Deck 10: Visual Imagery

Question 1

Ira and his sister are playing "Name that Tune," the object of which is to name the title of the song when given the song's first line. Ira suggests the line "Sleigh bells ring, are you listening?" His sister can't come up with the answer at first, but realizing that the title is often embedded in the lyrics, she tries to sing them silently to herself. She then bursts out "Ah! It's 'Winter Wonderland'!" It is most likely that Ira's sister used ___________ in playing the game.

A) mental chronometry
B) mental synthesis
C) visual imagery
D) inner audition

Answer 1

inner audition

Question 2

Monique is an interior design student. As part of her internship, she is redesigning a small kitchen for a client. She would like to expand the kitchen and add a dining area. Before creating sketches for the client, she imagines the new layout in her mind, most likely using

A) tacit knowledge.
B) a proposition.
C) the method of loci.
D) a depictive representation.

Answer 2

a depictive representation.

Question 3

"3x + 9 = 16" is a___________representation.

A) depictive
B) spatial
C) propositional
D) descriptive

Answer 3

propositional

Question 4

Kosslyn's island experiment used the ___________ procedure.

A) mental scanning
B) categorization
C) priming
D) mental walk

Question 5

Which statement below is most closely associated with the early history of the study of imagery?

A) Imagery is based on spatial mechanisms like those involved in perception.
B) Thought is always accompanied by imagery.
C) People can rotate images of objects in their heads.
D) Imagery is closely related to language.

Question 6

Shepard and Metzler's "image rotation" experiment was so influential and important to the study of cognition because it demonstrated

A) how easy mental rotation is for humans.
B) that humans cannot successfully rotate mental images beyond 90 degrees.
C) that humans can only perform mental rotation on "real-world" objects.
D) imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms.

Question 7

The conceptual peg hypothesis would predict enhanced memory for which word pair?

A) True lies
B) Amazing grace
C) Cake mug
D) Mission impossible

Question 8

Kosslyn interpreted the results of his research on imagery (such as the island experiment) as supporting the idea that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves ___________ representations.

A) epiphenomenal
B) propositional
C) spatial
D) unilateral

Question 9

Mental imagery involves

A) experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input.
B) mental representations of the current sensory inputs.
C) sensory representations of a stimulus.
D) the misrepresentation of a stimulus as possessing physical attributes that are, in fact, absent.

Question 10

The scanning task used by Kosslyn involves

A) visual icons.
B) mental images.
C) perceptual images.
D) echoic schemas

Question 11

Luis is taking his girlfriend, Rosa, to a resort town neither one of them has visited. Luis wants to make a good impression on Rosa, so he spends the week before the trip reading about fun places to go while they are there. He also memorizes a map of the small resort town, so he can lead her around without bothering to ask for directions. When they arrive, they first visit a botanical garden. When Rosa says, "Where to next?" Luis conjures a mental image of the map and says, "art museum." Let's assume the garden was six inches due south on the map and that it took Luis four seconds to scan the map image between the two. After they visit the museum, Luis takes Rosa to a fancy restaurant. On the map, the restaurant was three inches northwest of the museum, so it is most likely that when Luis scanned the image to find the restaurant, the scan took approximately ___________ seconds.

A) two
B) three
C) four
D) six

Question 12

"Early" researchers of imagery (beginning with Aristotle until just prior to the dominance of behaviorism) proposed all of the following ideas EXCEPT

A) studying images was a way of studying thinking.
B) images are one of the three basic elements of consciousness.
C) imagery requires a special mechanism.
D) thought is impossible without an image.

Question 13

The propositional approach may use any of the following EXCEPT

A) abstract symbols.
B) an equation.
C) a spatial layout.
D) a statement.

Question 14

Behaviorists branded the study of imagery as being unproductive because

A) some people have great difficulty forming visual images.
B) visual images vary in detail.
C) visual images are invisible to everyone except the person experiencing them.
D) the imageless thought debate was unresolved.

Question 15

Shepard and Metzler measured the time it took for participants to decide whether two objects were the same (two different views of the same object) or different (two different objects). These researchers inferred cognitive processes by using

A) image scanning.
B) mental chronometry.
C) epiphenomena.
D) propositional representations.

Question 16

The "imagery debate" is concerned with whether imagery

A) actually exists.
B) can be used to inform nonvisual sensory systems.
C) is identical for all people.
D) is based on spatial or language mechanisms.

Question 17

Mental scanning experiments found

A) a direct relationship between scanning time and distance on the image.
B) an absence of mental scanning when processing a mental geometric image.
C) a constant scanning time for all locations on an image.
D) that imagery does not represent spatial relations in the same way perceptual information does.

Question 18

Suppose we asked people to form simultaneous images of two or more animals such as a rabbit alongside an elephant. Then, we ask them basic questions about the animals. For example, we might ask if the rabbit has whiskers. Given our knowledge of imagery research, we would expect the fastest response to this question when the rabbit is imagined alongside

A) a wolf.
B) an anteater.
C) a rhinoceros.
D) a bumblebee.

Question 19

Peggy is participating in a paired-associate learning experiment. During the study period, she is presented with pairs of words such as boat-hat and car-house. While taking the test, she would be presented with

A) b___ - h___.
B) boat _______ - car ________.
C) house.
D) a blank piece of paper for free recall.

Question 20

Paivio (1963) proposed the conceptual peg hypothesis. His work suggests which of the following would be most difficult to remember?

A) Baseball
B) America
C) Apple pie
D) Freedom

Question 21

Kosslyn concluded that the image field is limited in size. This conclusion was drawn from the ___________ experiment.

A) image scanning
B) mental walk
C) mental synthesis
D) mental set

Question 22

Measuring the amount of time a person requires to complete different cognitive tasks is the goal of mental ________.

A) topography
B) chronometry
C) imagery
D) scanning

Question 23

In drawing conclusions about the relationship between imagery and perception, a notable difference between them is that

A) perception and imagery processes do not share the same brain mechanisms.
B) it is harder to manipulate mental images than perceptual images.
C) imagery is more stable than perception.
D) imagery occurs more automatically than perception.

Question 24

Ganis and coworkers (2004) used fMRI to measure brain activation for perception and imagery of objects. Their results showed that

A) there is no difference between the activation caused by perception and by imagery.
B) perception and imagery activate the same areas near the back of the brain, but imagery activates more of the frontal lobe than does perception.
C) perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but imagery activates more of the back of the brain than perception does.
D) perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but perception activates more of the back of the brain than imagery does.

Question 25

Amedi and coworkers (2005) used fMRI to investigate the differences between brain activation for perception and imagery. Their findings showed that when participants were ___________, some areas associated with nonvisual sensation (such as hearing and touch) were ___________.

A) using visual images; activated
B) using visual images; deactivated
C) perceiving stimuli; activated
D) perceiving stimuli; deactivated

Question 26

Trinh is a famous chef. Since she does not like to share her secret family recipes, she does not write down her special creations, which makes it difficult to remember their ingredients. To aid her memory, she has created a unique "mental walk" that she takes to recall each recipe. For each one, she has a familiar "route" she can imagine walking through (e.g., from the end of her driveway to her living room) where she places each item in the recipe somewhere along the way (e.g., fish sauce splattered on the front door). By doing so, Trinh is using ___________ to organize her memories.

A) mental synthesis
B) paired-associate learning
C) the pegword technique
D) the method of loci

Question 27

Suppose that, as a participant in an imagery study, you are asked to memorize the four outside walls of a three-story rectangular house. Later, you are asked to report how many windows are on the front of the house. You will probably be fastest to answer this question if you create an image as though you were standing

A) right at the front door.
B) two feet from the front door.
C) at the far side of the front yard, away from the house.
D) one mile away from the house.

Question 28

As described in your text, the pegword technique relies on all of the following EXCEPT

A) associations.
B) propositions.
C) rhymes.
D) visualizations.

Question 29

Perky's experiment, in which participants were asked to "project" visual images of common objects onto a screen, showed that

A) imagery and perception are two different phenomena.
B) imagery and perception can interact with one another.
C) there are large individual differences in people's ability to create visual images.
D) creating a visual image can interfere with a perceptual judgment task.

Question 30

Kosslyn's transcranial magnetic stimulation experiment on brain activation that occurs in response to imagery found that the brain activity in the visual cortex

A) is an epiphenomenon.
B) can be inferred using mental chronometry.
C) supports the idea that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves propositional representations.
D) plays a causal role in both perception and imagery.

Question 31

Which of the following representation types is associated with abstract concepts?

A) Spatial
B) Hypothetical
C) Propositional
D) Depictive

Question 32

Perky's imagery study (1910) had participants describe images of objects that were dimly projected onto a screen.
The significance of Perky's results was that

A) screen images interfered with people's ability to form mental images.
B) people were influenced by the projected images when forming their mental images, even when they were unaware that the projected images were present.
C) the screen images had no effect on people's mental images.
D) people "used" the screen images to create their mental images but only when the objects were unfamiliar.

Question 33

The lesson to be learned from the imagery techniques for memory enhancement (e.g.,, the pegword technique) is that these techniques work because

A) distinctive images tend to provide easy "magical" improvements in memory.
B) they tap into reliable ways to develop "photographic" memory.
C) their flexible, undefined structures allow "rememberers" to spontaneously organize information in any way they want.
D) they showcase the fact that memory improvement requires a great deal of practice and perseverance.

Question 34

Suppose we ask people to perform the following cognitive tasks. Which is LEAST likely to strongly activate the visual cortex?

A) Imagine the meaning of the word "ethics."
B) Imagine your car first from far away and then how it looks as you walk closer to it.
C) Imagine a typical unsharpened pencil. Approximate its length in inches.
D) Imagine a tic-tac-toe game proceeding from start to finish.

Question 35

Your text describes imagery performance of a patient with unilateral neglect. This patient was asked to imagine himself standing at one end of a familiar plaza and to report the objects he saw. His behavior shows

A) neglect manifests itself in perception only, not in imagery.
B) neglect occurred in imagery such that some objects in the plaza were never reported.
C) neglect involved both the left and right sides of the visual field, with an apparently "random" agnosia of different components of the fields.
D) neglect always occurred on the left side of the image, with "left side" being determined by the direction in which the patient imagined he was positioned.

Question 36

Your text describes the case of M.G.S. who underwent brain surgery as treatment for severe epilepsy. Testing of M.G.S. pre- and post-surgery revealed that the right visual cortex is involved in the

A) size of the field of view.
B) recognition of objects in the left side of space.
C) ability to visually recognize objects.
D) ability to draw objects from memory.

Question 37

Imagery neurons respond to

A) all visual images.
B) only visual images in a specific category.
C) an actual visual image as well as imagining that same image.
D) concrete mental images but not abstract mental images.

Question 38

The pegword technique is particularly suitable for use when you need to remember items based on their

A) order.
B) importance.
C) concreteness.
D) bizarreness.

Question 39

The technique in which things to be remembered are placed at different locations in a mental image of a spatial layout is known as

A) the pegword technique.
B) the method of loci.
C) paired-associate learning.
D) a propositional representation.

Question 40

Leaving a footprint in the wet sand-with a deep indentation for the heel, a rise for the arch, and each toe clearly identified-is similar to which concept?

A) Pegword
B) Mental walk
C) Depictive representation
D) Topographic map

Question 41

What is likely to occur if a person sustains damage to the parietal lobe of the brain?

A) Complex images will appear one-dimensional.
B) Images will be perceived as being smaller.
C) Topographic maps will be mostly abstract.
D) Image processing will be reduced by half.

Question 42

A spatial imagery test measures a person's capacity with imaging which of the following?

A) Texture
B) Distance
C) Layout
D) Detail

Question 43

Describe the paper folding test and explain how it is useful for measuring a person's spatial imagery capacity.

Question 44

Describe the conceptual peg hypothesis. Explain the paired-associate learning task, and provide examples of stimuli that had high recall in the task.

Question 45

Compare and contrast spatial and propositional representation. Give an example of each based on the same stimulus.

Question 46

Describe in detail two techniques that use imagery to improve memory. Explain the underlying principles that define why imagery works successfully as a memory enhancer.

Question 47

According to the concept of topographical mapping, which of the following stimuli encountered on a beach trip will activate the farthest forward in the visual cortex?

A) A yellow kite in the sky
B) A white sailboat on the horizon
C) A pink beachball on your towel
D) A green popsicle in your hand

Question 48

A mental rotation task is focused on the ________ aspect of imagery.

A) spatial
B) propositional
C) abstract
D) detail

Question 49

Explain how imagery neurons are similar to mirror neurons. Provide examples for each type of neuron to support your thinking.

Question 50

What is the consensus on neural overlap in perception and imagery? Provide descriptions of at least two research efforts to support your answer.

Question 51

Complete the following analogy: Perception is to ________ as imagery is to ________.

A) gold; lead
B) stone; smoke
C) wave; droplet
D) spark; flame

Question 52

The key difference between depictive representation and propositional representation is based on which of the following?

A) Longevity
B) Neural response
C) Validity
D) Content

Question 53

Which type of research employed a "train on perception, test on perception" method to demonstrate imagery/perception overlap?

A) Paired-associate learning
B) Method of loci
C) Multivoxel pattern analysis
D) Transcranial magnetic stimulation

Question 54

Outline a multivoxel pattern analysis experiment that you would use to explore overlaps in perception and imagery. Be sure to note key concepts of this method in your response.