Deck 21: Seciton 3: Adulthood: Cognitive Development

Question 1

Jerry, who is in good health, scores lower on an intelligence test than his grandson Cade. This could be for all of the following reasons EXCEPT _____.

A) Jerry and Cade having different educational experiences
B) Jerry and Cade having different health issues
C) Jerry and Cade having different health care experiences
D) Jerry is losing intellectual power as he ages

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Based on the results of cross-sectional intelligence testing, _____ for the first half of the twentieth century.

A) younger generations were considered to be smarter than older ones
B) older generations were considered to be smarter than younger ones
C) older generations were considered to know entirely different things than younger ones
D) younger and older generations were considered equally smart

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which psychologist proposed the existence of g?

A) Spearman
B) Thurstone
C) Gardner
D) Sternberg

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The term g refers to _____ intelligence.

A) grand
B) general
C) great
D) gross

Question 5

A problem with cross-sectional research is that _____.

A) there could be cohort effects as each has unique life experiences
B) retesting leads older subjects to do better
C) the most intelligent people are most likely to drop out of the study
D) the results tend not to be worth the large investment

Question 6

The Wilson family is having a big reunion and four generations of Wilsons are expected to attend. Applying the Flynn effect to this family, we would expect that _____.

A) the first generation of Wilsons would score the highest on a standard IQ test
B) the fourth generation of Wilsons would score the highest on a standard IQ test
C) the second and third generations of Wilsons would score similarly on a standard IQ test
D) all four generations would score similarly on a standard IQ test

Question 7

Amy, a high school sophomore, tells her school counselor that she believes she is at the peak of her intellectual ability. Her counselor responds that _____.

A) she is correct
B) that actually her intellectual abilities will peak during college and then start to decline
C) her intellectual abilities will increase throughout adulthood
D) there is no way to know if she is or not

Question 8

Longitudinal research on intelligence found that IQ scores _____.

A) increased after the early 20s
B) decreased after the early 20s
C) remained stable after the early 20s
D) fluctuated after the early 20s

Question 9

Dr. Green is studying intellectual development in adulthood. In order to generate the most accurate view of intellectual development, Dr. Green should use a _____ research design.

A) cross-sectional
B) longitudinal
C) cross-sequential
D) case study

Question 10

A psychologist who is studying the mathematical abilities of adults finds significant differences between the scores of adults born 50 years ago, when rote learning was stressed, and those born 25 years ago, when more "progressive" approaches to education were popular. This is an example of a(n) _____.

A) failure of longitudinal research
B) advantage of cross-sectional research
C) cohort difference
D) intellectual decline in middle adulthood

Question 11

The research design that involves testing groups of subjects of different ages multiple times and comparing their scores with their own scores in previous periods in addition to the scores of new groups of adults of the same ages is called _____.

A) longitudinal or long-term research
B) cross-sectional research
C) retesting research
D) cross-sequential research

Question 12

The Flynn effect refers to the _____.

A) rise in an individual's IQ over the years
B) decrease in an individual's IQ over the years
C) rise in average IQ over the generations
D) decrease in average IQ over the generations

Question 13

Dr. Fine was interested in assessing the "g," or general intelligence, of college students so he assessed abilities in all of the following areas EXCEPT_____.

A) memory
B) vocabulary
C) reasoning
D) agility

Question 14

Schaie's cross-sequential research on intellectual development demonstrated that _____.

A) there is a decline in most abilities after age 30
B) individuals improve in most mental abilities during adulthood
C) cohort differences make it appear that older people are more intelligent than younger people
D) women are smarter than men

Question 15

Longitudinal research is more accurate than cross-sectional research when it comes to measuring development of intelligence over the decades, but there are three drawbacks to this research design. Which of the following is NOT one of the drawbacks?

A) an inability to determine continuity and discontinuity of intellectual development
B) unusual events affecting each cohort, and more mundane changes making the data on one cohort less relevant to later cohorts
C) the loss of some participants across time, which could skew the results
D) repeated testing provides practice, which could improve scores

Question 16

According to the results of Schaie's study, which individual would have the best number ability?

A) Emil, born in 1912
B) Delano, born in 1924
C) Xavier, born in 1936
D) Frank, born in 1948

Question 17

The Flynn effect is MOST likely due to changes in _____.

A) test-taking strategies
B) electronic media
C) people's reaction time
D) education and health

Question 18

Schaie's cross-sequential research on intellectual development studied _____.

A) verbal meaning, spatial orientation, inductive reasoning, number ability, and word fluency
B) verbal meaning, deductive reasoning, inductive reasoning, number ability, and word fluency
C) deductive reasoning, spatial orientation, inductive reasoning, number ability, and word fluency
D) verbal meaning, spatial orientation, inductive reasoning, number ability, and deductive reasoning

Question 19

In Schaie's study, each successive cohort scored higher in adulthood than did the previous generations in _____ and _____.

A) spatial orientation; inductive reasoning
B) verbal memory; inductive reasoning
C) verbal memory; spatial orientation
D) inductive reasoning; number ability

Question 20

Adulthood is usually a time of _____.

A) increasing IQ, with dramatic individual differences
B) decreasing IQ, with dramatic individual differences
C) fluctuating IQ, with dramatic individual differences
D) increasing IQ, with very few individual differences

Question 21

Which statement about fluid intelligence is TRUE?

A) It is the accumulation of facts.
B) It is quick and flexible.
C) It includes long-term memory for dates in history.
D) It includes the size of one's vocabulary.

Question 22

With respect to intelligence testing in adulthood, scores on items measuring fluid intelligence _____ with age and scores on items measuring crystallized intelligence _____ with age.

A) increase; increase
B) decrease; decrease
C) decrease; increase
D) increase; decrease

Question 23

Nathanial is a participant in a research study. He needs to decide how Figure A relates to Figure B. Nathanial will need to use _____ in order to solve this problem.

A) creative intelligence
B) practical intelligence
C) fluid intelligence
D) crystallized intelligence

Question 24

Which is the best example of fluid intelligence?

A) knowing the names of the British monarchs in chronological order
B) the ability to quickly recognize relationships between words
C) extensive knowledge of computer programming
D) the ability to read and interpret an electrocardiogram

Question 25

Intelligence that reflects accumulated learning is referred to as _____.

A) creative intelligence
B) practical intelligence
C) fluid intelligence
D) crystallized intelligence

Question 26

When Alice needs to figure out how to host a work party for 100 employees with a modest $100.00 budget, she needs to be innovative and imaginative. In order for Alice to host a successful work party she will need to use _____.

A) creative intelligence
B) practical intelligence
C) analytic intelligence
D) crystallized intelligence

Question 27

The older Gary gets the more difficult it is going to be for him to _____.

A) define the word "homemade"
B) answer what comes next in the series "4916253"
C) recall the seventh president of the United States
D) learn the meaning of a new word

Question 28

According to Sternberg, analytic intelligence involves _____.

A) the skills used in everyday problem solving
B) abstract planning, focused attention, and verbal and logical skills
C) the accumulation of facts and knowledge as a result of experience
D) the capacity to be intellectually flexible and innovative

Question 29

When students take multiple-choice exams, they are using the form of intelligence that Sternberg calls _____.

A) academic
B) creative
C) practical
D) analytic

Question 30

The basic intelligence that makes learning quick and thorough is referred to as _____ intelligence.

A) fluid
B) crystallized
C) practical
D) creative

Question 31

The two researchers who concluded that fluid and crystallized intelligence are the most crucial aspects of intelligence were _____.

A) Bayley and Oden
B) Cattell and Horn
C) Jones and Conrad
D) Sternberg and Gardner

Question 32

Results from Schaie's study revealed that more recent generations of women have higher IQ scores than did earlier generations of women due in part to _____.

A) employment in more difficult or challenging work
B) not having as many children
C) better health care
D) nutrition that better supports intellectual abilities

Question 33

One study found that those who retired from challenging work often _____ intellectual power and those who left dull jobs often _____ intellectual power.

A) lost; lost
B) gained; gained
C) gained; lost
D) lost; gained

Question 34

According to Sternberg, creative intelligence requires _____ thinking.

A) divergent
B) convergent
C) adaptive
D) practical

Question 35

Natalie is asked by her daughter to help with making a list of all the presidents of the United States for a school project. In order for Natalie to help her daughter she will need to rely on _____.

A) creative intelligence
B) practical intelligence
C) fluid intelligence
D) crystallized intelligence

Question 36

Which of the following is an example of a relatively modern cognitive artifact?

A) the number system
B) mathematics
C) written language
D) electricity

Question 37

A college student who does well on multiple-choice and essay exams likely is high in _____.

A) analytic intelligence
B) creative intelligence
C) practical intelligence
D) academic intelligence

Question 38

A study of adults aged 34 to 83 found that people high in fluid intelligence were exposed to _____ stress and were _____ likely to suffer from it.

A) more; more
B) less; less
C) more; less
D) less; more

Question 39

Fluid intelligence includes _____.

A) a knowledge of geographical facts
B) the speed of processing mathematical information
C) the size of one's science vocabulary
D) the ability to recognize and name famous paintings

Question 40

Which example relies MOST heavily on crystallized intelligence?

A) putting together a puzzle
B) knowing the chemical symbols for various elements
C) recalling a list of 10 words
D) analyzing relationships between concepts

Question 41

Over the long run, _____ intelligence is prized whenever life circumstances change or new challenges arise.

A) creative
B) crystallized
C) analytic
D) practical

Question 42

Donna was just diagnosed with cancer. She has started drinking heavily and keeps moving doctors' appointments further away in time. Donna is engaging in _____ coping.

A) active
B) avoidant
C) problem-focused
D) emotion-focused

Question 43

A parent who scores _____ on the KIDI would be most likely to provide responsive baby care, as well as be least depressed.

A) low
B) high
C) in the middle
D) at or close to zero

Question 44

Major stressors and daily hassles _____.

A) can impair cognitive functioning
B) can enhance cognitive functioning
C) can improve cognitive functioning.
D) have no impact on cognitive functioning

Question 45

The Mullers have just had a baby. Both parents must now adapt to the new demands of caring for an infant. This will require the form of intelligence that Sternberg calls _____.

A) formal
B) creative
C) analytic
D) practical

Question 46

Practical intelligence is supported by _____.

A) experience and flexibility
B) education and wealth
C) health and nutrition
D) GPA and advanced degrees

Question 47

According to Sternberg, intelligence used in everyday problem solving is considered to be _____.

A) creative intelligence
B) practical intelligence
C) analytic intelligence
D) crystallized intelligence

Question 48

Intellectual tools passed down from generation to generation that may assist in learning within societies are referred to as _____.

A) cognitive artifacts
B) cognitive tools
C) cognitive modifiers
D) cognitive optimizers

Question 49

Betty is a retired registered nurse who fills in at the local hospital when the staff is in need of nurses. She is frequently called in without advance notice and must take over without any time to get oriented. Betty must rely on what Sternberg calls _____ intelligence in order to grasp the expectations and needs of the situation.

A) practical
B) creative
C) flexible
D) analytic

Question 50

Which of Sternberg's three forms of intelligence is sometimes called "street smarts"?

A) creative
B) practical
C) analytic
D) general

Question 51

Hunt, a psychologist who studies intelligence, has proposed that nations with the most advanced economies and greatest national wealth are those that make best use of cognitive _____, that is, ways to amplify and extend general cognitive ability.

A) modifiers
B) tools
C) artifacts
D) optimizers

Question 52

The benefits of _____ intelligence in adult life are obvious, as adults need to solve real-world challenges.

A) practical
B) creative
C) flexible
D) analytic

Question 53

What does the KIDI scale measure?

A) knowledge of infant digestion
B) knowledge of infant development
C) knowledge of information development
D) knowledge of indicators of depression

Question 54

When supportive, knowledgeable, encouraging people visited low-income mothers, there was an _____.

A) improvement in the mothers' knowledge of infant development
B) increase in the gross household income
C) improvement in the mothers' ability to create an appropriate environment
D) improvement in the mothers' analytic skills

Question 55

If a person is experiencing stress and the person's organ reserve is depleted, the physiological toll of those stressors can _____.

A) boost the immune system
B) decrease blood pressure
C) speed up the heart
D) produce long, deep sleeps

Question 56

Which type of intelligence is usually MOST valued during high school and college?

A) creative
B) practical
C) behavioral
D) analytic

Question 57

With which coping style do people try to attack a stressor in some way?

A) emotion-focused
B) problem-focused
C) avoidant coping
D) ignoring-retreating

Question 58

Cynthia has just experienced a hassle, which could influence her cognitive functioning. She has MOST likely just experienced _____.

A) the death of a loved one
B) the birth of a child
C) a job loss
D) a traffic jam

Question 59

A method of dealing with a problem by ignoring, forgetting, or hiding it is referred to as _____ coping.

A) emotion-focused
B) problem-focused
C) avoidant
D) active

Question 60

Practical intelligence, one form of Sternberg's intelligences, would be needed to _____.

A) study vocabulary for a foreign language test
B) take a standard intelligence test
C) improve reading speed
D) understand the needs of family members

Question 61

Janyce, a 50-year-old woman, has several stressors in her life, so she turns to her friends in order to deal with the pressure. Which statement BEST explains the physiological phenomenon associated with her method of coping?

A) She is reacting in a "fight-or-flight" manner, experiencing a rise and then fall in testosterone levels.
B) She is suppressing justifiable feelings, and thus may be at greater risk for an early death.
C) She is arranging her life in order to minimize stressors, and thus is experiencing reduced stress.
D) Her body is producing oxytocin, a hormone that encourages caring interactions.

Question 62

All of the following contribute to the development of expertise EXCEPT _____.

A) gender
B) experience
C) accumulated knowledge
D) practice

Question 63

Despite experiencing Hurricane Katrina, Alice continued to believe that God was caring and benevolent. Because of these beliefs, Alice was more likely to experience _____ after experiencing Katrina.

A) post-traumatic stress disorder
B) post-traumatic growth
C) depression
D) anxiety

Question 64

In which coping style do people try to change their attitude about a stressor?

A) emotion-focused
B) problem-focused
C) avoidant coping
D) ignoring-retreating

Question 65

For a typical middle-aged adult, intelligence usually increases _____.

A) in the specific areas that reflect his or her interest
B) in all areas throughout adulthood
C) only in areas associated with one's work and employment
D) slightly in random ways

Question 66

Which individual is MOST likely to have a lower IQ as a consequence of weathering?

A) a 4-year-old European American
B) a 4-year-old African American
C) a 40-year-old European American
D) a 40-year-old African American

Question 67

The process of turning to faith as a method of coping with stress is referred to as _____.

A) avoidant coping
B) emotion-focused coping
C) religious coping
D) problem-focused coping

Question 68

The gradual accumulation of stressors over a long period of time, wearing down the resilience and resistance of a person, is referred to as _____.

A) weathering
B) wasting
C) coping
D) processing

Question 69

Randy is 60 years old and realizes that his reading speed and eyesight are not as robust as they were when he was younger. He still enjoys participating in book club, which requires a new book to be read every week. In order to participate, Randy now listens to the books on tape. Randy is using _____ in order to participate in the book club.

A) compensatory thinking
B) selective optimization with compensation
C) maturation of compensation
D) optimization of maturation and wisdom

Question 70

When developmentalists use the term "expert," they usually mean a person who _____.

A) is extraordinarily gifted in one area
B) has earned advanced credentials in his or her special area
C) is innately skilled
D) specializes in activities that are personally meaningful

Question 71

In which of these situations would an individual MOST likely engage in religious coping?

A) when diagnosed with stage 4 cancer
B) after losing a job
C) while going through bankruptcy
D) while recovering from a car accident

Question 72

Stress a person has endured in childhood and adolescence is _____.

A) unrelated to mortality in adulthood
B) related to mortality in adulthood
C) unrelated to morality in adulthood for men, but related for women
D) unrelated to morality in adulthood for women, but related for men

Question 73

Two important shifts have occurred in the world of work. They are that _____ women are working in occupations traditionally reserved for men, and domestic and caregiving activities have _____ respect.

A) more; gained new
B) fewer; gained new
C) more; lost
D) fewer; lost

Question 74

Baltes and Baltes found that adults use their intellectual strengths to offset their age-related declining abilities through the process of _____.

A) compensatory thinking
B) selective optimization with compensation
C) maturation of compensation
D) optimization of maturation and wisdom

Question 75

A longitudinal study found that, for some people, the trauma of Hurricane Katrina led to increased resilience, and that those between the ages of _____ were particularly likely to cope well with the trauma.

A) 10 and 20
B) 30 and 45
C) 40 and 65
D) 70 and 90

Question 76

Sally learned that she did not get a promotion at work because she did not have enough completed projects. If she chooses to engage in problem-focused coping to deal with this stressor she will _____.

A) talk to a friend
B) drink a glass of alcohol
C) work to complete more projects
D) quit her job

Question 77

When driving, adults are _____ distracted by talking on a cell phone _____ to a passenger.

A) more; than
B) less; than
C) equally; and
D) not; or

Question 78

Which is the BEST example of an adult using selective optimization with compensation?

A) Giovanni, who always buys and drives a standard transmission vehicle so he won't forget how to do so
B) Dorothy, who is learning to play the piano in retirement
C) Bettie, who uses sticky note reminders in her home, office, and car
D) Rick, who wears reading glasses due to astigmatism

Question 79

Who is likely to be WORST at multitasking?

A) Jenny, who is 10 years old
B) Janice, who is 25 years old
C) Hailey, who is 40 years old
D) Rita, who is 55 years old

Question 80

Expert thought is _____.

A) intuitive, automatic, practical, and flexible
B) intuitive, automatic, strategic, and flexible
C) practical, automatic, strategic, and flexible
D) intuitive, automatic, strategic, and practical