Deck 23: Seciton 3: Late Adulthood: Biosocial Development

Question 1

At age 75, Martha is typical of people her age. She believes that when compared to others of the same age _____.

A) everyone is faring quite similarly
B) they are doing better than she is; she has more problems
C) she is doing well but they have more problems and are self-absorbed
D) everyone gets what he or she deserves and she deserves more

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following vocal characteristics is a feature of elderspeak?

A) higher pitch
B) faster speech
C) bigger words
D) gestures

Answer 2

A

Question 3

In developed nations, the most common living arrangement for people over age 65 is living _____.

A) in a nursing home
B) with adult children
C) with a spouse or alone
D) with an unrelated age-mate

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Caregivers can diminish the independence of the elderly if they _____.

A) help too little
B) help too much
C) encourage physical activity
D) do not believe in ageism

Question 5

What is the fastest-growing age group in the United States?

A) 0-15
B) 20-35
C) 35-65
D) 80 and up

Question 6

In the past, there were 20 times more children than older people. Then there were 7 times more people under age 15 than over age 64. Currently, there are 3 times as many children as there are elders. These changes in the age make-up of the population are referred to as a _____.

A) population growth
B) cyclical event
C) demographic shift
D) elder explosion

Question 7

The term "ageism" refers to _____.

A) the veneration of the elderly
B) judging people on the basis of chronological age
C) the view of society held by older people
D) the demographics of the population pyramid

Question 8

Enid and Fred, married 52 years, have been living in the same home for the past 30 years. They have a comfortable retirement, and when they need help with something, they can rely on their middle-aged children or young adult grandchildren. However, Enid and Fred are fiercely independent, providing much more care than they receive. This couple's experience is _____ among elders.

A) very common
B) somewhat common
C) somewhat uncommon
D) very uncommon

Question 9

Inez, age 76, believes she is independent and has personal autonomy. She is likely to be _____.

A) wrong; no one her age can be autonomous
B) mentally and physically healthier than people her age who do not share those beliefs
C) more optimistic than other people her age, but no healthier than them
D) overstating her sense of well-being

Question 10

In a research study, elders who had been exposed to ageist beliefs their whole lives displayed poorer memory than younger participants and other elders who had not been exposed to ageist beliefs. This outcome was most likely due to _____.

A) stereotype threat
B) cultural differences in age-related changes
C) increased confidence among the young participants
D) ageism among the researchers

Question 11

Ageism impacts the elderly by _____.

A) empowering them to use their strengths and wisdom in their communities
B) undermining their feelings of competence and self-esteem
C) invoking rebellion
D) creating special opportunities for older adults that would not otherwise exist

Question 12

In the United States, only 3 percent of older people live _____.

A) at home
B) in nursing homes
C) with an adult child
D) independently

Question 13

Using elderspeak when engaging in conversation with an older adult _____.

A) is demeaning
B) helps the individual comprehend the meaning of the conversation
C) only makes sense if the individual has a hearing aid
D) demonstrates respect and understanding

Question 14

The study of population numbers is called _____.

A) gerontology
B) psychology
C) demography
D) geography

Question 15

As he holds the door open for an elderly woman, a middle-aged man says, "After you, Young Lady." This interaction is an example of _____.

A) ageism
B) manners
C) chivalry
D) respect

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT true about most elders?

A) Most elders rely on others for basic care.
B) Most elders are caregivers, rather than receivers of care.
C) A minority of elders live with their adult children.
D) Ten percent of individuals age 80 or older are in a nursing home or hospital.

Question 17

Speaking slowly, loudly, and emphasizing the key words, the waitress asked her elderly patron, "Would you rather have a slice of lemon pie or pecan pie, dear?" What is the waitress demonstrating with this speech style?

A) common courtesy
B) motherese
C) elderspeak
D) respect for the elderly

Question 18

A problem with the dependency ratio is that it _____.

A) assumes that people over age 64 are dependent
B) demonstrates that people over age 80 are the fastest growing segment of the population
C) will not be 1:1 worldwide until 2065
D) does not account for children under age 15

Question 19

Holding non-ageist attitudes when under age 50 has been associated with _____ 30 years later.

A) better psychological adjustment
B) poorer psychological adjustment
C) reduced rates of heart disease
D) increased rates of heart disease

Question 20

What percent of the United States population is over age 65?

A) 2
B) 13
C) 29
D) 42

Question 21

Which of the following strategies is crucial when older people have sensory loss?

A) acceptance
B) isolation
C) compensation
D) retirement

Question 22

Which of these is NOT true regarding sexuality in late adulthood?

A) intercourse becomes less frequent
B) older women report less sexual desire than older men
C) women stop intercourse earlier than men for biological reasons
D) selectivity decreases as the number of available mates dwindles

Question 23

When asked to think of "an elderly person," most people think of a feeble person who lives in a nursing home. Statistics show that the vast majority of people over the age of 65 are _____.

A) young-old
B) old-old
C) youthfully old
D) independently old

Question 24

For older drivers, which of the variables below is the strongest predictor of a car accident?

A) age
B) understanding of driving rules
C) poor peripheral vision
D) face-front reading ability

Question 25

Individuals classified as oldest-old are usually how old?

A) 65-75
B) 70-85
C) over 85
D) around 100

Question 26

The elderly who are dependent and most likely to have age-related illnesses are _____.

A) young-old
B) old-old
C) oldest-old
D) sickly-old

Question 27

The irreversible changes that naturally occur with time are called _____ aging.

A) normal
B) primary
C) secondary
D) geriatric

Question 28

The main reason we may not notice the young-old is that _____.

A) they do not fit our stereotypes of the elderly
B) there are relatively few of them
C) they are a problem-prone minority
D) they are not integrated into the community

Question 29

Designing settings and equipment so that they can be used by everyone-able-bodied, sensory-acute, or not-is known as _____.

A) the Americans with Disability Act
B) universal design
C) a hearing loop
D) the built environment

Question 30

Approximately _____ percent of people over age 65 can see well without glasses.

A) 1
B) 5
C) 10
D) 25

Question 31

Which of the following groups makes up the largest group of older adults?

A) young-old
B) old-old
C) oldest-old
D) centenarians

Question 32

Primary aging refers to age-related changes that _____.

A) inevitably take place as time goes by
B) occur prior to middle adulthood
C) take place as a consequence of a person's unhealthy behaviors
D) are entirely genetic in origin

Question 33

Elderly drivers have fewer car accidents than young people do because _____.

A) their reaction time slows, preventing quick responses
B) strict laws require retesting for drivers over age 65
C) younger drivers are impaired by poor peripheral and night vision
D) elderly drivers compensate for deficiencies by driving more slowly and avoiding night driving

Question 34

The changes of primary aging are _____.

A) caused by disease
B) reversible
C) preventable
D) universal

Question 35

Now that Hank is 75, he uses selective optimization with compensation while driving. For example, he _____.

A) drives only at night when fewer cars are on the road
B) relies only on rearview and side mirrors so he won't hurt his neck turning his head
C) drives more slowly
D) drives fast to get home as soon as possible to avoid accidents

Question 36

What distinguishes the old-old from the young-old?

A) years of age
B) details of living arrangements
C) degree of positive or negative attitude
D) reductions in physical or mental ability

Question 37

Which of the following is NOT an example of a healthy approach to sexuality in older adulthood?

A) Mary and Don, married 47 years, have sexual intercourse three times a month, and feel completely satisfied with hugs and kisses in between.
B) After her divorce, Elle has relegated sexual intercourse to her past, and doesn't seek sexual connections with new partners.
C) After the death of her husband of 35 years, Judy invited her new romantic partner to live with her. He sleeps in the guest bedroom, and they live apart together.
D) Recently, Tony read an article that said that elderly couples can have just as active of sexual lives as they did in earlier adulthood. He has been pressuring his wife, Margaret, to have sex with him every night since then.

Question 38

While having sex less frequently than they used to, more elderly couples report that their sex life had _____ rather than _____.

A) improved; deteriorated
B) deteriorated; improved
C) ceased; increased
D) increased; ceased

Question 39

Which of the following brain structures shrinks the most during late adulthood?

A) neocortex
B) thalamus
C) reticular formation
D) amygdala

Question 40

Which of the following is NOT a reason why older adults continue driving even though they probably should not?

A) They don't want to give up their independence.
B) They don't realize the extent to which their driving-related skills have diminished.
C) They don't care whether they have an accident because they've got good insurance.
D) They believe that because they've driven their whole lives without an accident, they remain excellent drivers.

Question 41

Paulo, age 62, has developed heart disease from a lifetime of smoking cigarettes. His heart disease is an example of _____.

A) secondary aging
B) primary aging
C) normal senescence
D) compressed morbidity

Question 42

The consequences of particular diseases are features of _____.

A) primary aging
B) senescence
C) secondary aging
D) gerontology

Question 43

The condition known as "fragile bones" is called _____.

A) muscular dystrophy
B) cerebral palsy
C) dementia
D) osteoporosis

Question 44

Which 70-year-old is most likely to be diagnosed with osteoporosis?

A) Virginia, who has European ancestry
B) Rhonda, who has African ancestry
C) Benjamin, who has European and Asian ancestry
D) Sato, who has Asian ancestry

Question 45

Which of the following is NOT evidence for the genetic clock theory of aging?

A) children who have progeria have genes that cause them to age rapidly
B) the increased susceptibility to major illness that all elderly people experience
C) the presence of specific alleles in centenarians that are not present in people who die younger
D) the presence of certain alleles in people who die of heart disease, stroke, or dementia

Question 46

Limiting the time a person spends being ill or infirm is referred to as _____.

A) compression of morbidity
B) progeria
C) dependency ratio
D) senescence

Question 47

Which of the following does NOT compress morbidity from osteoporosis?

A) early diagnosis via bone density tests
B) weight-bearing and muscle-strengthening exercise
C) lifelong diet with sufficient calcium and vitamin D
D) restricting movement to avoid falls

Question 48

Seventy-six-year-old Thomas tripped on a garden hose and broke his leg. His 17-year-old grandson, Austin, fell while skateboarding and broke his leg. Why is Thomas's injury more of a concern than Austin's injury?

A) Thomas is less likely to fully recover than Austin is.
B) Thomas is in more pain than Austin is.
C) Thomas's tripping may be the first sign of Parkinson's disease.
D) It is not more of a concern. Austin's break may impede normal development and is the more worrisome event.

Question 49

Which of the following statements about cellular aging is true?

A) Cells can replicate indefinitely, but errors do occur.
B) Aging may be caused by the inevitable loss of the ability of cells to duplicate perfectly.
C) Damage is caused by free radicals that slow down the cell duplication process.
D) Cells from adults are able to duplicate more quickly and more times than are cells from embryos.

Question 50

Primary and secondary aging combine to make major body systems _____.

A) less efficient
B) more flexible
C) more efficient
D) function better under stress

Question 51

The wear-and-tear theory of aging is weakened by the fact that _____.

A) the human body cannot repair itself
B) many parts of the body wear out from use
C) many body functions benefit from use
D) machines cannot grow old

Question 52

As bones age, they _____.

A) become more porous
B) gain strength
C) gain calcium
D) become more elastic

Question 53

Which theory of aging proposes that the body wears out, part by part, after years of use?

A) wear-and-tear
B) primary aging
C) free-radical hypothesis
D) cellular accident

Question 54

The concept of aging as a result of cellular duplication errors is based on the fact that the body's ability to make new cells that are exact copies of the original ones _____.

A) stops at about age 18
B) stops at about age 80
C) is altered by mutations as time goes on
D) continues unchanged throughout life

Question 55

_____ is an example of an acute illness, and _____ is an example of a chronic illness.

A) Heart disease; heart attack
B) Heart attack; heart disease
C) Diabetes; heart attack
D) Osteoporosis; heart disease

Question 56

Because of _____aging, Thelma has had a very tough time recovering from a recent bout of pneumonia.

A) normal
B) primary
C) secondary
D) geriatric

Question 57

The notion that DNA regulates the aging process is referred to as the _____.

A) cellular accident
B) error catastrophe
C) genetic clock
D) free-radical hypothesis

Question 58

The medication that reduces hypertension in middle-aged adults can _____ for the oldest-old.

A) be counterproductive
B) be more effective
C) cause hallucinations
D) cost too much

Question 59

Lionel has two biomarkers that are well outside the normal range. He has had a life filled with financial and familial stress, and has not always handled it well, though he has never smoked. As he ages, we can expect that _____.

A) Lionel's lifelong responses to stress will create a biological burden
B) Lionel's lifelong responses to stress will better equip him to handle the hardships of old age
C) Lionel will most likely develop only the secondary, not primary, symptoms of aging
D) Lionel will most likely develop only the primary, not secondary, symptoms of aging

Question 60

Osteoporosis not only results from primary and secondary aging, but also from too _____.

A) much calcium
B) much exercise
C) little exercise
D) few pregnancies

Question 61

The very ends of chromosomes in cells that may be correlated with longevity are known as _____.

A) B cells
B) T cells
C) alleles
D) telomeres

Question 62

In 2012 in the United States, the average life expectancy was _____ years for men and _____ years for women.

A) 76; 81
B) 81; 76
C) 65; 84
D) 84; 65

Question 63

Maximum life span is defined as the _____.

A) number of years a newborn is likely to live
B) risk of mortality
C) average age at death
D) upper limit to which members of a species can live

Question 64

Carlos, who lives in Ecuador, is over 100 years old. Which of these descriptions probably belongs to him?

A) He loves to eat fresh beets and tomatoes, works in his garden, cares for his great-grandchildren after school, and spends his afternoons reading and relaxing.
B) He loves to eat beef, has enjoyed a work-free retirement for the past 35 years, his great-grandchildren live in another town, and he stays close to home because he doesn't like to walk very far.
C) He loves to eat bananas and mangoes, avoids opportunities to volunteer at the local elementary school, hasn't attended church services in decades, and mostly watches TV for relaxation.
D) He loves to eat fresh bread and salami, considers feeding the dog twice a day to be enough work for a retired man like him, avoids spending time with his chattering and active grandchildren, and falls into a deep sleep after consuming at least three cans of beer.

Question 65

People who live to see their 100th birthday are referred to as _____.

A) centenarians
B) young-old
C) decadecadians
D) the oldest-old

Question 66

Research on parts of the world where many people live well to advanced age indicates that these individuals usually _____.

A) work throughout life
B) live in communities that provide superior medical care
C) eat a very high-protein diet
D) spend a great deal of time sitting down

Question 67

_____ is the oldest possible age that members of a species can attain, whereas _____ is the average life span of individuals in a particular group.

A) Life span; life expectancy
B) Life expectancy; life span
C) Life span; Hayflick limit
D) Hayflick limit; life expectancy

Question 68

According to a comprehensive study, factors that contribute to a long life include _____.

A) early retirement and moderate exercise
B) vacation time and limited social interaction
C) prestigious work and a large home
D) lifelong work and a diet rich in fresh vegetables

Question 69

The Hayflick limit is a natural limit to the _____.

A) number of times cells can divide
B) size of the population on earth
C) number of children born to one set of parents
D) life span of a victim of genetic disease

Question 70

The maximum life span is _____ years for humans.

A) 13
B) 55
C) 122
D) 180

Question 71

A cultural factor that may increase longevity is _____.

A) polygamy
B) being integrated into the community
C) believing in life after death
D) being segregated from the noise and activity of children

Question 72

In a Swedish study, centenarians were found to be less likely to _____ than octogenarians.

A) take pain medications
B) take antidepressant medication
C) experience positive mood
D) have any physical ailments

Question 73

Calorie restriction may _____.

A) slow down aging
B) speed up aging
C) increase the risk of diabetes
D) increase the rate of death