Deck 18: Seciton 3: Emerging Adulthood: Cognitive Development

Question 1

A common logical error of emerging adults is delay discounting, the tendency to _____.

A) undervalue events in the future
B) use postformal thought
C) use emotion instead of logic
D) become more practical

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which approach to studying cognitive development would be most likely to include tests that ask individuals to define the word "elementary" or make a design with blocks as shown on a picture?

A) stage approach
B) psychometric approach
C) information-processing approach
D) physiological approach

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Dr. Wegman told her students that they could complete an assignment now and earn 10 points, or complete the assignment in a month and earn 15 points. The majority of students said they preferred to complete the assignment now, demonstrating _____.

A) delay discounting
B) impulsive behavior
C) rational decision-making
D) delay enhancement

Answer 3

A

Question 4

A possible fifth stage of cognitive development that characterizes adult thinking is _____.

A) preformal thought
B) semiformal thought
C) informal thought
D) postformal thought

Question 5

Sara is a successful, conscientious college student with good time management skills. According to the text, Sara is likely to be attending college _____.

A) part-time
B) full-time
C) at a very young age
D) without much direction in life

Question 6

After auditioning for a play Carlos hears Henrietta say, "Carlos was the worst actor at the auditions! I can't believe that he got the lead!" Carlos thinks, "I know I am a fine actor. Henrietta is just upset right now because she did not get a part in the play." Carlos is using _____.

A) subjective thought
B) objective thought
C) subjective thought and objective thought
D) hypothetical thought

Question 7

The approach to studying cognitive development that explores how the brain encodes, stores, and retrieves information is the _____ approach.

A) stage
B) psychometric
C) information-processing
D) physiological

Question 8

A research study of people aged 13 to 45 found that logical skills improved from _____ to _____, then stayed steady, but social understanding continued to advance.

A) adulthood; late adulthood
B) adolescence; emerging adulthood
C) emerging adulthood; middle adulthood
D) emerging adulthood; late adulthood

Question 9

Kim is going to buy her friend a birthday present. She remembers that her friend wanted to go to a concert; tickets for the concert are $150 each. Kim has only $300 in the bank and was going to use $250 of it to pay for car insurance next month, but she wants to make her friend happy so she buys the two concert tickets. Kim's thinking is most likely influenced by _____.

A) emotions
B) logic
C) emotions and logic
D) abstraction

Question 10

Traditional models of formal operational thinking value _____ thought and devalue _____ thought.

A) subjective; hypothetical
B) hypothetical; psychometric
C) objective; subjective
D) objective; psychometric

Question 11

Thought that arises from personal experiences and perceptions is _____.

A) subjective
B) hypothetical
C) objective
D) personal

Question 12

During emerging adulthood, people are able to use both emotion (subjective) and logic (objective) when grappling with personal and social problems; such thinking demonstrates _____ thought.

A) postformal
B) informal
C) preformal
D) nonformal

Question 13

Most emerging adults struggle with _____, however, adults gradually master it as their cognition matures.

A) base rate neglect
B) time management
C) distributed practice
D) concrete thinking

Question 14

After Brenda finished college, began working in her chosen field, and started a family, her thinking became _____.

A) more exciting
B) more practical
C) more playful
D) less routine

Question 15

As more is understood about brain development after adolescence, it seems that the characteristics of postformal thought are evident as the brain and, in particular, as the _____, matures.

A) prefrontal cortex
B) cerebellum
C) corpus callosum
D) thalamus

Question 16

In one U.S. study, researchers asked adolescents and adults to describe themselves. Without knowing the participants' ages, coders classified the descriptions as: protective (high in self-involvement, low in self-doubt), dysregulated (fragmented, overwhelmed by emotions or problems), complex (valuing openness and independence above all), and integrated (able to regulate emotions and logic). No one under age 20 was in the _____ stage.

A) integrated
B) dysregulated
C) complex
D) protective

Question 17

Dr. Marquette is a researcher who studies the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information throughout life. What approach to cognitive development does she take?

A) psychometric
B) multidirectional
C) postformal
D) information-processing

Question 18

On his own time, Ron looked over his course syllabi for the term and realized that, in three weeks, he had three assignments due on one day. Ron decided he would do one assignment per week for the next three weeks so that he would have them all done by their due dates. Ron is demonstrating _____ thinking.

A) preoperational
B) concrete operational
C) formal operational
D) postformal

Question 19

When compared with earlier thinking, thinking in adulthood is all of the following EXCEPT _____.

A) more practical
B) more concrete
C) more flexible
D) more dialectical

Question 20

The psychometric approach to studying cognitive development analyzes intelligence using _____.

A) IQ tests and other measures
B) observation
C) narratives
D) physiological measures

Question 21

Dr. Barnes tells his student Charlotte that she should pursue a career that will make her happy. She responds, "Not all careers that will make me happy will provide me with enough income to live." Charlotte's response was a _____.

A) synthesis
B) thesis
C) antithesis
D) counterthesis

Question 22

Cognitively, what is needed to counter stereotypes?

A) flexibility
B) subjectivity
C) objectivity
D) dialect

Question 23

The study in which adults were asked to suggest solutions to various life problems demonstrated that _____.

A) it was very difficult for adults to generate more than one solution
B) familiarity with situations enabled adults to be more flexible
C) problems that were particularly emotional immobilized many adults
D) concrete thinkers generated the most solutions

Question 24

In a class, the teacher asked students to figure out how to get from a particular city on the western edge of a map to another particular city further to the east. Each student came up with many possible routes. The students were likely in _____.

A) preschool
B) elementary school
C) high school
D) college

Question 25

All of the following beliefs reflect cognitive flexibility EXCEPT _____.

A) a person's perspective is only one of many
B) a problem has many potential solutions
C) life plans are static
D) knowledge is dynamic

Question 26

Identify what could be a possible reaction to stereotype threat.

A) the high school drop-out rate for African American males
B) young girls' preferences for playing with dolls over trucks
C) romantic relationship partners living together without being married
D) women's high performance on the math portion of the SAT

Question 27

Jackson is experiencing stereotype threat. Research indicates its effects can be reduced by _____.

A) convincing Jackson that his achievement depends on hard work
B) raising Jackson's self-esteem through positive feedback
C) showing Jackson that other groups perform worse
D) giving Jackson additional tutoring in material he finds challenging

Question 28

Which statement made by a teacher is MOST likely to activate stereotype threat?

A) "This exam will show what you have learned in this chapter."
B) "This exam counts 30 percent toward your final grade."
C) "Your grade on this exam will show the amount of effort you've put into the class."
D) "This exam will show which gender has better grammatical skills."

Question 29

The worry that one's appearance or behavior will be misused to confirm another person's oversimplified, prejudiced attitude is referred to as _____.

A) overcompensation
B) dialectical thought
C) stereotype threat
D) disidentification

Question 30

When college students are asked to solve a puzzle problem independently, only about 10% solve it correctly. Then, when students who did not solve the problem were allowed to discuss the problem together, 75% got it right. This illustrates the participants' _____.

A) emotional flexibility
B) emotional inflexibility
C) cognitive flexibility
D) cognitive inflexibility

Question 31

In the stereotype-threat study in which college students were taught about intelligence research, which group showed the most improvement in attitudes about academic achievement and grades?

A) European American students who were taught that intelligence is plastic
B) African American students who were taught that intelligence is plastic
C) European American students who were taught about multiple intelligences
D) African American students who were taught about multiple intelligences

Question 32

Ami thinks that she may be negatively compared to another group. According to the theory of stereotype threat, her thinking is MOST apt to _____.

A) cause her to try harder
B) have no effect on her actual life
C) cause her to underperform
D) cause her to dislike the group that she fears being compared to

Question 33

Grant is a fun-loving, intelligent, responsible teenager who likes to dye his hair different colors. However, he is concerned that other people might construe his hair color as a reflection of poor academic achievement. His concern is an example of _____.

A) cognitive flexibility
B) effortful control
C) postconventional thinking
D) stereotype threat

Question 34

Tammy is taking a college admissions test in math to see if she can enroll in an accelerated math course. She has heard that males tend to perform better on this test than females, although she has no evidence that this statement is true. The proctor giving the test also might be concerned that Tammy is thinking that males might do better on this test as she has heard other students make such a comment. In order to reduce any stereotype threat that Tammy might be feeling, the proctor could make the following comment:

A) "Try your hardest. That is all you can do."
B) "You may have heard that males tend to do better on this test, but I don't think that is true."
C) "You might not do as well as you would like, but all you can do is what your potential allows."
D) "All students show similar performance on this test."

Question 35

Reggie stated, "I believe that I should be able to drive as fast as I want." Reggie just stated a _____.

A) synthesis
B) thesis
C) antithesis
D) counterthesis

Question 36

Who is most likely going to come up with multiple solutions for helping a child learn how to read?

A) parent
B) pediatric nurse
C) elementary teacher
D) librarian

Question 37

A proposition or statement of belief is a _____.

A) synthesis
B) thesis
C) antithesis
D) counterthesis

Question 38

Herman and Todd, two friends, are discussing logos on T-shirts. Herman says that everyone should be able to wear whatever logos they want on their T-shirts. Todd suggests that some logos may be offensive and thus shouldn't be worn. If Herman is able to integrate those two ideas, he will have created a _____.

A) synthesis
B) thesis
C) antithesis
D) counterthesis

Question 39

Although Dr. Johnson believes that women and men can perform equally well on a math test, Dr. Johnson is exploring if women perform worse on a math test when they are asked to indicate their gender prior to taking the text. Dr. Johnson is exploring the concept of _____.

A) cognitive flexibility
B) stereotype threat
C) postconventional thinking
D) effortful control

Question 40

Jack was raised in a home where men did not help with housework or cooking because those chores were deemed "women's work." At age 20, he does not agree with that view, but hides his negative reaction to it when visiting his parents' home. Jack is demonstrating _____.

A) emotional flexibility
B) emotional inflexibility
C) cognitive flexibility
D) cognitive inflexibility

Question 41

A series of questions designed to assess respondents' level of moral development by having them rank possible solutions to moral dilemmas is the _____ Test.

A) Moral Dilemma
B) Thematic Apperception
C) Defining Issues
D) Peabody

Question 42

A series of studies compared three groups of students: Koreans in Seoul, South Korea; Korean Americans who had lived most of their lives in the United States; and U.S.-born European Americans. Students in the study were asked to determine what information they would like to know in order to determine why a graduate student might have murdered a professor. Results revealed that _____ asked for more information, which suggested they were able to determine a more holistic, balanced synthesis.

A) Koreans
B) Korean Americans and European Americans
C) Koreans and European Americans
D) Koreans and Korean Americans

Question 43

Geraldine is a medical intern who believes that all people deserve access to medical care, but she also knows that throughout her career she will have to make decisions about which patients will receive a scarce, life-saving medication. Reconciling these two thoughts requires _____.

A) intuitive-projective faith
B) dialectical thinking
C) relativism
D) ideological reasoning

Question 44

Many researchers believe that all of the following shape the ethics of adults EXCEPT _____.

A) responsibilities
B) education
C) income
D) experiences

Question 45

If a student needed to write a short paper about gender as it relates to moral thinking, what would be an appropriate first sentence of the paper given the research on this issue?

A) "Research does not identify gender differences in moral thinking."
B) "Research always identifies gender differences in moral thinking."
C) "Some research has identified gender differences in moral thinking, but other research does not find gender differences."
D) "Other research conducted in the last 10 years finds gender differences in moral reasoning, but older research does not."

Question 46

Marge's marriage is troubled. She and her husband find very little joy in being with each other, in part because they have both changed as individuals. If Marge and her husband are capable of dialectical thinking, they will _____.

A) adjust their relationship to accommodate the changes in themselves
B) realize that divorce is the only solution
C) try to find out which one of them is to blame
D) try to reinstate their relationship as it was when they were first married

Question 47

Four-year-old Davis believes that God gave his little brother to his mother because she stayed overnight at the hospital. Davis is at the _____ stage of religious faith.

A) intuitive-projective
B) universalizing
C) synthetic-conventional
D) individual-reflective

Question 48

A student believes that divorce is right if the marriage partners are no longer in love, even if the couple has children together. The student is reasoning from a morality of _____ orientation.

A) care
B) justice
C) absolute
D) relationships

Question 49

Dr. Richardson asks her class which age group is most in favor of same-sex marriage. A student raises his hand and correctly identifies _____ as being most in favor of it.

A) emerging adults
B) young adults
C) middle-aged adults
D) older adults

Question 50

The stage in which faith becomes an active commitment, detached from the expectations of culture and others, is referred to as the stage of _____ faith.

A) individual-reflective
B) intuitive-projective
C) universalizing
D) mythic-literal

Question 51

Helena is participating in a study in which she has to decide if she should cheat on a test. She is asked to rank-order possible solutions to cheating on the test. Helena is participating in a study that is using a _____ Test.

A) Moral Dilemma
B) Thematic Apperception
C) Defining Issues
D) Peabody

Question 52

Which college student is most likely to experience shifts in moral reasoning?

A) Jed, who is taking a philosophy course
B) Trista, who is taking a calculus course
C) Ben, who is taking a pottery course
D) Carrie, who is taking an accounting course

Question 53

In dialectical thought, a _____ implies a _____ and the integration of these occurs within the _____.

A) thesis; synthesis; antithesis
B) synthesis; thesis; antithesis
C) thesis; antithesis; synthesis
D) antithesis; synthesis; thesis

Question 54

Which factor is likely to be most influential with respect to Greta's views on divorce?

A) her intelligence
B) her culture
C) her income
D) her gender

Question 55

Every night Sam says extra prayers to God so that he has prayers "in the bank." Due to his extra prayers Sam believes God will reward him in life rather than punish him. Sam is in what stage of faith?

A) universalizing faith
B) synthetic-conventional faith
C) conjunctive faith
D) mythic-literal faith

Question 56

Michelle begins an essay for her composition class by saying that knowing the truth sets people free. In her next paragraph, she explains that knowing the truth often involves learning about limitations and constraints on freedom. In her third paragraph, Michelle integrates these two perspectives. Michelle's essay demonstrates _____.

A) inconsistent thinking
B) moral reasoning
C) dialectical thinking
D) subjective thinking

Question 57

During emerging adulthood, religious service attendance becomes _____ frequent and the development of religious convictions become _____ frequent.

A) less; less
B) more; more
C) less; more
D) more; less

Question 58

Research indicates that the process of moral thinking _____.

A) deteriorates with age
B) improves with age
C) remains the same with age
D) becomes erratic with age

Question 59

Kimberly broke up with Houng after dating him for two years. Heartbroken, Houng asked why. Kimberly replied, "It's me, not you. I'm to blame." Kimberly's response is an example of what kind of thinking?

A) formal operational
B) dialectical
C) non-dialectical
D) flexible

Question 60

In general, DIT scores that assess moral thinking _____.

A) rise with age
B) decline with age
C) remain stable with age
D) rise and then decline with age

Question 61

Compared to earlier decades, today colleges worldwide have _____ faculty.

A) more female and part-time
B) more non-White and part-time
C) more female and non-White
D) more non-White and full-time

Question 62

If Dean is like about half of his peers attending four-year-colleges, he will pay more than _____ per year in tuition at his four-year college.

A) $10,000
B) $20,000
C) $30,000
D) $40,000

Question 63

With respect to thinking, when students first start college they _____.

A) question personal and social values
B) believe in the existence of clear and perfect truths
C) carefully consider many opposing ideas
D) become committed to a set of personal values

Question 64

In almost every developed nation today, it is true that _____ are college students.

A) more females than males
B) more males than females
C) an equal number of males and females
D) more middle-aged adults than emerging adults

Question 65

Rachel dreaded going to her college psychology class with Dr. Marco. Professor Marco lectured for the entire 50 minutes about research findings and she did not always understand the information. One day, Professor Marco included personal stories in his lecture to illustrate the research concepts. Rachel found that she was better able to understand the material and think critically about it. She learned more when Dr. Marco used ____ in class.

A) analysis only
B) emotion only
C) a combination of analysis and emotion
D) personal stories only

Question 66

Some research finds that thinking becomes more reflective and expansive _____.

A) with each year of college
B) when students graduate from college
C) one year after the completion of college
D) five years after the completion of college

Question 67

Hugo is a recent college graduate. He is more likely to do all of the following EXCEPT _____.

A) smoke more
B) exercise more
C) eat better
D) live longer

Question 68

Jordan is a freshman in college and is at the very beginning of Perry's scheme of cognitive development. He believes that _____.

A) everyone has the right to his or her own opinion
B) authorities know what is right
C) authorities don't know everything
D) everything is relative

Question 69

Compared to individuals without a college education, those with a college education tend to be _____.

A) healthier and wealthier
B) more intelligent
C) married
D) more likely to smoke

Question 70

If Jane has declared the most popular major in college, she is studying _____.

A) computer science
B) English
C) business
D) psychology

Question 71

Genevieve is about to complete her bachelor's degree. If she is typical, once she is established in her career she will earn approximately _____ more per year than a peer without a college degree.

A) $10,000
B) $15,000
C) $20,000
D) $30,000

Question 72

The term massification means that _____.

A) college gives people better long-term health
B) mass practice can defeat stereotype threat
C) obesity increases for every year of education a person has
D) college could benefit everyone

Question 73

Which individual is most likely to be attending college?

A) a female who is a parent and is over the age of 24
B) a male who is a parent and is over the age of 24
C) a female who is a parent and under the age of 24
D) a male who is a parent and is under the age of 24

Question 74

Once Dr. Brown, a first-year professor, realized that college students benefited from analysis and emotions, his teaching became more _____.

A) formal, hypothetical, and deductive
B) postformal, dialectical, and responsive
C) postformal, hypothetical, and responsive
D) formal, dialectical, and deductive

Question 75

If Sean is like a typical college student he would indicate that he is in college primarily for all of the following reasons EXCEPT _____.

A) to get a better job
B) to gain a general education
C) to be well off financially
D) to make more money

Question 76

Karla is 27 years old and is a college graduate. Statistically, she is least likely to be a citizen of which country?

A) the United States
B) Canada
C) Korea
D) Russia

Question 77

Perry found that over the four years of their college careers, students typically _____.

A) move from a relativistic to a dualistic approach
B) change their viewpoints very little
C) stick to their own views when faced with conflicts
D) move through nine levels of complexity in their thinking

Question 78

The recent effort by countries around the world to increase the number of young people attending college is prompted by national governments' belief in _____.

A) stereotype threat
B) moratorium
C) massification
D) linked lives

Question 79

College students spend less than _____ of their waking time studying or in class and much more time socializing.

A) one-fourth
B) one-third
C) one-half
D) three-fourths

Question 80

According to Fowler's religious stages, faith, like other aspects of cognition, progresses from a(n) _____ view of life to a(n) _____ view.

A) simple, self-centered, one-sided; complex, unselfish
B) complex, unselfish; altruistic
C) unselfish; selfish
D) adversity; acceptance