Deck 5: B: Qualitative Research: Getting Into the Mind of a Serial Killer

Question 1

What is triangulation?

A) an approach in which a researcher develops a theory by exploring a topic using information provided from the participant's direct experiences
B) a research strategy that involves using multiple techniques to assess the same information
C) an approach that tests preconceptions and previously established theories with collected data
D) when actions of the interviewer influence the participant's responses

Answer 1

a research strategy that involves using multiple techniques to assess the same information

Question 2

Which of the following is a key goal of qualitative research?

A) understanding individuals in a specific context
B) consistency
C) generalizability of results
D) validity

Answer 2

understanding individuals in a specific context

Question 3

Quantitative is to qualitative as:

A) objective is to subjective.
B) subjective is to objective.
C) inductive is to deductive.
D) deductive is to inductive.

Answer 3

objective is to subjective.

Question 4

The number of inferences made on the part of the researcher is _____ for qualitative research than for quantitative research.

A) higher
B) lower
C) the same
D) exactly one more

Question 5

Louise can increase the reliability of her qualitative research results by using:

A) inductive reasoning.
B) validity.
C) triangulation.
D) demand characteristics.

Question 6

Research that focuses on gaining in-depth information about a few individuals with the goal of developing a more thorough understanding of their perspectives and experiences is called:

A) qualitative research.
B) quantitative research.
C) mixed methods research.
D) experimental research.

Question 7

Which of the following is a key feature of qualitative research?

A) The researcher attempts to minimize his/her influence in the research process.
B) It generally seeks to establish a cause-and-effect relationship.
C) It provides conclusions using summaries,categories,and generalizations.
D) It favors studying participants in natural settings.

Question 8

Quantitative research is well-suited for each of the following,EXCEPT:

A) determining how variables relate.
B) predicting outcomes.
C) gaining detailed descriptions of experience and perspective.
D) making comparisons.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a concern for qualitative research?

A) demand characteristics
B) social desirability bias
C) experimenter bias
D) generalizability of results to a broader population

Question 10

Quantitative research is:

A) a method that uses numbers and statistics to objectively examine associations between variables,predict outcomes,and make comparisons.
B) research that focuses on gaining in-depth information on a few individuals with the goal of developing a more thorough understanding of their perspectives and experiences.
C) a blend of research methods that capitalizes on the strengths of each to examine a research question.
D) the process of using multiple techniques to assess the same information.

Question 11

Validity is _____ for qualitative research and reliability is _____ for qualitative research.

A) a big concern;a big concern
B) a big concern;not a concern
C) not a concern;not a concern
D) not a concern;a big concern

Question 12

_____ is a middle ground that includes the strengths,but omits the weaknesses,of both qualitative and quantitative research.

A) Experimental studies
B) Correlational studies
C) Bottom-up studies
D) Mixed methods research

Question 13

Which of the following is a key feature of quantitative research?

A) It favors studying participants in well-controlled laboratory settings.
B) The researcher has a large influence in the research process and acknowledges that role.
C) It values each participant's perspective and insight into their own experience.
D) It avoids summating,categorizing,or reducing data in any way during data collection.

Question 14

Mixed methods research is:

A) a method that uses numbers and statistics to objectively examine associations between variables,predict outcomes,and make comparisons.
B) research that focuses on gaining in-depth information on a few individuals with the goal of developing a more thorough understanding of their perspectives and experiences.
C) a blend of qualitative and quantitative research methods that capitalizes on the strengths of each to examine a research question.
D) the process of using multiple techniques to assess the same information.

Question 15

In a multi-phase study Sue begins by conducting a focus group.She then uses that information to develop a written measure that is administered to a new group of participants.By using different measures to assess the same topic of interest,Sue is using:

A) triangulation.
B) mixed methods research.
C) reflexivity.
D) a holistic analysis.

Question 16

Where do qualitative research studies generally take place?

A) in a research laboratory
B) in their natural setting
C) in a structured setting
D) online

Question 17

Upon completion of data collection Julian will use statistics to look for meaningful relationships between the variables under investigation.In this study Julian is using:

A) qualitative research.
B) quantitative research.
C) mixed methods research.
D) nonexperimental research.

Question 18

Which type of study provides little guidance or structure and is unconcerned with keeping participants' experiences as similar as possible?

A) qualitative research
B) quantitative research
C) mixed research
D) top-down approach

Question 19

More detailed is to less detailed as:

A) qualitative is to quantitative.
B) quantitative is to mixed.
C) mixed is to qualitative.
D) quantitative is to qualitative.

Question 20

Quantitative is to qualitative as:

A) numbers are to pictures.
B) words are to pictures.
C) numbers are to words.
D) pictures are to words.

Question 21

For topics on which there is little research or information,it is best to let participants' information guide the development of a theory.This is known as:

A) bottom-up approach.
B) quantitative research.
C) mixed research.
D) top-down approach.

Question 22

Each of the following is a type of qualitative research,EXCEPT:

A) action research.
B) an ethnography.
C) an experiment.
D) the postmodern approach.

Question 23

Which is the correct order of operations in a top-down approach?

A) gather information;formulate theory;confirm or reject predictions
B) formulate theory;gather information;confirm or reject predictions
C) confirm or reject predictions;formulate theory;gather information
D) gather information;confirm or reject predictions;formulate theory

Question 24

A research approach that uses the views of the people involved in the situation to understand the experience and its meaning,it is called:

A) holistic approach.
B) situated approach.
C) archival approach.
D) phenomenological approach.

Question 25

Inductive is to deductive as:

A) top-down is to bottom-up.
B) objective is to subjective.
C) subjective is to objective.
D) bottom-up is to top-down.

Question 26

A top-down analysis is _____,whereas a bottom-down analysis _____.

A) information first;theme first
B) information first;theory first
C) theory first;information first
D) theory first;prediction first

Question 27

_____ is an examination of first-person stories or descriptions of one's life that the researcher analyzes from the storyteller's point of view.

A) Action research
B) Narrative analysis
C) Focus group
D) Ethnography

Question 28

The bottom-up approach to research is when a researcher:

A) develops a theory by exploring a topic using information provided from the participant's direct experiences.
B) uses numbers and statistics to objectively examine associations between variables,predict outcomes,and make comparisons.
C) focuses on gaining in-depth information on the entire population with the goal of developing a more thorough understanding of their perspectives and experiences.
D) the process of using multiple techniques to assess the same information.

Question 29

A holistic analysis is:

A) a method that examines a topic while it is embedded within its naturally occurring context.
B) one that seeks to understand a human experience and the meaning of experiences based on how those involved view the situation.
C) one in which the researcher examines how numerous properties contribute to the larger whole.
D) the process of using multiple techniques to assess the same information.

Question 30

Which of the following would allow for a situated analysis of peer pressure?

A) a study of conformity conducted in a research laboratory
B) an observational study conducted within a middle school
C) informant data from participants' friends on their feelings toward peer pressure
D) a study utilizing archival data found in a high school yearbook

Question 31

Gestalt psychology is a school of thought that believes the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.Which qualitative research approach most closely mirrors the tenets of Gestalt psychology?

A) archival analysis
B) phenomenological analysis
C) holistic analysis
D) situated analysis

Question 32

Lamar was in a near-death experience and as a result has changed his life dramatically.Paul also had a traumatic experience,but soon after went back to his normal routine.A(n)_____ approach would allow researchers to thoroughly investigate the meaning of those experiences to each individual.

A) holistic
B) situated
C) archival
D) phenomenological

Question 33

A _____ analysis is where a researcher examines how numerous properties contribute to patterns within the larger and more complex system.

A) triangulated
B) holistic
C) situated
D) phenomenological

Question 34

Isadore is a developmental psychologist who is interested in studying parent-child interactions.If he does so by going into participants' homes to gather data,he is using a:

A) quantitative analysis.
B) mixed methods analysis.
C) holistic analysis.
D) situated analysis.

Question 35

The type of qualitative research that uses detailed and typically long-term observations or interactions to situate a phenomenon in the proper cultural context of those being studied is called:

A) action research.
B) a case study.
C) a focus group.
D) an ethnography.

Question 36

The top-down approach is where researchers:

A) develop a theory by exploring a topic using information provided from the participant's direct experiences.
B) use numbers and statistics to objectively examine associations between variables,predict outcomes,and make comparisons.
C) test preconceptions and previously established theories with collected data.
D) the process of using multiple techniques to assess the same information.

Question 37

Javier is examining whether yoga leads to greater spirituality by conducting an in-depth examination of a few individuals.He is using _____ research,and if he monitors and records his own role in the data collection,he is engaging in _____.

A) quantitative;triangulation
B) quantitative;reflexivity
C) qualitative;triangulation
D) qualitative;reflexivity

Question 38

_____ is a practice through which the researcher monitors and records his/her role in the data collection on a continuous basis during the study,which allows for a more accurate assessment of the researcher's influence.

A) Validity
B) Replication
C) Triangulation
D) Reflexivity

Question 39

The phenomenological approach:

A) examines how numerous properties contribute to patterns within the larger and more complex system.
B) examines a topic while it is embedded within its naturally occurring context.
C) seeks to understand a human experience and the meaning of experiences based on how those involved view the situation.
D) is the process of using multiple techniques to assess the same information.

Question 40

Which of the following is a type of qualitative research?

A) correlation
B) narrative analysis
C) experiment
D) factor analysis

Question 41

_____ is an examination of first-person stories of one's life analyzed from the storyteller's perspective,whereas _____ is an analysis technique examining the natural patterns of dialogue including nonverbal features of communication.

A) Narrative analysis;conversation analysis
B) Narrative analysis;case study
C) Conversation analysis;narrative analysis
D) Conversation analysis;case study

Question 42

An advantage of interviews is _____,whereas a disadvantage is _____.

A) the ability to ask follow-up questions;the ability to establish rapport
B) greater control;the ability to ask follow-up questions
C) the ability to ask follow-up questions;their artificial format
D) artificiality;greater control

Question 43

Which of the following is an interview type?

A) top-down
B) bottom-up
C) mixed methods
D) semi-structured

Question 44

_____ is an interview approach in which the researcher preplans some questions and remains flexible on other questions.

A) Structured
B) Unstructured
C) Semi-unstructured
D) Semi-structured

Question 45

Jasmine would like to conduct an interview in a way that would provide her with the greatest amount of data possible.Which type of format should she use?

A) face-to-face
B) email
C) instant message
D) telephone

Question 46

Interviews can be conducted in all of the following ways,EXCEPT:

A) face-to-face.
B) via email.
C) using archival data.
D) over the telephone.

Question 47

A _____ is a comprehensive study of a specific organization,group,or person studied over an extended period.

A) interview
B) focus group
C) case study
D) research study

Question 48

Which of the following is NOT a form of qualitative methodology?

A) case study
B) focus group
C) experimental study
D) phenomenological approach

Question 49

During a lecture on impression formation Dr.Markowitz urges his students to think about what they share online.He reminds them that their Facebook,Twitter,and Instagram accounts are all forms of _____ data that may be used as evidence or justification for others' negative opinions of them.

A) holistic
B) situated
C) phenomenological
D) archival

Question 50

Which of the following is NOT archival data?

A) Facebook profiles
B) answers to questionnaires administered during a laboratory experiment
C) marriage licenses
D) newspaper articles

Question 51

Which of the following would be archival data?

A) behavioral choice data collected during a laboratory experiment
B) observations of behavior
C) informant reports by friends and family
D) health records

Question 52

A(n)_____ is a data collection format where several participants gather together to discuss a topic.

A) research study
B) case study
C) interview
D) focus group

Question 53

Case studies:

A) can always be generalized to a larger sample.
B) can be generalized to a larger sample when the person is similar to others on the variable of interest.
C) can be generalized to a larger sample when they are conducted on children.
D) cannot be generalized to a larger sample.

Question 54

A perspective that explicitly questions basic assumptions about the nature and capabilities of research is known as:

A) grounded theory technique.
B) visual ethnography.
C) postmodern approach.
D) conversation analysis.

Question 55

For which interview format does the researcher prepare specific questions prior to the interview and ask them in a fixed order?

A) structured
B) unstructured
C) semi-unstructured
D) semi-structured

Question 56

Structured is to unstructured as:

A) conversation is to in-depth.
B) conversation is to frequently asked questions.
C) question-and-answer session is to conversation.
D) question-and-answer session is to frequently asked questions.

Question 57

Allison is conducting an interview where she is planning on "winging it" by making up questions as the topics present themselves.Ashley,on the other hand,has a set list of questions and a prepared order of presentation that she intends to use.Allison is using a(n)_____ interview and Ashley is using a(n)_____ interview.

A) unstructured;semi-structured
B) structured;unstructured
C) semi-structured;unstructured
D) unstructured;structured

Question 58

Deborah would like to get consumers' feedback about a new product before it is officially launched.What might be an effective way to gather many opinions at once that allows for the interplay and discussion of ideas on the topic?

A) interview
B) case study
C) focus group
D) research study

Question 59

Interview is to one as:

A) research study is to participant.
B) focus group is to many.
C) archival data is to the whole.
D) situated is to real world.

Question 60

Freud was a proponent of _____,as he believed that a therapist needed an extended amount of time with each client to thoroughly understand the hidden aspects of a patient's unconscious.

A) case studies
B) focus groups
C) research studies
D) the phenomenological approach

Question 61

For which of the following research designs will the interviewer play the most central role in the study?

A) an interview
B) an experiment
C) a survey
D) a focus group

Question 62

A critical incident technique is when researchers:

A) purposefully have the interviewee focus on a key event or specific behavior.
B) develop a theory by exploring a topic using information provided from the participant's direct experiences.
C) test preconceptions and previously established theories with collected data.
D) use multiple techniques to assess the same information.

Question 63

With an unstructured interview,researchers have to worry about:

A) being too restrictive.
B) too much rapport.
C) uninformative tangents.
D) a limited scope of topics that may omit important details.

Question 64

A(n)_____ case study seeks to outline the potential outcomes of an intervention.

A) descriptive
B) intrinsic
C) explanatory
D) exploratory

Question 65

An instrumental case study is designed to:

A) compare multiple case studies.
B) serve a specific purpose.
C) provide an explanation as to why an intervention produced a certain outcome.
D) seek information about how an intervention operates in the real world.

Question 66

Which of the following is a characteristic of a good interviewer?

A) disorganized
B) knowledgeable
C) nervous
D) ill-prepared

Question 67

A(n)_____ case study is used when a researcher has a direct interest in a particular unique case,whereas a(n)_____ case study compares multiple cases.

A) collective;descriptive
B) descriptive;exploratory
C) exploratory;intrinsic
D) intrinsic;collective

Question 68

To prevent interviewee fatigue,interviews should be no longer than:

A) 15 minutes.
B) 30 minutes.
C) 60 minutes.
D) 120 minutes.

Question 69

Which of the following is a subtle way that researchers can influence an interview?

A) asking leading questions
B) having a personal agenda
C) researcher's attire
D) angling for professional gain

Question 70

In the context of a qualitative interview,leading questions can be helpful in that they allow the researcher to:

A) bias results.
B) fact-check.
C) intimidate the participant.
D) triangulate.

Question 71

As a general rule,interviewers should NOT:

A) remain neutral.
B) avoid eye contact with interviewee.
C) minimize leading questions.
D) avoid overt reactions.

Question 72

Which of the following is NOT a type of case study?

A) descriptive
B) intrinsic
C) focus group
D) explanatory

Question 73

A(n)_____ is a protocol that includes the questions a researcher plans to ask and the anticipated order of question presentation.

A) interview schedule
B) case study
C) critical incident technique
D) conversation analysis

Question 74

A quantitative researchers would be most likely to use _____ interviews,whereas qualitative researchers are more likely to use _____ interviews.

A) unstructured;semi-structured
B) structured;semi-structured
C) semi-structured;unstructured
D) unstructured;structured

Question 75

Good interviews include:

A) long questions that provoke short answers.
B) rhetorical questions.
C) preconceived notions by the interviewer to guide conversation.
D) short questions that provoke long answers.

Question 76

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a good interviewer?

A) tolerant
B) attentive
C) impatient
D) sensitive

Question 77

When conducting an interview,researchers need to do each of the following,EXCEPT:

A) identify potential participants.
B) randomly assign participants to conditions.
C) determine the questions to be asked.
D) establish a question order.

Question 78

Which of the following is a blatant way that researchers can influence an interview?

A) demographic characteristics (e.g. ,age,gender,race)
B) physical attractiveness
C) attire
D) leading questions

Question 79

Gloria is studying adjustment to parental divorce.During an interview,she asks each of her participants to focus specifically on the moment they learned that their parents were divorcing.Gloria is using:

A) triangulation.
B) critical incident technique.
C) reflexivity.
D) a phenomenological approach.

Question 80

Quantitative is to qualitative as:

A) unstructured is to structured.
B) semistructured is to structured.
C) unstructured is to semistructured.
D) structured is to unstructured.