Deck 4: Measuring Oral Health Status and Progress

Question 1

The concepts of health equity and which of the following are inseparable in their practical implementation?

A) Data systems
B) Health disparity
C) Health status
D) Health indicators

Answer 1

Health disparity

Question 2

Healthy People 2020 has been designed to redirect attention from health care to which of the following?

A) Health marketing
B) Health costs
C) Health determinants
D) Health systems

Answer 2

Health determinants

Question 3

Common oral and craniofacial diseases that can be assessed include which of the following?

A) Pemphigus vulgaris
B) Cherubism
C) Oral and pharyngeal cancer
D) Syndactyly

Answer 3

Oral and pharyngeal cancer

Question 4

According to the Advisory Committee on National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives for 2020, what requirements are needed for health equity?

A) Development of new drugs and therapies for treatment of diseases
B) Continuous efforts focused on elimination of health disparities and continuous efforts to maintain a desired state of equity
C) Construction of more emergency care facilities, particularly in downtown areas
D) More public education on communicable diseases

Question 5

Which of the following have been stressed by several agencies and national organizations as important to the routine collection of data on oral health outcomes, risk factors, and intervention strategies?

A) Private dental offices
B) Dental and dental hygiene schools
C) Oral health surveillance systems
D) Community health facilities

Question 6

The Healthy People 2020 oral health objectives are which of the following?

A) Based on the perceptions of voter expectations by members of Congress
B) A combination of current information with contemporary public health principles to benefit the largest number of people in the United States
C) National in scope and are not intended to be applicable to state and local governments
D) Generic and cannot be applied to any specific population group

Question 7

At what frequency does Healthy People provide national health targets aimed at improving the health of all Americans?

A) Quarterly
B) Biannual
C) Yearly
D) 10 year

Question 8

The etiology and pathogenesis of diseases and disorders affecting craniofacial structures are ___________ and ___________.

A) monofactorial; simple
B) monofactorial; complex
C) multifactorial; simple
D) multifactorial; complex

Question 9

Health determinants are which of the following?

A) A series of medical tests to determine the health status of an individual
B) The range of personal, social, economic, and environmental factors that determine the health status of individuals or populations
C) Measured according to population surveys
D) Indicators that can be graphed according social stratification

Question 10

Which of the following is one of the Healthy People 2020 Leading Health Indicators?

A) 15% increase in proportion of children, adolescents, and adults who used the oral health care system in the past year.
B) 11% reduction in the number of preterm live births.
C) 50% of young children (aged 19 to 35 months) are fully immunized.
D) 40% increase in adults who meet the objectives for aerobic physical activity.

Question 11

To fulfill one of the goals of the National 2020 Objectives for Leading Health Indicators, what percentage of children and adults (younger than 65 years of age) should have health insurance?

A) 25%
B) 50%
C) 75%
D) 100%

Question 12

According to the overarching goals of the Healthy People 2020 framework, detailing the multiple determinants of health, the innermost circle represents:

A) innate individual traits.
B) social, family, and community networks.
C) individual behavior.
D) living and working conditions.

Question 13

Healthy People 2020 has established national objectives to be reached by which of the following years?

A) 2010
B) 2015
C) 2020
D) 2025

Question 14

In the U.S. public health community, and as defined by the Advisory Committee, the term health disparity refers to a particular type of health difference among individuals or groups that is:

A) attributable to an endemic disease or condition.
B) caused by a genetic anomaly.
C) unfair because it is caused by social or economic disadvantage.
D) more prevalent in a particular race.

Question 15

The overarching goals for Healthy People 2020 provide a general direction for the development of which of the following that will measure progress in population health within a specified time period?

A) Individual surveys
B) Predictive outcomes
C) Set of objectives
D) Regional demographics

Question 16

Which of the following correctly represents the sequence of the Healthy People 2020 model of the multiple determinants of health from the innermost circle outward?
1) Living and working conditions
2) Social, family, and community networks
3) Innate individual traits
4) Individual behavior

A) 1, 2, 3, 4
B) 2, 1, 3, 4
C) 2, 1, 4, 3
D) 3, 4, 2, 1

Question 17

The United States has developed plans for the prevention of diseases and the promotion of health embodied in the initiative known as which of the following?

A) The Association of State and Territorial Dental Directors (ASTDD) Basic Screening Survey
B) The Dental, Oral, and Craniofacial Data Resource Center (DRC)
C) The National Oral Health Surveillance System (NOHSS)
D) Healthy People

Question 18

To improve health in the coming decade, Healthy People 2020 targets reductions in adverse social and physical determinants as important areas for assessment and which of the following?

A) Analysis
B) Intervention
C) Data collection
D) Surveys

Question 19

Which of the following agencies has released a comprehensive set of national public health objectives each decade since 1980?

A) U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)
B) National Institutes of Health (NIH)
C) National Board of Public Health Examiners (NBPHE)
D) World Health Organization (WHO)

Question 20

The Healthy People 2020 initiative envisions a society in which all people are which of the following?

A) Free of poverty.
B) Living long, healthy lives.
C) Have the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
D) Disease free.

Question 21

The conventional method of assessing dental fluorosis is which of the following?

A) Ramfjord Teeth
B) Dean's Fluorosis Classification
C) Community Fluorosis Index (CFI)
D) WHO basic oral health survey

Question 22

The Basic Screening Survey (BSS) is published by which of the following agencies?

A) National Oral Health Surveillance System (NOHSS)
B) Association of State and Territorial Dental Directors (ASTDD)
C) The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
D) The Dental, Oral, and Craniofacial Data Resource Center (DRC)

Question 23

The Water Fluoridation Reporting System (WFRS) is which of the following?

A) An interactive Internet-based monitoring and surveillance program
B) A division of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) that monitors water-producing facilities for compliance with federal regulations
C) A government agency where citizens can send their own water samples for evaluation of fluoride content
D) A regional supplier serving the western region of the United States

Question 24

An oral health surveillance system should contain, at a minimum, which of the following?

A) A core set of oral health measures that describes the status of important oral health conditions
B) Community walk-in health centers
C) A system of door-to-door canvassers to survey constituents
D) A network of computers for integrating data

Question 25

The Community Periodontal Index (CPI) was developed by which of the following organizations?

A) WHO
B) NIH
C) CDC
D) NIDCR

Question 26

Endeavors in the United States to formulate a systematic approach for oral health data collection and reporting have resulted in which of the following?

A) The development of standard ways to monitor the national oral health objectives, an oral health needs assessment model, documentation of uniform methods to measure community oral health, a national data bank.
B) The development of standard ways to monitor the national oral health objectives, an oral health needs assessment model, documentation of uniform methods to measure community oral health.
C) An oral health needs assessment model, documentation of uniform methods to measure community oral health, a national data bank.
D) The development of standard ways to monitor the national oral health objectives, a national data bank.

Question 27

Which of the following is true of the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS)?

A) It was developed as a clinical scoring system.
B) It uses a dichotomous measure that requires a simple yes or no response.
C) It is designed to assess root surface caries rather than coronal caries in elderly populations.
D) It is not intended to be used in clinical practice.

Question 28

The Orofacial Pain Questionnaire and Orofacial Pain Examination in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) includes an extraoral examination to assess orofacial pain by palpating the muscles of mastication and the temporomandibular joint region for tenderness and for measuring which of the following?

A) Occlusal vertical dimension
B) Maximal incisal opening, in millimeters
C) Leeway space
D) Working and balancing contacts

Question 29

What is the difference between the df and DMF indexes?

A) The df index is intended for use in children before the age of exfoliation.
B) The df index does not include missing teeth because of the difficulty in distinguishing primary tooth loss as a result of dental caries from those lost by natural exfoliation.
C) The df index is for primary teeth, and the DMF index is for permanent teeth.
D) The df index is popular in Europe, and the DMF index is popular in the United States.

Question 30

For the Association of State and Territorial Dental Directors (ASTDD) Basic Screening Survey (BSS), which of the following are considered to be untreated decay?

A) Incipient lesions halfway through enamel on radiographs
B) Lesions just into the dentin on radiographs
C) Sticky, stained, contiguous grooves and fissures
D) Cavitated lesions

Question 31

The Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) gathers data in seven domains, including which of the following?

A) Knowledge, length of smoking, and second-hand smoke
B) Prevalence, access, and cessation
C) Tobacco policies, effectiveness, and cessation
D) Training, prevention, and intervention

Question 32

Selection of a data collection method for a community oral health assessment should be based on information of interest, social and demographic factors of the population and the community, and which of the following?

A) Purpose of the assessment
B) Availability of funding
C) The wishes of the sponsoring organization or institution
D) Desired outcomes

Question 33

The oral health indicator in the National Oral Health Surveillance System (NOHSS) measures dental sealants by assessing the percentage of dental sealants on at least one permanent molar tooth in which of the following populations?

A) Third-grade students
B) Sixth-grade students
C) Adults aged 18 years and older
D) Adults aged 65 years and older

Question 34

According to the Association of State and Territorial Dental Directors (ASTDD) Basic Screening Survey (BSS) methods, untreated dental caries is generally detected:

A) by radiography.
B) by visual inspection.
C) with a laser caries detection device.
D) with an explorer.

Question 35

Which of the following is a clinical data collection method for a community oral health assessment?

A) Self-administered questionnaire
B) Face-to-face personal interview
C) Basic screenings
D) Telephone interview

Question 36

Which of the following is a collaborative effort between the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Division of Oral Health, and the Association of State and Territorial Dental Directors (ASTDD)?

A) Dental, Oral, and Craniofacial Data Resource Center (DRC)
B) National Oral Health Surveillance System (NOHSS)
C) National Institute for Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR)
D) National Institutes of Health (NIH)

Question 37

The BSS criteria "Early dental care needed" indicates which of the following conditions?

A) Signs or symptoms that include pain but not swelling
B) Signs or symptoms that include pain and swelling
C) Signs that indicate pain, infection, and swelling
D) Caries unaccompanied by signs or symptoms

Question 38

Which of the following is true in regard to the Community Periodontal Index (CPI)?

A) Divides the teeth into quadrants for measurement
B) Has treatment-need codes for observed periodontal conditions
C) Measures bleeding
D) Assesses swelling, color, consistency, and bleeding

Question 39

Which of the following are indicators of an effective dental index?

A) Attribute, validity, specificity
B) Reliability, utility, sensitivity
C) Acceptability, universality, applicability
D) Specificity, sensitivity, reliability

Question 40

A complete separation of oral health-related quality of life and health-related quality of life:

A) permits analysis of oral health versus general health factors.
B) allows dentistry to analyze its own contributions to health separate from medical contributions.
C) is necessary to understand the future of health care in the United States.
D) is not possible because oral health is one aspect of overall health.

Question 41

Which of the following is true of basic screenings and epidemiologic examinations? (Select all that apply.)

A) Basic screenings involve making a clinical diagnosis that would result in a treatment plan.
B) Epidemiologic examinations do not constitute a thorough clinical examination.
C) Epidemiologic examinations involve making a clinical diagnosis that would result in a treatment plan.
D) Epidemiologic examinations provide a snapshot of disease incidence in a population.

Question 42

The purpose of the National Oral Health Surveillance System (NOHSS) is to help public health programs monitor which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

A) The burden of oral disease
B) Use of the oral health care delivery system
C) Status of community water fluoridation
D) The distribution of the dental workforce

Question 43

Which of the following represents long-term goals of oral health surveillance systems? (Select all that apply.)

A) Continuous monitoring of oral health at the national, state, and community levels
B) An expansion of indicators in oral health surveillance systems
C) Use of webcams to monitor personal oral health in the community
D) Predicting shortages in the professional workforce

Question 44

When the health of a community is assessed, oral health is found to be an important concern for (Select all that apply.)

A) Children
B) Adults
C) Elderly people
D) None of above

Question 45

The National Oral Health Surveillance System (NOHSS) currently tracks the prevalence of untreated tooth decay in which of the following populations? (Select all that apply.)

A) Children younger than 6 years of age
B) Third graders
C) Vulnerable older adults
D) Adults aged 45-70

Question 46

Which of the following is true regarding the measurement of incisor trauma in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)? (Select all that apply.)

A) Assessments are recorded for the 12 anterior teeth in specific ages of children and adults.
B) Individuals aged 6-29 years received the Incisor Trauma assessment.
C) The examiner examines the selected teeth for evidence of traumatic injury.
D) Result depends on the teeth examined, which changes with the survey.

Question 47

The proportion of oral and pharyngeal cancer lesions diagnosed at the earliest stage is collected through: (Select all that apply.)

A) state cancer registries.
B) the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
C) the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
D) reports from the American Board of Certified Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons.

Question 48

Which of the following is true concerning the topic areas in the Healthy People 2020 objectives for the United States? (Select all that apply.)

A) Oral health is a specific topic area in Healthy People 2020.
B) Oral health is integrated into other topic areas in the Healthy People 2020 objectives for the United States.
C) Objectives for increasing oral and craniofacial health surveillance systems are not included in Healthy People 2020.
D) Objectives will be evaluated 3.5 months prior to the end of the survey period.

Question 49

Which of the following agencies is committed to improving the oral health of the nation? (Select all that apply.)

A) The National Institute for Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR)
B) The National Institutes of Health (NIH)
C) The Division of Oral Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
D) Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA)

Question 50

Which of the following is true for the conventional decayed, missing, filled (DMF) index? (Select all that apply.)

A) It is used to count coronal caries on primary but not permanent teeth.
B) It is limited in its ability to thoroughly measure the characteristics of dental caries.
C) It scores the teeth as either decayed or caries-free.
D) It is used to count dental caries on permanent teeth.

Question 51

Key elements by which states and localities can effectively address oral health problems include capacity, resources, and which of the following?

A) Policy
B) Surveillance
C) Training
D) Infrastructure