Deck 12: C: Mixed Design: Which Therapy Is Best for Treating Eating Disorders

Question 1

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Carton,J.S.& Schweitzer,J.B.(1996).Use of a token economy to increase compliance during hemodialysis.Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis,29,111-113.
Increasing Hemodialysis Compliance
The purpose of this study was to increase a 10-year-old's compliance with daily hemodialysis treatments for his end-stage renal failure.The daily treatment took approximately 4 hours to complete,and throughout the treatment the child would hit,kick,and scream at hospital staff.The researchers decided to try to reduce his outbursts and increase treatment compliance.The researchers began by observing the child for five consecutive days,during which they recorded up to eight noncompliant behaviors every 30 minutes during the 4-hour treatment.The intervention phase was implemented over the next 10 days.It involved giving the child a token for every 30 minutes during the 4-hour hemodialysis procedure that he was not defiant.The tokens could be redeemed for prizes.During the intervention the number of defiant episodes reduced such that at the end he was 100% compliant.Tokens were not given over the next 5 days and behavior resumed to levels observed at the start of the study.When tokens were re-introduced the child quickly adjusted his behavior such that compliance was again at 100%.
(Scenario II)The study described in Scenario II uses a _____ design.

A) one-factor design
B) mixed design
C) single-subject design
D) between-subjects design

Answer 1

single-subject design

Question 2

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Easton,R.D. ,Srinivas,K.& Greene,A.J.(1997).Do vision and haptics share common representations? Implicit and explicit memory within and between modalities.Journal of Experimental Psychology,23,153-163.
Effect of Study Modality and Test Modality on Word Recognition
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of study modality and test modality on memory.To that end,the researchers asked 102 undergraduates to study 20 words in two different modalities: visual and haptic.The researchers counterbalanced the order in which participants studied the words such that some studied the visual words first and haptic words second,and others studied the haptic words first and visual words second.After studying the 20 words the participants were tested for their memory of the words.Like the study phase,the modality of words presented in the test phase varied;one test was haptic and one test was visual.However,unlike the study phase,participants were tested either in the haptic condition or in the visual condition.During both tests the participants were presented with 30 words,10 of which had been studied visually,10 of which had been studied haptically,and 10 of which had not been studied previously.Memory was assessed by calculating the percent of words correctly identified.A two-way ANOVA was used to analyze the results of the study.The results revealed that words studied visually were recalled more by participants who were tested visually than those tested haptically.Recall for words studied haptically did not differ between those tested visually and those tested haptically.
(Scenario I)The design described in Scenario I is a:

A) 2 × 2 between-groups design.
B) 2 × 2 within-subjects design.
C) 2 × 2 mixed design.
D) 2 × 2 single case design.

Answer 2

2 × 2 mixed design.

Question 3

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Easton,R.D. ,Srinivas,K.& Greene,A.J.(1997).Do vision and haptics share common representations? Implicit and explicit memory within and between modalities.Journal of Experimental Psychology,23,153-163.
Effect of Study Modality and Test Modality on Word Recognition
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of study modality and test modality on memory.To that end,the researchers asked 102 undergraduates to study 20 words in two different modalities: visual and haptic.The researchers counterbalanced the order in which participants studied the words such that some studied the visual words first and haptic words second,and others studied the haptic words first and visual words second.After studying the 20 words the participants were tested for their memory of the words.Like the study phase,the modality of words presented in the test phase varied;one test was haptic and one test was visual.However,unlike the study phase,participants were tested either in the haptic condition or in the visual condition.During both tests the participants were presented with 30 words,10 of which had been studied visually,10 of which had been studied haptically,and 10 of which had not been studied previously.Memory was assessed by calculating the percent of words correctly identified.A two-way ANOVA was used to analyze the results of the study.The results revealed that words studied visually were recalled more by participants who were tested visually than those tested haptically.Recall for words studied haptically did not differ between those tested visually and those tested haptically.
(Scenario I)In Scenario I the nature of the stimuli (haptic and visual)during the study and test phase made:

A) it impossible to create a single-blind procedure.
B) it impossible to create a double-blind procedure.
C) it possible to introduce experimenter-expectancy.
D) all of the above.

Answer 3

all of the above.

Question 4

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Carton,J.S.& Schweitzer,J.B.(1996).Use of a token economy to increase compliance during hemodialysis.Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis,29,111-113.
Increasing Hemodialysis Compliance
The purpose of this study was to increase a 10-year-old's compliance with daily hemodialysis treatments for his end-stage renal failure.The daily treatment took approximately 4 hours to complete,and throughout the treatment the child would hit,kick,and scream at hospital staff.The researchers decided to try to reduce his outbursts and increase treatment compliance.The researchers began by observing the child for five consecutive days,during which they recorded up to eight noncompliant behaviors every 30 minutes during the 4-hour treatment.The intervention phase was implemented over the next 10 days.It involved giving the child a token for every 30 minutes during the 4-hour hemodialysis procedure that he was not defiant.The tokens could be redeemed for prizes.During the intervention the number of defiant episodes reduced such that at the end he was 100% compliant.Tokens were not given over the next 5 days and behavior resumed to levels observed at the start of the study.When tokens were re-introduced the child quickly adjusted his behavior such that compliance was again at 100%.
(Scenario II)The purpose of removing the intervention in Scenario II was to:

A) establish causality.
B) conserve resources.
C) remove experimenter-expectations.
D) to keep the participant blinded to treatment.

Question 5

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario III
Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Grippo,A.J. ,Beltz,T.G.& Johnson,A.K.(2003).Behavioral and cardiovascular changes in the chronic mild stress model of depression? Physiology and Behavior,78,703-710.
Effect of Mild Chronic Stress on Depression
Nonhuman animals are often used as models to study psychological disorders.Depression can be simulated in rats by applying chronic mild stress (CMS).The behavioral effects of CMS include anhedonia.In rats,anhedonia is defined as a reduction in locomotor activity.In this study,17 rats were randomly assigned to receive CMS or no stress for 4 weeks.Rats in both conditions were housed individually in cages equipped with a running wheel to which they had free access.Locomotor activity was quantified by measuring the distance run on the wheel.This was measured weekly throughout the study so that four measurements were obtained for rats in each treatment condition.A mixed-design ANOVA revealed a statistically significant interaction between treatment and time (F(7,105)= 1.82,p < .05).Further analyses revealed no difference in the distance run between the two groups at time 1,but that rats exposed to CMS ran significantly less than those not exposed to stress at times 2,3,and 4.
(Scenario III)The researcher who recorded the distance that each rat ran did not know whether the rat had received stress.This resulted in a(n)_____ and decreased _____.

A) double-blind procedure;experimenter bias
B) experimenter expectancy;bias
C) single-blind procedure;experimenter expectancy
D) experimenter bias;internal validity

Question 6

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Carton,J.S.& Schweitzer,J.B.(1996).Use of a token economy to increase compliance during hemodialysis.Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis,29,111-113.
Increasing Hemodialysis Compliance
The purpose of this study was to increase a 10-year-old's compliance with daily hemodialysis treatments for his end-stage renal failure.The daily treatment took approximately 4 hours to complete,and throughout the treatment the child would hit,kick,and scream at hospital staff.The researchers decided to try to reduce his outbursts and increase treatment compliance.The researchers began by observing the child for five consecutive days,during which they recorded up to eight noncompliant behaviors every 30 minutes during the 4-hour treatment.The intervention phase was implemented over the next 10 days.It involved giving the child a token for every 30 minutes during the 4-hour hemodialysis procedure that he was not defiant.The tokens could be redeemed for prizes.During the intervention the number of defiant episodes reduced such that at the end he was 100% compliant.Tokens were not given over the next 5 days and behavior resumed to levels observed at the start of the study.When tokens were re-introduced the child quickly adjusted his behavior such that compliance was again at 100%.
(Scenario II)The study described in Scenario II uses an _____ design.

A) A-B
B) A-B-A
C) A-B-A-B
D) A-B-A-B-A

Question 7

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario III
Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Grippo,A.J. ,Beltz,T.G.& Johnson,A.K.(2003).Behavioral and cardiovascular changes in the chronic mild stress model of depression? Physiology and Behavior,78,703-710.
Effect of Mild Chronic Stress on Depression
Nonhuman animals are often used as models to study psychological disorders.Depression can be simulated in rats by applying chronic mild stress (CMS).The behavioral effects of CMS include anhedonia.In rats,anhedonia is defined as a reduction in locomotor activity.In this study,17 rats were randomly assigned to receive CMS or no stress for 4 weeks.Rats in both conditions were housed individually in cages equipped with a running wheel to which they had free access.Locomotor activity was quantified by measuring the distance run on the wheel.This was measured weekly throughout the study so that four measurements were obtained for rats in each treatment condition.A mixed-design ANOVA revealed a statistically significant interaction between treatment and time (F(7,105)= 1.82,p < .05).Further analyses revealed no difference in the distance run between the two groups at time 1,but that rats exposed to CMS ran significantly less than those not exposed to stress at times 2,3,and 4.
(Scenario III)In Scenario III,the between-subjects variable was _____,and the within-subjects variable was _____.

A) stress;time
B) time;anhedonia
C) anhedonia;stress
D) time;stress

Question 8

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Carton,J.S.& Schweitzer,J.B.(1996).Use of a token economy to increase compliance during hemodialysis.Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis,29,111-113.
Increasing Hemodialysis Compliance
The purpose of this study was to increase a 10-year-old's compliance with daily hemodialysis treatments for his end-stage renal failure.The daily treatment took approximately 4 hours to complete,and throughout the treatment the child would hit,kick,and scream at hospital staff.The researchers decided to try to reduce his outbursts and increase treatment compliance.The researchers began by observing the child for five consecutive days,during which they recorded up to eight noncompliant behaviors every 30 minutes during the 4-hour treatment.The intervention phase was implemented over the next 10 days.It involved giving the child a token for every 30 minutes during the 4-hour hemodialysis procedure that he was not defiant.The tokens could be redeemed for prizes.During the intervention the number of defiant episodes reduced such that at the end he was 100% compliant.Tokens were not given over the next 5 days and behavior resumed to levels observed at the start of the study.When tokens were re-introduced the child quickly adjusted his behavior such that compliance was again at 100%.
(Scenario II)In the study described in Scenario II,the control condition is the _____ phase,and the experimental condition is the _____ phase.

A) C;E
B) A;B
C) C;A
D) B;C

Question 9

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Easton,R.D. ,Srinivas,K.& Greene,A.J.(1997).Do vision and haptics share common representations? Implicit and explicit memory within and between modalities.Journal of Experimental Psychology,23,153-163.
Effect of Study Modality and Test Modality on Word Recognition
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of study modality and test modality on memory.To that end,the researchers asked 102 undergraduates to study 20 words in two different modalities: visual and haptic.The researchers counterbalanced the order in which participants studied the words such that some studied the visual words first and haptic words second,and others studied the haptic words first and visual words second.After studying the 20 words the participants were tested for their memory of the words.Like the study phase,the modality of words presented in the test phase varied;one test was haptic and one test was visual.However,unlike the study phase,participants were tested either in the haptic condition or in the visual condition.During both tests the participants were presented with 30 words,10 of which had been studied visually,10 of which had been studied haptically,and 10 of which had not been studied previously.Memory was assessed by calculating the percent of words correctly identified.A two-way ANOVA was used to analyze the results of the study.The results revealed that words studied visually were recalled more by participants who were tested visually than those tested haptically.Recall for words studied haptically did not differ between those tested visually and those tested haptically.
(Scenario I)In Scenario I,the between-subjects variable was ___________,and the within-subjects variable was ____________.

A) modality at study;modality at test
B) modality at test;modality at study
C) visual words at study;haptic words at test
D) visual words at test;haptic words at study

Question 10

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Easton,R.D. ,Srinivas,K.& Greene,A.J.(1997).Do vision and haptics share common representations? Implicit and explicit memory within and between modalities.Journal of Experimental Psychology,23,153-163.
Effect of Study Modality and Test Modality on Word Recognition
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of study modality and test modality on memory.To that end,the researchers asked 102 undergraduates to study 20 words in two different modalities: visual and haptic.The researchers counterbalanced the order in which participants studied the words such that some studied the visual words first and haptic words second,and others studied the haptic words first and visual words second.After studying the 20 words the participants were tested for their memory of the words.Like the study phase,the modality of words presented in the test phase varied;one test was haptic and one test was visual.However,unlike the study phase,participants were tested either in the haptic condition or in the visual condition.During both tests the participants were presented with 30 words,10 of which had been studied visually,10 of which had been studied haptically,and 10 of which had not been studied previously.Memory was assessed by calculating the percent of words correctly identified.A two-way ANOVA was used to analyze the results of the study.The results revealed that words studied visually were recalled more by participants who were tested visually than those tested haptically.Recall for words studied haptically did not differ between those tested visually and those tested haptically.
(Scenario I)Suppose the participants studied the words either visually or haptically,and then were presented either visual or haptic words at test.This design would now be a:

A) 2 × 2 between-groups design.
B) 2 × 2 within-subjects design.
C) 2 × 2 mixed design.
D) 2 × 2 single case design.