Deck 14: Leadership: Styles and Behaviors

Question 1

Increasing the time spent on training the leaders can help maximize their effectiveness.

Answer 1

True
Explanation: Organizations can maximize the effectiveness of their leaders by spending more time training them.

Question 2

Traits are more predictive of leader emergence than they are of leader effectiveness.

Answer 2

True
Explanation: Most scholars have concluded that traits are more predictive of leadership emergence (i.e., who becomes a leader in the first place) than they are of leader effectiveness (i.e., how well people actually do in a leadership role).

Question 3

Employees with transformational leaders tend to have higher levels of task performance.

Answer 3

True
Explanation: Employees with transformational leaders tend to have higher levels of task performance and engage in higher levels of citizenship behaviors.

Question 4

With a delegative style, a leader plays no role in the deliberations unless asked.

Question 5

For the delegative style of decision making, the teamwork skills of the employees involved are not important.

Question 6

The autocratic style of leadership is characterized by high follower control.

Question 7

Transformational leaders heighten followers' awareness of the importance of certain outcomes while increasing their confidence that those outcomes can be achieved.

Question 8

Neutralizers reduce the importance of the leader while providing a direct benefit to employee performance.

Question 9

Leader-member exchange theory argues that new leader-member relationships are typically marked by a role taking phase.

Question 10

Leadership is the use of power and influence to direct the activities of followers toward goal attainment.

Question 11

Transformational leadership represents the carrot-and-stick approach to leadership.

Question 12

Research tends to support many of the time-driven model's propositions, particularly when it uses practicing managers as participants.

Question 13

The time-driven model of leadership suggests that the focus should shift away from autocratic, consultative, facilitative, and delegative situations to autocratic, consultative, facilitative, and delegative leaders.

Question 14

With a consultative style of decision making, leaders do not make the ultimate decision.

Question 15

Inspirational motivation involves behaving in ways that foster an enthusiasm for a shared vision of the future.

Question 16

Idealized influence involves behaving in ways that earn the admiration, trust, and respect of followers.

Question 17

Transformational leadership is more strongly related to unit-focused measures of leadership effectiveness than most other leadership forms.

Question 18

Many of the correlations between traits and leadership are strong in magnitude when leader effectiveness serves as the outcome.

Question 19

Situational leadership theory is well supported by many scientific studies.

Question 20

Leaders who are high on initiating structure play a passive role in directing group activities and often fail to plan activities.

Question 21

According to the leader-member exchange theory, the two general types of leader-member dyads are

A) role taking exchange and role selling exchange.
B) high-quality exchange and low-quality exchange.
C) intrinsic and extrinsic.
D) role making and role selling.
E) participating exchange and observing exchange.

Question 22

Which of the following refers to how well people actually do in a leadership role?

A) leader personality
B) leader effectiveness
C) leader emergence
D) leader perception
E) leader characteristic

Question 23

Leader ________ refers to the notion that what people do is more important than their personality traits.

A) efficiency
B) effectiveness
C) emergence
D) substitution
E) efficacy

Question 24

In the leader-member exchange theory, the low-quality exchange dyad forms the leader's

A) outgroup.
B) internal attributes.
C) ingroup.
D) levels of mutual trust.
E) obligations.

Question 25

Which of the following characteristics is most closely related to leader effectiveness?

A) low agreeableness
B) high conscientiousness
C) high introversion
D) low neuroticism
E) high openness to experience

Question 26

Brady looks up to his boss, Malik, who has a business degree from Yale and, like Brady, is ambitious, successful, and extroverted. In addition, Brady and Malik share a similar, warped sense of humor. Malik often tells Brady "you remind me of me ten years ago." Brady is likely to be a member of Malik's

A) triad.
B) dyad.
C) ingroup.
D) outgroup.
E) support team.

Question 27

During her first week at her new job, Ai's manager, Consuelo, goes over all of the duties Ai will be expected to perform. She also introduces Ai around the office and makes her aware of all the fun things they do in and out of the office, such as "Pizza Fridays" and volunteering at an at-risk children's center. She encourages Ai to get involved. Consuelo is engaged in

A) mentoring.
B) orientation.
C) role taking.
D) role making.
E) role modeling.

Question 28

Simon started working at Solaris Industries right after college, and he had instant rapport with his boss, Felix. Felix not only showed him the ropes, but always encouraged Simon as he pursued his goals, such as starting graduate school. Over the years, Simon and Felix developed a close relationship, with Felix coming to Simon's wedding and his graduation. The other employees in Felix and Simon's department love Felix as well. A few months ago, Felix retired and was replaced by Emmett. Emmett has a very different personality but soon proves himself to be an effective and motivating boss. What do you think is a likely reaction of Simon to this change?

A) He tells his colleague Naomi that things are not the same and that he is thinking about leaving the company.
B) Simon, along with the rest of the employees feel demoralized, unmotivated, and angry about the change.
C) He is resentful because he feels he should have gotten Felix's job, so he talks to senior management.
D) After a period of depression, Simon experiences a renewed sense of commitment to the company.
E) Simon's affect-based trust of Felix and the company is transferred to Emmett.

Question 29

During which phase of the leader-member exchange theory does a manager describe role expectations to employees, with the employees attempting to fulfill those expectations with their job behaviors?

A) readiness
B) role taking
C) role selling
D) role making
E) role designing

Question 30

Researchers found two particular limitations to trait theory and therefore started looking more at "what leaders do" rather than "who leaders are." The two limitations were that (a) traits had less practical relevance than leader actions and (b)

A) correlations between leader traits and leader effectiveness were weak.
B) researchers had identified all the relevant traits, so more research would be unnecessary.
C) the government stopped funding the research.
D) transformational leaders had different traits than other leaders.
E) leader traits had no relationship to dyadic leadership.

Question 31

Sierra, an intern, is well-liked by everyone in the office. She has seemingly boundless energy, asks a lot of questions, and is self-confident without being arrogant. Her supervisor, John, is discussing her time at the company with his colleague Maxine. He predicts that

A) Sierra is a natural-born cooperator, rather than a leader.
B) Sierra's personality has no bearing on her leadership abilities.
C) Sierra's personality means she is likely to emerge as a leader.
D) Sierra is too nice and therefore unlikely to be an effective leader.
E) Sierra's personality means she is likely to become an effective leader.

Question 32

The ________ process is marked by a free-flowing exchange in which the leader offers more opportunities and resources and the employee contributes more activities and effort.

A) role taking
B) role selling
C) participating
D) role making
E) role allocating

Question 33

The degree to which the leader's actions result in the achievement of the unit's goals; the continued commitment of the unit's employees; and the development of mutual trust, respect, and obligation in leader-member dyads are all called

A) outgroup readiness.
B) leader effectiveness.
C) leader emergence.
D) leader focus.
E) individualized consideration.

Question 34

Ji-Eun is in charge of selecting an intern for the HR department at her company. She is especially interested in identifying the candidate with the strongest possibility for leadership. After interviewing five candidates, who do you think she chooses?

A) Kaelynn, who was late to the interview and not very well-prepared but was funny and smart
B) Dennis, who was introverted but reacted well when the interview was interrupted by an important phone call
C) Carlotta, who bragged about having gone to an Ivy League school and ended up sort of taking over the interview
D) Rosemary, who was smart and sharp but was self-deprecating and shy when asked to talk about herself
E) Qasim, who did not have quite as much experience but was sharp and outgoing and showed an extreme willingness to learn

Question 35

A leader's ________ reflects the process that the leader uses to generate and choose from a set of alternatives to solve a problem.

A) operational efficiency
B) day-to-day behavior
C) decision-making style
D) emergence style
E) operational style

Question 36

During the ________ phase of the leader-member exchange theory, the employee's own expectations for the dyad get mixed in with those of the leader.

A) role taking
B) role selling
C) participating
D) role making
E) role allocating

Question 37

In the leader-member exchange theory, the ________ exchange dyad is marked by a limited exchange of information, influence, latitude, support, and attention.

A) participating
B) low-quality
C) intrinsic
D) high-quality
E) extrinsic

Question 38

The leader-member exchange theory argues that

A) new relationships between leaders and members are typically marked by a role taking phase.
B) most leaders can judge their performance by referring to the number of companies they have created.
C) leader traits holds more practical relevance than leader actions.
D) the correlations of the trait-leadership magnitude are strong.
E) organizations should limit leader-member exchanges to maximize organizational productivity.

Question 39

Which of the following decision-making styles is characterized by the highest level of employee involvement?

A) consultative
B) autocratic
C) delegative
D) facilitative
E) supportive

Question 40

________ suggest that leaders are born, not made.

A) Leader-member exchange theories
B) Ohio State studies of leadership
C) Transformational theories of leadership
D) Contingent theory of leadership
E) Great person theories of leadership

Question 41

With a(n) ________ decision-making style, employees have a say in the decision-making process, but the ultimate authority still rests with the leader.

A) delegative
B) directive
C) consultative
D) facilitative
E) autocratic

Question 42

In the time-driven model of leadership, which style is reserved for decisions that are significant and where the leader's expertise is high?

A) consultative
B) autocratic
C) delegative
D) facilitative
E) supportive

Question 43

According to research on the time-driven model of leadership, which leadership style seems to be overused by managers?

A) autocratic
B) consultative
C) delegative
D) facilitative
E) negotiative

Question 44

Ariel, Fouad, Nicola, and Daryush are four managers at Lost Soles Shoes. Each uses a different decision-making style and believes that their style is the best. Ariel always presents the problem to her employees and gathers their opinions and suggestions, but makes the decision herself. Fouad gives his employees the responsibility for making the decision within a set of specified boundary conditions. Nicola makes the decision without asking her employees for their opinions or suggestions. Daryush presents the problem to his employees and seeks consensus, emphasizing that her opinion is only as important as every other employee's in her department. Fouad is using the ________ decision-making style.

A) consultative
B) autocratic
C) delegative
D) facilitative
E) directive

Question 45

Which of the following is the style of decision making whereby the leader plays no role in deliberations unless asked?

A) directive
B) autocratic
C) delegative
D) facilitative
E) consultative

Question 46

There has been extensive research into the time-driven model of leadership. The results include all of the following except

A) managers overuse the autocratic style.
B) when managers use the recommendation of the model, decisions were rated as successful 68 percent of the time.
C) when managers do not use the model's recommendations, their decisions are successful 22 percent of the time.
D) managers do not vary their decision-making style as much as the model suggests they should.
E) managers overuse the consultative style.

Question 47

Which of the following decision-making styles is characterized by the highest level of follower control?

A) autocratic
B) delegative
C) facilitative
D) negotiative
E) consultative

Question 48

Tarquin is a quality control manager at Olympia Sporting Goods. Any time a problem arises and a decision needs to be made, he believes in getting his people involved. He presents the problem to his employees and seek consensus on a solution. He insists in these problem-solving meetings that his opinion and suggestions carry no more weight than anyone else's. Which of the following is the decision-making style that Tarquin is displaying?

A) consultative
B) autocratic
C) delegative
D) facilitative
E) negotiative

Question 49

Julio has been newly appointed as the CEO of SmartSystems, Inc. He is still learning how various departments function in the organization. Until he is able to gain sufficient knowledge and can suggest some changes, he relies on the suggestions and opinions of his team members and lets them do the things the way they are used to. He does not generally interfere in the decisions made by the employees but, at times, shares his past experiences with the employees. It can be said that Julio has adopted a(n) ________ style of decision making.

A) autocratic
B) participative
C) consultative
D) delegative
E) negotiative

Question 50

Nico is the owner of Yesteryear, a chain of vintage clothing stores. She lets the store managers and employees decide for themselves how best to lay out the stores and what to do about the problems they face on a daily basis. She basically serves as a consultant, but leaves the ultimate decision of how to solve problems up to her workers. Nico's leadership style is

A) worker-based.
B) laissez-faire.
C) consultative.
D) delegative.
E) facilitative.

Question 51

Ariel, Fouad, Nicola, and Daryush are four managers at Lost Soles Shoes. Each uses a different decision-making style and believes that their style is the best. Ariel always presents the problem to her employees and gathers their opinions and suggestions, but makes the decision herself. Fouad gives his employees the responsibility for making the decision within a set of specified boundary conditions. Nicola makes the decision without asking her employees for their opinions or suggestions. Daryush presents the problem to his employees and seeks consensus, emphasizing that her opinion is only as important as every other employee's in her department. Ariel is displaying the ________ style of decision making.

A) consultative
B) autocratic
C) delegative
D) facilitative
E) directive

Question 52

Ariel, Fouad, Nicola, and Daryush are four managers at Lost Soles Shoes. Each uses a different decision-making style and believes that their style is the best. Ariel always presents the problem to her employees and gathers their opinions and suggestions, but makes the decision herself. Fouad gives his employees the responsibility for making the decision within a set of specified boundary conditions. Nicola makes the decision without asking her employees for their opinions or suggestions. Daryush presents the problem to his employees and seeks consensus, emphasizing that her opinion is only as important as every other employee's in her department. Daryush is displaying the ________ decision-making style.

A) consultative
B) autocratic
C) delegative
D) facilitative
E) directive

Question 53

Claire has built her company by giving special attention to details. She is highly meticulous and demanding and often imposes her decisions on subordinates. Claire makes use of the ________ style of decision making.

A) autocratic
B) consultative
C) transformational
D) participative
E) delegative

Question 54

Alisha is the manager of Fresh Marketplace, an organic café, juice bar, and supermarket. The company has recently been faced with competition from Oriole Organic Supermarket. Alisha meets with her team to get their thoughts on how Fresh Marketplace can become more competitive. They have a limited budget, so she needs to figure out where to best spend the money they have. After the meeting, she weighs their ideas before making a decision. Alisha's leadership style is

A) autocratic.
B) facilitative.
C) democratic.
D) team-based.
E) consultative.

Question 55

Ariel, Fouad, Nicola, and Daryush are four managers at Lost Soles Shoes. Each uses a different decision-making style and believes that their style is the best. Ariel always presents the problem to her employees and gathers their opinions and suggestions, but makes the decision herself. Fouad gives his employees the responsibility for making the decision within a set of specified boundary conditions. Nicola makes the decision without asking her employees for their opinions or suggestions. Daryush presents the problem to his employees and seeks consensus, emphasizing that her opinion is only as important as every other employee's in her department. Which of the following decision making styles is Nicola displaying?

A) consultative
B) autocratic
C) delegative
D) facilitative
E) negotiative

Question 56

Solange, a department manager at LeClerc Sportswear, uses a style of decision-making that focuses on using the skills, experiences, and ideas of others. The final decision-making power is with Solange. However, she does not make major decisions without getting inputs from those that will be affected. It can be said that she uses the ________ style of leader decision making.

A) autocratic
B) consultative
C) facilitative
D) participative
E) transactional

Question 57

There are many factors to consider when leaders choose a decision-making style. The most obvious consideration is the

A) number of people involved in decision making.
B) quality of the resulting decision.
C) number of opinions obtained for making the decision.
D) the style of decision-making.
E) the number of different ideas generated during the process.

Question 58

In the time-driven model of leadership, which style is appropriate for circumstances in which the decision significance is low, employees have expertise and strong teamwork skills, and leader expertise is low?

A) consultative
B) autocratic
C) delegative
D) facilitative
E) negotiative

Question 59

Chang is the art director at Idlewild Graphic Design. The firm recently acquired a new client, Palomino Film Productions. They are designing a logo, ad campaign, posters, and other materials for the client. Chang meets with his entire design team, and together they hash out ideas for the visual approach they should take on the project. Designers bring prototypes and everyone votes on them. Chang's leadership style is

A) consultative.
B) democratic.
C) facilitative.
D) autocratic.
E) delegative.

Question 60

Which of the following factors is included in the time-driven model of leadership?

A) intellectual stimulation
B) shared objectives
C) idealized influence
D) individual personality
E) contingent rewards

Question 61

The life cycle theory of leadership argues that the optimal combination of ________ and consideration depends on the readiness of the employees in the work unit.

A) integration
B) personality
C) organization
D) initiation of structure
E) decision-making style

Question 62

Which of the following theories is also known as the situational model of leadership?

A) the Ohio State studies
B) the University of Michigan studies
C) the life cycle theory of leadership
D) the time-driven model of leadership
E) Herzberg's two-factor theory

Question 63

Quentin is the owner of Sail Away Travel, a travel agency specializing in luxury cruise packages. Following a fire at their old location, the company moved into a brand-new location, and Quentin is in the process of refurbishing the new space. He needs to buy furniture and equipment as well as office décor, kitchen supplies, new computers for his employees, and many small office supplies. The old space consisted of several small rooms, while the new one is basically one large room. Quentin's employees have their own ideas about how the new office should be laid out. Lorna and Dani want an open office plan with no partitions, while Andre says he can only work in a space with more privacy. Dani brings up that she studied art in college, while Mark says he has a friend who can get computer equipment at cost. Quentin himself honestly does not care that much about how the office looks. How should he approach the situation?

A) He should make all the decisions himself. Because everyone in the office wants to do things differently, they will never agree on everything.
B) He should weigh the pros and cons of what employees want, but make the ultimate decision himself because they have a limited budget and cannot afford some of the options the employees like.
C) He should consider input from his employees, but he should ultimately make the decisions himself, and if they do not like it, too bad. After all, it is impossible to make everyone in an office happy.
D) He should meet with his employees and discuss each decision they have to make, seeking to obtain consensus as much as possible. He might put the partitioned space versus open space question to a vote, for example.
E) He should hand over the reins to his employees on the majority of decisions. For example, Dani should be responsible for purchasing artwork for the office, while Mark should be tasked with buying the new computers.

Question 64

Which leader behavior, according to the life cycle theory of leadership, comprises high initiating structure and high consideration?

A) telling
B) selling
C) participating
D) delegating
E) performing

Question 65

Jackson's boss, Samira, is excited about a new project management system she learned about at a weekend seminar, which purports to increase accountability and efficiency by 30 percent. She bought it for the office and hired a trainer to teach everyone in the office how to use it. What dimension of day-to-day leadership is Samira demonstrating?

A) innovation
B) consideration
C) initiating structure
D) test-marketing
E) group consensus

Question 66

Bianca has just hired five new people for her startup, Inspirex, which has been in business for a few years and recently received a large sum of money from an angel investor. Xavier and Rashad are two of the new team members. They go out for a drink at the end of their second week and discuss the atmosphere at Inspirex. Rashad really appreciates the fact that Bianca planned a fun meet-and-greet party the first week and went out of her way to integrate them into the team. Xavier agrees and adds that he appreciated Bianca's responsiveness to questions and her "open-door" policy. What else did Rashad and Xavier most likely take note of regarding Bianca's behavior?

A) She emphasized the roles of each member of the team, making sure they understood their duties and responsibilities.
B) In a meeting the first week, she solicited Rashad's and Xavier's opinions, instead of just making them sit and listen.
C) She checked in frequently the first week to make sure Rashad and Xavier were making progress toward daily goals.
D) She went over the company rules and had Rashad and Xavier take a short quiz to demonstrate their understanding.
E) She introduced Rashad and Xavier to their team leaders, who then explained to them their respective projects.

Question 67

Which of the following behaviors, according to the studies at Ohio State, is a consideration behavior?

A) setting goals
B) integration
C) production
D) organization
E) incentives

Question 68

Hamid is part of a team working on a new website for the company. Hamid is new to the company but taught himself to code at age eleven and has a degree in web design from the local university. When Isa, his supervisor, realizes the extent of Hamid's expertise in this area, he tasks Hamid with taking over the back-end design of the website. Isa's behavior is an example of

A) R4, participating.
B) R4, delegating.
C) R3, delegating.
D) R2, selling.
E) R1, telling.

Question 69

Margarita recently started working as a temp for Lucid Systems Technology. On her first day, Shari, her team leader, goes over the details of how to use the accounting software and how to file a report on her work at the end of each day. By the end of the first week, Margarita is confident and able to do her work without asking Shari for guidance, but Shari still checks in periodically to give her encouragement and suggestions. By the end of the week, Shari is demonstrating which stage in the life cycle theory of leadership?

A) R1, telling
B) R1, selling
C) R3, selling
D) R4, delegating
E) R3, participating

Question 70

Which type of structure reflects the extent to which the leader defines and structures the roles of employees in pursuit of goal attainment?

A) initiating structure
B) delegative structure
C) consideration structure
D) participative structure
E) transformational structure

Question 71

Orrin, the manager of Nordic Kitchen and Bath, has always been supportive toward the employees and understands their feelings. On most occasions, he overlooks their mistakes and gives them opportunities to develop a friendly atmosphere in the office. He often takes on some of their work in order to reduce their burden. Orrin would score high on

A) initiating structure.
B) intermediation.
C) consideration.
D) directive behavior.
E) transactional leadership.

Question 72

The life cycle theory of leadership advocates that the optimal combination of leader behavior in the R4 stage is

A) delegating.
B) telling.
C) selling.
D) participating.
E) negotiating.

Question 73

Fatima has a deep concern for the welfare of her subordinates, and she promotes interactive discussions with them. Fatima can be described as a manager who scores high on

A) initiating structure.
B) autocratic leadership.
C) consideration.
D) managerial control.
E) discipline.

Question 74

________ reflects the extent to which leaders create job relationships characterized by mutual trust, respect for employee ideas, and thoughtfulness regarding employee feelings.

A) Transformation
B) Delegating
C) Consideration
D) Participation
E) Initiating structure

Question 75

In the life cycle theory of leadership, the optimal combination of leader behavior in the R2 stage is

A) delegating.
B) telling.
C) selling.
D) participating.
E) negotiating.

Question 76

The life cycle theory of leadership suggests that ________ leader behavior comprises high initiating structure and low consideration.

A) telling
B) selling
C) participating
D) delegating
E) performing

Question 77

The optimal combination of leader behavior in the R3 stage of the life cycle theory of leadership is

A) delegating.
B) telling.
C) selling.
D) participating.
E) negotiating.

Question 78

According to the life cycle theory of leadership, a group of employees who are working together for the first time and are eager to begin, but who lack the experience and confidence needed to perform their roles, are at which level of readiness?

A) R1
B) R2
C) R3
D) R4
E) R5

Question 79

The Ohio State studies argued that initiating structure and consideration are ________, while the University of Michigan studies proposed them to be

A) independent concepts; ends of a continuum.
B) ends of a continuum; independent concepts.
C) dependent concepts; independent concepts.
D) correlated with leadership effectiveness; not correlated with leadership effectiveness.
E) ends of a continuum; central points in a continuum.

Question 80

________ is broadly defined as the degree to which employees have the ability and the willingness to accomplish their specific tasks.

A) Integration
B) Effectiveness
C) Efficiency
D) Readiness
E) Emergence