Deck 5: Seciton 3: the First Two Years: Biosocial Development

Question 1

Brain cells are called _____.

A) frontal cells
B) axons
C) dendrites
D) neurons

Answer 1

D

Question 2

A typical child at 24 months weighs about _____ pounds.

A) 19
B) 28
C) 41
D) 52

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The areas at the very front of the cortex _____.

A) are responsible for visual functions
B) help humans to understand spoken words
C) assist with impulse control
D) are well-developed in newborns

Answer 3

C

Question 4

A basic nerve cell in the central nervous system is called a(n) _____.

A) frontal cell
B) axon
C) dendrite
D) neuron

Question 5

Which statement describes the brain's cortex?

A) It is found in the center of the brain and is responsible for primitive emotions and reflexes.
B) It makes up a small percentage of the outer brain and is responsible for movement.
C) It makes up the outer layers of the brain and is responsible for thinking, feeling, and sensing.
D) It is the gray matter of the brain where the intersections of dendrites and axons form.

Question 6

A newborn's brain weight is _____ an adult's brain weight.

A) greater than
B) the same as
C) 50 percent of
D) 25 percent of

Question 7

At birth, the human brain has _____.

A) billions of neurons
B) trillions of neurons
C) 25 percent of its adult neurons
D) 50 percent of its adult neurons

Question 8

The average baby will grow _____ inches in his or her first year.

A) 10
B) 14
C) 16
D) 20

Question 9

The area in the brain that plans, anticipates, and controls impulses is the _____ cortex.

A) prefrontal
B) parietal
C) temporal
D) striate

Question 10

The outer layers of the brain are referred to as _____.

A) the cortex
B) axons
C) dendrites
D) synapses

Question 11

A _____ is a ranking between 0 and 100 that compares children of the same age in order to determine whether a particular baby is growing well.

A) normal score
B) standard deviation
C) percentile
D) norm

Question 12

Parents are told that their newborn is in the 90th percentile for height. This means that their child is _____.

A) above average in height.
B) below average in height.
C) average in height.
D) 90 percent of the desired height for his weight.

Question 13

Children reach half their adult height by the age of _____ years.

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 6

Question 14

The human body is equipped to protect the brain when malnutrition temporarily affects body growth. This protective feature is known as _____.

A) the blood-brain barrier
B) brain-override
C) head-sparing
D) caudal protection

Question 15

Jordan's weight is in the 50th percentile. This means that _____.

A) he weighs 50 percent more than other children his age.
B) he weighs 50 percent less than other children his age.
C) the average weight for his age is 50 percent more than his weight.
D) 50 percent of children his age weigh less than he does.

Question 16

Alma brought her 6-month-old son to the doctor for a well-baby visit. The doctor says that her son's weight is in the 20th percentile. What does this definitely mean?

A) He is large for his age.
B) He is not growing properly.
C) He is malnourished.
D) He is small compared to other 6-month-olds.

Question 17

The last part of the brain to mature is the _____.

A) axons
B) dendrites
C) synapses
D) prefrontal cortex

Question 18

Clara's weight is in the 30th percentile. This means that _____ percent of all babies her age weigh less than she does and _____ percent of all babies her age weigh more than she does.

A) 30; 70
B) 20; 80
C) 70; 30
D) 80; 20

Question 19

The average newborn triples his weight by _____.

A) 6 months
B) 9 months
C) 1 year
D) 2 years

Question 20

The average North American newborn weighs _____ pounds at birth.

A) 5
B) 6
C) 7
D) 8

Question 21

The part of the brain that seems to be devoted to perceiving faces is the _____.

A) prefrontal cortex
B) fusiform face area
C) countenance perception area
D) neurofacial transmitter

Question 22

Approximately how many hours per day does the average newborn spend asleep?

A) 13 to 14
B) 15 to 17
C) 18 to 19
D) 20 to 21

Question 23

Dendrite growth is the main reason that brain weight _____ from birth to the age of 2.

A) decreases
B) doubles
C) triples
D) quadruples

Question 24

According to research, increased brainpower is most likely due to _____.

A) transient exuberance
B) synaptic regeneration
C) axon pruning
D) dendrite pruning

Question 25

Brain weight triples in size during the first two years of life primarily because of the growth of _____.

A) axons
B) dendrites
C) neurons
D) synapses

Question 26

An abusive caregiver shakes an infant to get her to stop crying. The infant stops crying. Why?

A) The infant is so startled by the shaking that she can't cry.
B) Blood vessels in her brain rupture and neural connections break.
C) Experience has taught her to stop crying.
D) The infant's airway is damaged.

Question 27

The function of neurotransmitters is to _____.

A) bind the neurons of the central nervous system together
B) form the synapse between neurons
C) carry information from one neuron to another
D) assist in the formation of new neurons

Question 28

Trent is an infant who lacks the toys and videos that promote brain development. He spends much of his day in a playpen with kitchen items for toys, listening to his grandmother sing while his mother works outside the home. In this situation, Trent's brain development will most likely _____.

A) proceed normally due to the self-righting tendency
B) flourish due to the self-excelling tendency
C) be somewhat impaired due to his limited environment
D) be extremely impaired due to his limited environment

Question 29

From birth until age 2, dendrites in the cortex increase _____.

A) twofold
B) threefold
C) fivefold
D) tenfold

Question 30

Children as young as _____ old exhibit signs of the own-race effect.

A) 3 months
B) 9 months
C) 1 year
D) 3 years

Question 31

The brain develops extremely quickly in the first few years, but not all of this growth is permanent. Due to its rapidity and temporary nature, this rapid brain growth is called _____.

A) dendrite proliferation
B) pruning
C) cortex multiplication
D) transient exuberance

Question 32

An infant's inborn drive to remedy deficits is called _____.

A) self-efficacy
B) experience-expectant brain functions
C) experience-dependent brain functions
D) self-righting

Question 33

Synapses are _____.

A) intersections where the axons of one neuron meet the dendrites of another neuron
B) where neurons make direct contact with one another
C) chemical structures that allow dendrites to send their messages to axons
D) the area where neurons determine whether a stimulus exceeds the absolute threshold or not

Question 34

Neurons in the brain meet at "intersections" called _____.

A) synapses
B) cortexes
C) axons
D) dendrites

Question 35

Research found that 3-year-olds _____ were better at recognizing differences in newborn faces.

A) with older siblings
B) with younger siblings
C) who spent time looking at different monkey faces
D) with broad multiethnic experience

Question 36

Transient exuberance is the _____.

A) rapid growth of dendrites during the first few years of life
B) high energy that toddlers experience following a nap
C) friendliness that infants display prior to the onset of stranger wariness
D) rapid growth of axons during the first few years of life

Question 37

A life-threatening condition that occurs when infants are shaken back and forth sharply and quickly is called _____.

A) self-righting
B) head-sparing
C) shaken baby syndrome
D) transient exuberance

Question 38

Pruning is the process by which _____.

A) brain centers are rewired following localized brain damage
B) the left hemisphere specializes for language processing
C) the frontal lobe disengages from the prefrontal cortex
D) unused connections between neurons are eliminated

Question 39

The process through which unused dendrites atrophy and die is called _____.

A) pruning
B) degeneration
C) transitional exuberance
D) myelination

Question 40

Dominique was an infant with very few toys, but she concocted things to play with out of what was available in her home in order to develop her brain. This is an example of _____.

A) transient exuberance
B) cognitive independence
C) self-righting
D) selective attention

Question 41

Co-sleeping may be harmful to the baby if the mother _____.

A) is in a fetal position around the baby
B) is a light sleeper
C) is drugged or drunk
D) awakens frequently

Question 42

Binocular vision appears between _____ months of age.

A) 2 and 4
B) 6 and 8
C) 10 and 12
D) 14 and 16

Question 43

Due to smell recognition, babies prefer to sleep _____.

A) alone in a crib with freshly washed sheets
B) nuzzled into their caregiver's chest
C) near a kitchen while food is being prepared
D) in the room in which they were born

Question 44

The mental processing of sensory information is called _____.

A) perception
B) sensation
C) input
D) cognition

Question 45

Twelve-month-old Emily has slept in her parents' bed since she was born. This custom is called _____.

A) co-bedding
B) shared sleep
C) sleep accommodation
D) co-sleeping

Question 46

Newborns' sense of touch allows them to _____.

A) determine who is touching them
B) be comforted by their caregiver
C) feel no pain
D) make up for their lack of hearing at birth

Question 47

Binocular vision refers to the ability to _____.

A) focus on objects at a distance
B) bring an object in and out of focus
C) focus on an object with both eyes
D) visually distinguish between similar colors

Question 48

In terms of visual acuity, newborns _____.

A) possess 20/20 vision
B) are legally blind
C) have binocular vision
D) exhibit organized visual scanning

Question 49

Slow-wave sleep _____.

A) increases at about 3 or 4 months of age
B) is also known as REM sleep
C) is also known as paradoxical sleep
D) rarely occurs until 2 years of age

Question 50

The process that first detects an external stimulus is _____.

A) perception
B) sensation
C) interpretation
D) cognition

Question 51

Whenever the eyes, ears, tongue, skin, or mouth detect a stimulus, a(n) _____ has occurred.

A) perception
B) interpretation
C) sensation
D) response

Question 52

By 3 months of age, babies look closely at the eyes and mouth when studying faces. This change in focus is due to _____.

A) increased interest in other humans
B) increased awareness of caregivers' identities
C) changes in willingness to interact with adults
D) improvements in visual scanning ability

Question 53

The signs of REM sleep include flickering of the infant's _____.

A) open eyes and rapid brain waves
B) closed eyes and rapid brain waves
C) open eyes and slow, steady brain waves
D) closed eyes and slow, steady brain waves

Question 54

In addition to cultural influences, what is a compelling reason that causes parents to choose to co-sleep with their infant?

A) Co-sleeping makes nighttime feedings easier.
B) Co-sleeping allows the infant to sleep more deeply for longer periods.
C) Co-sleeping helps the baby's digestion.
D) Co-sleeping infants become more independent.

Question 55

You see a beautiful yellow flower while walking through a meadow. Your eyes seeing the flower is a matter of _____. Your brain determining that the flower is yellow is a matter of _____. Imagining how the flower will look in a vase would demonstrate _____.

A) perception; knowing; cognition
B) sensation; perception; knowing
C) perception; sensation; knowing
D) sensation; perception; cognition

Question 56

Thinking about something that has been perceived is _____.

A) sensation
B) cognition
C) intuition
D) knowing

Question 57

The neonate's vision _____.

A) is clearest when objects are 4 to 30 inches away
B) is clearest when objects are about 10 feet away
C) does not improve until about age 1
D) is the most developed of the baby's senses

Question 58

The sense that is the least functional at birth is an infant's _____.

A) hearing
B) taste
C) vision
D) smell

Question 59

The dozing, half-awake state often seen in newborns is called _____.

A) REM sleep
B) paradoxical sleep
C) transitional sleep
D) postnatal sleep

Question 60

At what point in development is the sense of hearing already quite acute?

A) at birth
B) by 3 months of age
C) by 14 weeks of age
D) by 6 months of age

Question 61

Renee is concerned because her son is 13 months old and is starting to walk before learning to crawl. What advice would a pediatrician give to Renee?

A) She should not let her son continue to walk until he has learned to crawl.
B) He needs to be tested because this may be a sign of a serious learning disability.
C) She should wait another month or so to see if he crawls and walks at the same time.
D) She should not be worried since some babies do not crawl.

Question 62

Most babies learn to grasp and hold onto objects by about _____ months old.

A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 8

Question 63

The ability to move and control some parts of the body is referred to as _____.

A) instinct
B) facilitation
C) motor skill
D) reflex

Question 64

Fine motor skills are _____.

A) head motions
B) small movements
C) large movements
D) feet motions

Question 65

Gross motor skills are _____.

A) head motions
B) small movements
C) large movements
D) feet motions

Question 66

On average, which skill does an infant develop first?

A) running
B) walking backward
C) walking well
D) jumping

Question 67

Most infants are able to inch forward on their bellies by the age of _____ months.

A) 5
B) 8
C) 10
D) 12

Question 68

By _____ months of age, around 50 percent of babies can usually sit up unsupported.

A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 8

Question 69

Aran's mother has been helping him to walk by holding his hands and supporting him. Aran's legs are strong enough to hold him up, and he's able to move his legs in a coordinated way as long as his mother supports him. What else does Aran need in order to walk on his own?

A) muscle strength
B) brain maturation
C) practice
D) fine motor skills

Question 70

Large movements that coordinate many parts of the body are known as _____ motor skills.

A) athletic
B) fine
C) primitive
D) gross

Question 71

On average, children begin to walk well at approximately _____ of age.

A) 6 months
B) 1 year
C) 18 months
D) 2 years

Question 72

Behaviors that involve small body movements are known as _____ motor skills.

A) gross
B) fine
C) mature
D) micro

Question 73

Small movements made by fingers and toes are known as _____ motor skills.

A) athletic
B) primitive
C) fine
D) gross

Question 74

Ann-Marie started walking when she was 10 months old; Cynthia is just beginning to take steps by herself at 13 months. Which conclusion is MOST likely true?

A) Ann-Marie is very intelligent.
B) Cynthia is malnourished.
C) Cynthia is mentally handicapped.
D) Both girls are developing normally.

Question 75

Fine motor skills are those that _____.

A) develop as a result of brain damage
B) require practice
C) require small body movements
D) use three or more muscles

Question 76

What three factors contribute to the ability to walk?

A) muscle strength, parental teaching, practice
B) brain maturation, parental teaching, muscle strength
C) parental teaching, practice, brain maturation
D) muscle strength, brain maturation, practice

Question 77

On average, which skill does an infant develop last?

A) pulling up onto feet
B) standing alone without holding on
C) sitting without support
D) standing while holding on

Question 78

Baby Sam can grab objects, but sometimes he closes his hand too early or too late. Sam is probably around _____ months old.

A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 8

Question 79

Between _____ months of age, most infants can lift their midsections and crawl on "all fours."

A) 8 and 10
B) 10 and 12
C) 12 and 14
D) 14 and 16

Question 80

When they practice walking, babies average between _____ steps per hour.

A) 100 and 300
B) 200 and 800
C) 600 and 1,200
D) 500 and 1,500