Deck 3: Seciton 3: Beginnings: Heredity and Environment

Question 1

The first 22 chromosomes contain hundreds of genes in the same positions and sequence. If the code of the gene from one parent differs from the code on the same gene from the other parent, the gene pair is _____.

A) homozygous
B) heterozygous
C) monozygotic
D) dizygotic

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Differences among people begin with alleles, which can be caused by transpositions, deletions, or repetitions of base pairs, making some genes _____.

A) polymorphic
B) multimorphic
C) allelemorphic
D) transmorphic

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The instructions for making amino acids are on about 3 billion pairs of chemicals called _____.

A) couple pairs
B) foundation pairs
C) base pairs
D) copy pairs

Answer 3

C

Question 4

A small section of a chromosome that is the basic unit for the transmission of heredity is a _____.

A) chromosome
B) gene
C) genotype
D) zygote

Question 5

On the 23rd pair of chromosomes, males have _____.

A) two X chromosomes
B) two Y chromosomes
C) an X and a Y chromosome
D) just a Y chromosome

Question 6

Each human body cell contains _____.

A) 46 pairs of chromosomes
B) 46 chromosomes
C) 23 chromosomes
D) 20 pairs of chromosomes

Question 7

One of the 46 molecules of DNA (in 23 pairs) that virtually each cell of the human body contains and that, together, contain all the genes is called a(n) _____.

A) chromosome
B) allele
C) genotype
D) zygote

Question 8

In 22 of the 23 pairs of chromosomes, both members of the pair are closely matched. Each of these 44 chromosomes is called a(n) _____.

A) allele
B) gamete
C) autosome
D) blastocyst

Question 9

Each human has a total of about _____ genes.

A) 10,000
B) 20,000
C) 30,000
D) 40,000

Question 10

A variation that makes a gene different in some way from other genes for the same characteristics is a(n) _____.

A) chromosome
B) zygote
C) genotype
D) allele

Question 11

The name of the full set of genes that provides the instructions for making living organisms is the _____.

A) phenotype
B) genotype
C) genome
D) allele

Question 12

The single cell formed from the union of two gametes, a sperm and ovum, is called a _____.

A) chromosome
B) phenotype
C) genotype
D) zygote

Question 13

All living things are composed of cells. The work of cells is done by _____.

A) proteins
B) zygotes
C) genotypes
D) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Question 14

Each gene directs the formation of specific proteins made from a string of _____ amino acids.

A) 10
B) 20
C) 30
D) 40

Question 15

Each molecule of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is stored on a(n) _____.

A) chromosome
B) RNA
C) gene
D) zygote

Question 16

The first 22 chromosomes contain hundreds of genes in the same positions and sequence. If the code of the gene from one parent is exactly like the code on the same gene from the other parent, the gene pair is _____.

A) homozygous
B) heterozygous
C) monozygotic
D) dizygotic

Question 17

The process of methylation can do all of the following to genetic instructions EXCEPT _____.

A) alter them
B) connect them
C) remove them
D) transcribe them

Question 18

An individual's genetic inheritance is called a(n) _____.

A) phenotype
B) allele
C) genotype
D) gamete

Question 19

The one-celled zygote copies itself again and again and changes names as it multiplies. These names include all of the following EXCEPT _____.

A) embryo
B) trophocyst
C) blastocyst
D) fetus

Question 20

Every person begins life as a single cell, which is called a _____.

A) chromosome
B) zygote
C) genotype
D) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Question 21

Allen learned in his college biology class that, with respect to the sex chromosomes, the _____.

A) Y chromosome is larger than the X chromosome and has more genes
B) X chromosome is larger than the Y chromosome and has more genes
C) X and Y chromosomes are the same size, but the X chromosome has more genes
D) X and Y chromosomes are the same size and have the same number of genes

Question 22

After about the eight-cell stage within the zygote, cells start to _____, meaning that they take different forms and reproduce at various rates depending on where they are located.

A) divide
B) duplicate
C) differentiate
D) detach

Question 23

_____ cells are able to produce any other cells.

A) Polymorphic
B) Foundation
C) Stem
D) Allele

Question 24

In China, a "one-child" policy implemented in about 1979 cut the birth rate in half. Although the intended goal of reducing poverty was achieved, several unintended consequences were identified. All of the following were unintended consequences EXCEPT for _____.

A) far more unmarried men in China than women
B) millions of newborn girls being placed up for adoption
C) males living longer than females
D) increased abortions of female fetuses

Question 25

On the 23rd pair of chromosomes, _____ have two X chromosomes.

A) females
B) embryos
C) sperm
D) males

Question 26

Michelle and Greg are having a baby and are hoping for a boy. Who is responsible for determining the sex of the baby?

A) Michelle
B) Greg
C) both of them
D) neither of them

Question 27

Identical twins are also called _____ twins.

A) monozygotic
B) dizygotic
C) zygotic
D) gamete

Question 28

Couples can select the sex of a child by all of the following methods EXCEPT _____.

A) inactivating X or Y sperm before conception
B) selecting only X eggs for fertilization
C) aborting XX or XY fetuses
D) undergoing in vitro fertilization and then inserting only male or female embryos

Question 29

Justin and Jacob are identical twins. They are the result of _____.

A) one ovum fertilized by one sperm that split into two zygotes
B) two separate ova that were fertilized by two different sperms
C) one ovum that was fertilized by two sperms
D) two ova that were fertilized by one sperm

Question 30

When a baby is born, the zygote has become about _____ trillion cells.

A) 5
B) 10
C) 15
D) 20

Question 31

Harold and Heather are twins. They are the result of _____.

A) one ovum fertilized by one sperm that split into two zygotes
B) two separate ova that were fertilized by two different sperms
C) one ovum that was fertilized by two sperms
D) two ova that were fertilized by one sperm

Question 32

Males have one X and one Y on _____.

A) each sperm
B) on the 43rd chromosome
C) the 23rd pair of chromosomes
D) each stem cell

Question 33

Sally and Tim were planning on starting a family. Sally's extended family have several sets of dizygotic twins. When speaking with their doctor, Sally asked what could cause her to have dizygotic twins. The doctor informed her that the likelihood of having dizygotic twins will be determined by _____.

A) her husband's genes
B) her genes
C) the environment
D) an interaction between her genes and the environment

Question 34

Monozygotic twins have _____ of their genes in common.

A) 25 percent
B) 50 percent
C) 75 percent
D) 100 percent

Question 35

If an individual needed an organ donation, which organ donor would be the best match for this individual?

A) a stranger
B) a younger sibling
C) a dizygotic twin
D) a monozygotic twin

Question 36

A high school science teacher asks the students what cells could be used to produce any other cell in the body. If the students respond with _____ cells they will be correct.

A) polymorphic
B) foundation
C) stem
D) allele

Question 37

Within hours after conception, the first 23 pairs of chromosomes within the zygote _____, forming two complete sets of the genome.

A) divide
B) duplicate
C) differentiate
D) detach

Question 38

Alice loves to share information that she has learned from school with her parents. She came home one day and, at dinner, told her family she learned about cell differentiation in science class. The information she tells them is correct, so over dinner she told them that once cells differentiate _____.

A) they can still transform into different cells
B) only cells in the brain can still transform into different cells
C) they can transform into stem cells
D) they can no longer transform into different cells

Question 39

On the 23rd pair of chromosomes, females have _____.

A) two X chromosomes
B) two Y chromosomes
C) an X and a Y chromosome
D) just a Y chromosome

Question 40

Fraternal twins are also called _____ twins.

A) monozygotic
B) dizygotic
C) zygotic
D) gamete

Question 41

After twins are conceived, their chance of survival until birth depends on the prenatal circumstances. An early sonogram might reveal two developing organisms, but later only one embryo continues to grow. This is referred to as the _____ twin phenomenon.

A) vanishing
B) disappearing
C) terminated
D) missing

Question 42

In in vitro fertilization (IVF), to improve the odds of fertilization, a sperm often is inserted directly into each ovum. This procedure is called _____.

A) in vitro fertilization (IVF)
B) assisted reproductive technology (ART)
C) intra-cytoplasmic injection (ICSI)
D) multifactorial

Question 43

The general term for the techniques designed to help infertile couples conceive and then sustain a pregnancy is _____.

A) in vitro fertilization (IVF)
B) assisted reproductive technology (ART)
C) intra-cytoplasmic injection (ICSI)
D) multifactorial

Question 44

Which woman is more likely to experience a successful in vitro fertilization (IVF) pregnancy?

A) a 25-year-old woman
B) a 35-year-old woman
C) a 45-year-old woman
D) a 55-year-old woman

Question 45

Timur and Juan are playing basketball. Timur shoots the ball and Juan blocks the shot. Timur says, "Wow, I didn't realize how tall you were until you did that!" Timur's comment refers to Juan's _____.

A) phenotype
B) allele
C) genotype
D) gamete

Question 46

Which female is more likely to naturally conceive dizygotic twins?

A) a 20-year-old woman
B) a 25-year-old woman
C) a 30-year-old woman
D) a 35-year-old woman

Question 47

Which female is more likely to naturally conceive dizygotic twins?

A) a woman from Japan
B) a woman from Korea
C) a woman from China
D) a woman from America

Question 48

Almost every trait is _____, which means it is affected by many genes.

A) polygenic
B) nonadditive
C) X-linked
D) monozygotic

Question 49

James was born with genes to be a professional athlete, but his environmental experiences never supported the development of his potential athletic ability so he never became a professional athlete. This example illustrates the concept of a trait being _____.

A) polygenic
B) nonadditive
C) multifactorial
D) monozygotic

Question 50

A couple has been trying to conceive a child for 12 months. They decide to consult with a doctor who recommends that they consider using _____, in general, to try to conceive a child.

A) in vitro fertilization (IVF)
B) assisted reproductive technology (ART)
C) intra-cytoplasmic injection (ICSI)
D) multifactorial

Question 51

_____ refers to a trait that is affected by many factors, both genetic and environmental, that enhance, halt, shape, or alter the expression of genes, resulting in a phenotype that may differ markedly from the genotype.

A) Polygenic
B) Nonadditive
C) Multifactorial
D) Monozygotic

Question 52

Dizygotic twins have _____ of their genes in common.

A) 25 percent
B) 50 percent
C) 75 percent
D) 100 percent

Question 53

In the United States about _____ of in vitro fertilization (IVF) babies are twins or triplets.

A) 25 percent
B) 33 percent
C) 50 percent
D) 75 percent

Question 54

Jackie rushed into the house after school and announced to her parents, "My personality is _____! So many genes make me who I am!"

A) polygenic
B) nonadditive
C) multifactorial
D) monozygotic

Question 55

When an ova is surgically removed from an ovary, fertilized in a glass lab dish, and then inserted into the uterus, this process is referred to as _____.

A) in vitro fertilization (IVF)
B) assisted reproductive technology (ART)
C) intra-cytoplasmic injection (ICSI)
D) multifactorial

Question 56

Birth defects and later illness _____ with in vitro fertilization (IVF).

A) increase slightly
B) increase greatly
C) decrease slightly
D) decrease greatly

Question 57

Epigenetics means that a trait _____.

A) is determined by genes alone
B) is determine by the environment alone
C) is determined by genes and the environment
D) is determined by genes more than the environment

Question 58

Twins who are the same sex and are similar in appearance and traits are _____.

A) monozygotic twins
B) dizygotic twins
C) monozygotic or dizygotic twins
D) not possible to determine if they are monozygotic or dizygotic twins

Question 59

An individual's phenotype is dependent on _____.

A) an individual's genes
B) the environment
C) an individual's genes and the environment
D) an individual's genes during prenatal development and the environment postnatally

Question 60

The _____ is the person's appearance, behavior, and brain and body functions.

A) phenotype
B) allele
C) genotype
D) gamete

Question 61

Lacy has a recessive gene in her genotype that is not expressed in her phenotype. She is a(n) _____ of that gene.

A) recipient
B) carrier
C) expressor
D) reactor

Question 62

Research indicates that alcoholism is caused by _____.

A) nature only
B) nurture only
C) a combination of nature and nurture
D) poor moral character

Question 63

All of the following affect vision EXCEPT _____.

A) genes
B) age
C) culture
D) gender

Question 64

Genes with various repeats or deletions of base pairs are referred to as _____.

A) polymorphic
B) autosomes
C) polygenic
D) copy number variations

Question 65

Holly learned from her science teacher that her height resulted from about 180 genes, each contributing a tiny amount of genetic information. Holly learned that her height was due to _____.

A) additive genes
B) dominant genes
C) recessive genes
D) nonadditive genes

Question 66

Eyeballs change shape at typical stages of development, including puberty and middle adulthood. This makes it more likely that _____ will increase at puberty, and _____ will decrease during middle adulthood.

A) nearsightedness; farsightedness
B) farsightedness; nearsightedness
C) nearsightedness; nearsightedness
D) farsightedness; farsightedness

Question 67

Upon the completion of the Human Genome Project several surprise findings were made, which include all of the following EXCEPT _____.

A) humans have far fewer genes than had previously been thought
B) humans are extremely genetically different from each other
C) it is not always easy to figure out where one gene starts and another ends
D) it is not always easy to predict exactly how genes from one parent will interact with the genes from the other

Question 68

When the effects of genes add up to make the phenotype, they are called _____ genes.

A) dominant
B) recessive
C) additive
D) nonadditive

Question 69

The statistic that indicates how much of the variation in a particular trait can be traced to genes is called _____.

A) a correlation
B) heritability
C) the mean
D) probability

Question 70

_____ is when genes have different effects depending on whether they come from the mother or the father.

A) Additive pattern
B) Dominant-recessive pattern
C) Parental imprinting
D) Copy number variations

Question 71

Oliver has inherited genes that put him at risk for developing diabetes, but he never develops diabetes due to a healthy diet and exercise. This example demonstrates that human characteristics, including diabetes, are _____.

A) polygenic
B) nonadditive
C) multifactorial
D) epigenetic

Question 72

Brown-eyed Alma has a blue-eyed mother and a brown-eyed father. In this case, her brown eyes were determined by a _____ allele.

A) dominant
B) recessive
C) dominant-recessive
D) dizygotic

Question 73

An individual's inherited biochemistry reacts to alcohol in different ways causing various reactions in humans, including all of the following EXCEPT _____.

A) sleepiness
B) nausea
C) hunger
D) relaxation

Question 74

The _____ was a worldwide effort to map the complete human genetic code.

A) Hap Map
B) Apgar scale
C) Human Genome Project
D) Brazelton Assessment

Question 75

Which of the following statements is true about alcoholism?

A) Alcoholism is polygenic and culture is a pivotal factor.
B) Alcoholism is polygenic and genes are a pivotal factor.
C) Alcoholism is X-linked and culture is a pivotal factor.
D) Alcoholism is X-linked and genes are a pivotal factor.

Question 76

_____ refers to a gene carried on the X chromosome.

A) X-linked
B) Polygenic
C) Multifactorial
D) Recessive

Question 77

The interaction of a heterozygous pair of alleles in such a way that the phenotype reflects one allele more than the other is referred to as a(n) _____.

A) additive pattern
B) multifactorial pattern
C) dominant-recessive pattern
D) polygenic pattern

Question 78

Due to biological sex (XX or XY) women become drunk on _____ than men.

A) more alcohol
B) less alcohol
C) the same amount of alcohol
D) more alcohol in the summer and less alcohol in the winter

Question 79

Michael is color-blind. His gene for color blindness is most likely a _____.

A) dominant gene on his X chromosome
B) dominant gene on his Y chromosome
C) recessive gene on his X chromosome
D) recessive gene on his Y chromosome

Question 80

_____ are more likely to be carriers of X-linked traits, and _____ are more likely to express them.

A) Females; males
B) Females; females
C) Males; females
D) Males; males