in the high-heel condition compared with the mid-heel and flat condition.The time-to-approach dropped in half when the confederate was wearing high heels rather than no heels.
(Scenario I)Which of the four studies described in Scenario I has the greatest degree of ecological validity?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Answer 2

4

Question 3

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Gueguen,N.(2015).High heels increase women's attractiveness.Archives of Sexual Behavior,44(8),2227-2235.
Do high heels make women attractive?
The purpose of this study was to determine whether the height of the heels of a woman's shoe affected their perceived attractiveness.To that end,the researchers conducted four studies using female confederates who wore shoes with a heel height of 0,5 or 9 cm.In the first study,the women posed as laboratory assistants who administered a survey on gender equality to male volunteers.In the second study,the women posed as laboratory assistants who administered a survey on food habits to male volunteers.The third study examined how likely men in study 1 and study 2 were likely to help women based on their shoe type.Specifically,female confederates posing as laboratory assistants dropped a latex glove while the men waited to participate in the study 1 and study 2 surveys.The confederates recorded whether men picked up the dropped glove.In the fourth study,a female confederate sat alone at a table in the university library and the researchers measured the amount of time it took the men to approach her.The results of the study revealed that men were affected by the confederate's shoe heel height;the higher the heel,the more likely men were to help the confederate.Almost all of the men picked up the confederate's glove in the high-heel condition compared with the mid-heel and flat condition.The time-to-approach dropped in half when the confederate was wearing high heels rather than no heels.
(Scenario I)The third study in Scenario I uses _____ observation.

A) participant
B) naturalistic
C) laboratory
D) confederate

Answer 3

participant

Question 4

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Gravel,K. ,Doucet,E. ,Herman,C.P. ,Pomerleau,S. ,Bourlaud,A.& Provencher,V.(2012)."Healthy" "diet,'' or ''hedonic".How nutrition claims affect food-related perceptions and intake? Appetite,59(3),887-884.
Do Nutrition Claims Affect Food Perception and Food Intake?
The purpose of this study was to examine whether marketing may alter a person's perception.To that end,164 men and 188 women participated in a study during which they tasted and rated oatmeal-raisin cookies.Even though the cookies were the same in all treatment conditions,the way in which they were described to the participants varied so that some participants were told they were high in fiber (healthy condition),some were told they were satisfying (diet condition),and others were told they were made of butter and brown sugar (hedonic condition).The researchers asked the participants to taste as many cookies as they needed to provide a good rating of them.After 10 minutes the plate of cookies was removed and the weight was measured to determine how many had been consumed.The number of cookies consumed provided a measure of restrained and unrestrained eaters.The researchers also asked the participants eight questions to assess their perception of the cookies.The results revealed that when they were presented as healthy,they were perceived as more healthy,when they were presented as diet food they were perceived as satisfying,and when they were presented as hedonic they were perceived as fattening and indulgent.The researchers conclude that verbal claims about food have a significant effect on one's perception of the food.With regard to their perceived capacity to cause weight gain,the cookies were seen as most fattening by restrained eaters in the hedonic condition and as least fattening by unrestrained raters in the diet condition.Although no differences were observed between restrained and unrestrained participants in the healthy and hedonic conditions,restrained participants in the diet condition perceived the cookies as more fattening than did unrestrained participants in the same condition.Moreover,regardless of condition,men ate more cookies than women.Most men consumed six cookies;most women consumed only three.These results indicate that marketing strategies can affect the way people perceive a product and that perception can be further affected by their propensity to eat.
(Scenario II)According to Scenario II,most women ate three cookies.This represents which measure of central tendency?

A) mean
B) median
C) mode
D) It can be represented as the mean,median,or mode.

Question 5

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario III
Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Bandura,A. ,Ross,D.& Ross,S.A.(1961).Transmission of aggression through imitation of aggressive models.Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology,63,575-582.
[Children's imitation of adult aggressive behavior.]
In 1961 Bandura published his now famous Bobo Doll Study.The study was designed to examine whether children would exhibit aggressive behavior after observing adults behaving aggressively.Seventy-two children were randomly assigned to one of three treatment conditions.In the aggressive model condition the children witnessed an adult attacking a Bobo doll.In the nonaggressive model condition the children witnessed an adult playing quietly.In the control condition the children did not watch any adult models.All of the children were then taken to a room with several toys.Once they began playing with a toy they were told they could play with any toy but that one.The purpose of this was to make all of the children somewhat angry before taking them to another room which contained a variety of nonaggressive and aggressive toys,including a Bobo doll.The researchers hypothesized that children who witnessed an aggressive adult would be more inclined to behave aggressively themselves compared with children who witnessed a nonaggressive adult or no adult at all.The results supported this hypothesis.Children who observed an aggressive adult initiated significantly more aggressive acts.
(Scenario III)How externally valid would you say the Bobo Doll Study is?

A) very;laboratory studies are associated with high external validity
B) not very;laboratory studies are associated with low external validity
C) very;laboratory studies,when presented in an ecologically valid way,can increase external validity
D) not very;laboratory studies are inherently low in external validity

Question 6

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario III
Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Bandura,A. ,Ross,D.& Ross,S.A.(1961).Transmission of aggression through imitation of aggressive models.Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology,63,575-582.
[Children's imitation of adult aggressive behavior.]
In 1961 Bandura published his now famous Bobo Doll Study.The study was designed to examine whether children would exhibit aggressive behavior after observing adults behaving aggressively.Seventy-two children were randomly assigned to one of three treatment conditions.In the aggressive model condition the children witnessed an adult attacking a Bobo doll.In the nonaggressive model condition the children witnessed an adult playing quietly.In the control condition the children did not watch any adult models.All of the children were then taken to a room with several toys.Once they began playing with a toy they were told they could play with any toy but that one.The purpose of this was to make all of the children somewhat angry before taking them to another room which contained a variety of nonaggressive and aggressive toys,including a Bobo doll.The researchers hypothesized that children who witnessed an aggressive adult would be more inclined to behave aggressively themselves compared with children who witnessed a nonaggressive adult or no adult at all.The results supported this hypothesis.Children who observed an aggressive adult initiated significantly more aggressive acts.
(Scenario III)Suppose Bandura was contemplating using a survey to assess observational learning in children.The survey would be administered to parents who would respond to true-false statements such as "When I get angry my child also gets angry" and "During periods of stress my child is likely to stay calm if I remain calm." Based on your text,what would be a good argument to persuade Bandura against answering his research question in this way?

A) Bandura's research question focuses on actual behavior.
B) Parents may answer in a way that promotes social desirability which may not be accurate.
C) It is impossible for parents anticipate all potential future situations and know how they would respond to them.
D) All of the above arguments may be used.

Question 7

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Gravel,K. ,Doucet,E. ,Herman,C.P. ,Pomerleau,S. ,Bourlaud,A.& Provencher,V.(2012)."Healthy" "diet,'' or ''hedonic".How nutrition claims affect food-related perceptions and intake? Appetite,59(3),887-884.
Do Nutrition Claims Affect Food Perception and Food Intake?
The purpose of this study was to examine whether marketing may alter a person's perception.To that end,164 men and 188 women participated in a study during which they tasted and rated oatmeal-raisin cookies.Even though the cookies were the same in all treatment conditions,the way in which they were described to the participants varied so that some participants were told they were high in fiber (healthy condition),some were told they were satisfying (diet condition),and others were told they were made of butter and brown sugar (hedonic condition).The researchers asked the participants to taste as many cookies as they needed to provide a good rating of them.After 10 minutes the plate of cookies was removed and the weight was measured to determine how many had been consumed.The number of cookies consumed provided a measure of restrained and unrestrained eaters.The researchers also asked the participants eight questions to assess their perception of the cookies.The results revealed that when they were presented as healthy,they were perceived as more healthy,when they were presented as diet food they were perceived as satisfying,and when they were presented as hedonic they were perceived as fattening and indulgent.The researchers conclude that verbal claims about food have a significant effect on one's perception of the food.With regard to their perceived capacity to cause weight gain,the cookies were seen as most fattening by restrained eaters in the hedonic condition and as least fattening by unrestrained raters in the diet condition.Although no differences were observed between restrained and unrestrained participants in the healthy and hedonic conditions,restrained participants in the diet condition perceived the cookies as more fattening than did unrestrained participants in the same condition.Moreover,regardless of condition,men ate more cookies than women.Most men consumed six cookies;most women consumed only three.These results indicate that marketing strategies can affect the way people perceive a product and that perception can be further affected by their propensity to eat.
(Scenario II)The treatment condition in Scenario II is a:

A) continuous variable.
B) categorical variable.
C) connecting variable.
D) contiguous variable.

Question 8

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Gueguen,N.(2015).High heels increase women's attractiveness.Archives of Sexual Behavior,44(8),2227-2235.
Do high heels make women attractive?
The purpose of this study was to determine whether the height of the heels of a woman's shoe affected their perceived attractiveness.To that end,the researchers conducted four studies using female confederates who wore shoes with a heel height of 0,5 or 9 cm.In the first study,the women posed as laboratory assistants who administered a survey on gender equality to male volunteers.In the second study,the women posed as laboratory assistants who administered a survey on food habits to male volunteers.The third study examined how likely men in study 1 and study 2 were likely to help women based on their shoe type.Specifically,female confederates posing as laboratory assistants dropped a latex glove while the men waited to participate in the study 1 and study 2 surveys.The confederates recorded whether men picked up the dropped glove.In the fourth study,a female confederate sat alone at a table in the university library and the researchers measured the amount of time it took the men to approach her.The results of the study revealed that men were affected by the confederate's shoe heel height;the higher the heel,the more likely men were to help the confederate.Almost all of the men picked up the confederate's glove in the high-heel condition compared with the mid-heel and flat condition.The time-to-approach dropped in half when the confederate was wearing high heels rather than no heels.
(Scenario I)Why might the researchers have had three research assistants independently but simultaneously watch the confederate in the library described in study 4 of Scenario I?

A) because research assistants are typically not experts
B) to ensure observations are blinded
C) to establish inter-observer reliability
D) because a minimum of three observers is best practice

Question 9

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Gueguen,N.(2015).High heels increase women's attractiveness.Archives of Sexual Behavior,44(8),2227-2235.
Do high heels make women attractive?
The purpose of this study was to determine whether the height of the heels of a woman's shoe affected their perceived attractiveness.To that end,the researchers conducted four studies using female confederates who wore shoes with a heel height of 0,5 or 9 cm.In the first study,the women posed as laboratory assistants who administered a survey on gender equality to male volunteers.In the second study,the women posed as laboratory assistants who administered a survey on food habits to male volunteers.The third study examined how likely men in study 1 and study 2 were likely to help women based on their shoe type.Specifically,female confederates posing as laboratory assistants dropped a latex glove while the men waited to participate in the study 1 and study 2 surveys.The confederates recorded whether men picked up the dropped glove.In the fourth study,a female confederate sat alone at a table in the university library and the researchers measured the amount of time it took the men to approach her.The results of the study revealed that men were affected by the confederate's shoe heel height;the higher the heel,the more likely men were to help the confederate.Almost all of the men picked up the confederate's glove in the high-heel condition compared with the mid-heel and flat condition.The time-to-approach dropped in half when the confederate was wearing high heels rather than no heels.
(Scenario I)Informed consent was likely not obtained from participants in which study described Scenario I?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 10

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario III
Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Bandura,A. ,Ross,D.& Ross,S.A.(1961).Transmission of aggression through imitation of aggressive models.Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology,63,575-582.
[Children's imitation of adult aggressive behavior.]
In 1961 Bandura published his now famous Bobo Doll Study.The study was designed to examine whether children would exhibit aggressive behavior after observing adults behaving aggressively.Seventy-two children were randomly assigned to one of three treatment conditions.In the aggressive model condition the children witnessed an adult attacking a Bobo doll.In the nonaggressive model condition the children witnessed an adult playing quietly.In the control condition the children did not watch any adult models.All of the children were then taken to a room with several toys.Once they began playing with a toy they were told they could play with any toy but that one.The purpose of this was to make all of the children somewhat angry before taking them to another room which contained a variety of nonaggressive and aggressive toys,including a Bobo doll.The researchers hypothesized that children who witnessed an aggressive adult would be more inclined to behave aggressively themselves compared with children who witnessed a nonaggressive adult or no adult at all.The results supported this hypothesis.Children who observed an aggressive adult initiated significantly more aggressive acts.
(Scenario III)Each child's level of aggression was determined by counting the number of aggressive acts initiated in a 10-minute period.This is an example of:

A) duration recording.
B) frequency-count recording.
C) interval recording.
D) continuous recording.

Question 11

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Gravel,K. ,Doucet,E. ,Herman,C.P. ,Pomerleau,S. ,Bourlaud,A.& Provencher,V.(2012)."Healthy" "diet,'' or ''hedonic".How nutrition claims affect food-related perceptions and intake? Appetite,59(3),887-884.
Do Nutrition Claims Affect Food Perception and Food Intake?
The purpose of this study was to examine whether marketing may alter a person's perception.To that end,164 men and 188 women participated in a study during which they tasted and rated oatmeal-raisin cookies.Even though the cookies were the same in all treatment conditions,the way in which they were described to the participants varied so that some participants were told they were high in fiber (healthy condition),some were told they were satisfying (diet condition),and others were told they were made of butter and brown sugar (hedonic condition).The researchers asked the participants to taste as many cookies as they needed to provide a good rating of them.After 10 minutes the plate of cookies was removed and the weight was measured to determine how many had been consumed.The number of cookies consumed provided a measure of restrained and unrestrained eaters.The researchers also asked the participants eight questions to assess their perception of the cookies.The results revealed that when they were presented as healthy,they were perceived as more healthy,when they were presented as diet food they were perceived as satisfying,and when they were presented as hedonic they were perceived as fattening and indulgent.The researchers conclude that verbal claims about food have a significant effect on one's perception of the food.With regard to their perceived capacity to cause weight gain,the cookies were seen as most fattening by restrained eaters in the hedonic condition and as least fattening by unrestrained raters in the diet condition.Although no differences were observed between restrained and unrestrained participants in the healthy and hedonic conditions,restrained participants in the diet condition perceived the cookies as more fattening than did unrestrained participants in the same condition.Moreover,regardless of condition,men ate more cookies than women.Most men consumed six cookies;most women consumed only three.These results indicate that marketing strategies can affect the way people perceive a product and that perception can be further affected by their propensity to eat.
(Scenario II)Which variable in Scenario II was a continuous variable?

A) type of eater
B) cookie description
C) number of cookies eaten
D) weight of the participant

Question 12

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Gueguen,N.(2015).High heels increase women's attractiveness.Archives of Sexual Behavior,44(8),2227-2235.
Do high heels make women attractive?
The purpose of this study was to determine whether the height of the heels of a woman's shoe affected their perceived attractiveness.To that end,the researchers conducted four studies using female confederates who wore shoes with a heel height of 0,5 or 9 cm.In the first study,the women posed as laboratory assistants who administered a survey on gender equality to male volunteers.In the second study,the women posed as laboratory assistants who administered a survey on food habits to male volunteers.The third study examined how likely men in study 1 and study 2 were likely to help women based on their shoe type.Specifically,female confederates posing as laboratory assistants dropped a latex glove while the men waited to participate in the study 1 and study 2 surveys.The confederates recorded whether men picked up the dropped glove.In the fourth study,a female confederate sat alone at a table in the university library and the researchers measured the amount of time it took the men to approach her.The results of the study revealed that men were affected by the confederate's shoe heel height;the higher the heel,the more likely men were to help the confederate.Almost all of the men picked up the confederate's glove in the high-heel condition compared with the mid-heel and flat condition.The time-to-approach dropped in half when the confederate was wearing high heels rather than no heels.
(Scenario I)Counting how many times a male participant picked up a female confederate's glove is an example of:

A) duration recording.
B) frequency-count recording.
C) interval recording.
D) continuous recording.

Question 13

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Gravel,K. ,Doucet,E. ,Herman,C.P. ,Pomerleau,S. ,Bourlaud,A.& Provencher,V.(2012)."Healthy" "diet,'' or ''hedonic".How nutrition claims affect food-related perceptions and intake? Appetite,59(3),887-884.
Do Nutrition Claims Affect Food Perception and Food Intake?
The purpose of this study was to examine whether marketing may alter a person's perception.To that end,164 men and 188 women participated in a study during which they tasted and rated oatmeal-raisin cookies.Even though the cookies were the same in all treatment conditions,the way in which they were described to the participants varied so that some participants were told they were high in fiber (healthy condition),some were told they were satisfying (diet condition),and others were told they were made of butter and brown sugar (hedonic condition).The researchers asked the participants to taste as many cookies as they needed to provide a good rating of them.After 10 minutes the plate of cookies was removed and the weight was measured to determine how many had been consumed.The number of cookies consumed provided a measure of restrained and unrestrained eaters.The researchers also asked the participants eight questions to assess their perception of the cookies.The results revealed that when they were presented as healthy,they were perceived as more healthy,when they were presented as diet food they were perceived as satisfying,and when they were presented as hedonic they were perceived as fattening and indulgent.The researchers conclude that verbal claims about food have a significant effect on one's perception of the food.With regard to their perceived capacity to cause weight gain,the cookies were seen as most fattening by restrained eaters in the hedonic condition and as least fattening by unrestrained raters in the diet condition.Although no differences were observed between restrained and unrestrained participants in the healthy and hedonic conditions,restrained participants in the diet condition perceived the cookies as more fattening than did unrestrained participants in the same condition.Moreover,regardless of condition,men ate more cookies than women.Most men consumed six cookies;most women consumed only three.These results indicate that marketing strategies can affect the way people perceive a product and that perception can be further affected by their propensity to eat.
(Scenario II)The study in Scenario II is best described as a(n):

A) laboratory observation.
B) participant observation.
C) naturalistic observation.
D) external observation.