Deck 15: Seciton 3: Adolescence: Cognitive Development

Question 1

Adolescent egocentrism begins _____, and may increase again at the start of _____.

A) in preschool; puberty
B) in middle childhood; college
C) at puberty; college
D) at puberty; adulthood

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The power of the invincibility fable may be observed in _____.

A) a 17-year-old boy who drives cautiously
B) an 18-year-old girl who insists that her boyfriend use a condom
C) young military recruits who hope to be sent into combat
D) an adolescent who sings, thinking that the neighbors must be listening

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Juanita just solved this math problem: (35xy²)(6zy³). Her ability to do so places her in which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) concrete operational
D) formal operational

Answer 3

D

Question 4

During puberty, young people center on themselves, in part because brain maturation heightens _____.

A) self-esteem
B) self-consciousness
C) self-concept
D) self-identity

Question 5

The belief that one cannot be harmed by things that would hurt someone else is referred to as _____.

A) the invincibility fable
B) the personal fable
C) the imaginary audience
D) deductive reasoning

Question 6

When adolescents fantasize about how others will react to their new hairstyle, they are creating a(n) _____.

A) personal fable
B) abstract audience
C) personal identity
D) imaginary audience

Question 7

Sixteen-year-old Paul drinks heavily and drives dangerously fast, believing that he cannot be hurt. Paul is demonstrating _____.

A) the personal fable
B) deductive reasoning
C) self-awareness
D) the invincibility fable

Question 8

Piaget called the reasoning that characterizes adolescence _____.

A) formal operational thought
B) invincibility thinking
C) metacognition
D) concrete operational thinking

Question 9

The term imaginary audience refers to adolescents' _____.

A) ability to understand how others perceive them
B) belief that everyone is watching their behavior and appearance
C) constant posing and posturing before mirrors
D) belief that others are spying on them

Question 10

Marsha says, "There is no way I am going to school today with this bruise on my cheek. Everybody is going to laugh at me." Marsha is demonstrating _____.

A) a volatile mismatch
B) an implicit judgment
C) the imaginary audience
D) the invincibility fable

Question 11

When Piaget and Inhelder asked children of different ages to balance a scale using several different weights, they found that _____.

A) by age 4, children tended to use logical deduction
B) by age 7, children used spatial relationships
C) by age 10, trial-and-error strategies based on logic are used to balance the scale
D) by age 13 or 14, logic is used to understand a reciprocal relationship

Question 12

Many adolescents feel that their own thoughts and experiences are far more extraordinary than those of other people. This is part of their _____.

A) personal fable
B) post-operational thought
C) moral reasoning
D) invincibility fable

Question 13

Ron thinks he is more unique and admired than other adolescents his age, and is certain that everyone is paying attention to his every action. It appears that he has started to experience adolescent _____.

A) modesty
B) moral reasoning
C) egocentrism
D) logic

Question 14

Thinking intensely about themselves and about what others think about them is called _____.

A) hypotheticalism
B) deductive thinking
C) inductive thinking
D) egocentrism

Question 15

Avery, who is 14 years old, is attending her first swim team practice. She is very sensitive to the facial expressions, body language, communication styles, and other social cues given by her new teammates. Avery's sensitivity to these social cues is aided by her adolescent _____.

A) hypothetical thinking
B) deductive thinking
C) inductive thinking
D) egocentrism

Question 16

In Inhelder and Piaget's balance experiment, trial-and-error problem solving was most characteristic of those of the age defined by _____.

A) unrealistic thought
B) concrete operational thought
C) logical thought
D) formal operational thought

Question 17

Jeremy is 7 years old and has been asked to balance a scale with weights that can be hooked to the arms of the scale. Jeremy will probably _____.

A) solve the problem through a trial-and-error strategy
B) put weights on both sides without considering distance from the center of the scale
C) understand the inverse relationship between distance and weight
D) put all the weights on one side of the scale

Question 18

A 15-year-old girl realizes that the dress she has worn to school has a small stain on it. Her belief that everyone will notice it is an example of _____.

A) the personal fable
B) adolescent egocentrism
C) clothes consciousness
D) school phobia

Question 19

During puberty, adolescents' thoughts center on _____.

A) friends
B) society
C) family
D) themselves

Question 20

_____ is the theorist who coined the term adolescent egocentrism.

A) Erikson
B) Skinner
C) Elkind
D) Kohlberg

Question 21

Which term refers to the ability to begin with specifics, such as accumulated facts, and then make general conclusions?

A) hypothetical reasoning
B) inductive reasoning
C) deductive reasoning
D) adolescent egocentrism

Question 22

In Inhelder and Piaget's balance experiment, a child who systematically tests the idea that the relationship between weight and distance is reciprocal is probably age _____.

A) 4
B) 7
C) 10
D) 14

Question 23

Using _____ thinking, a person might think, "If it barks like a dog and wags its tail like a dog, it must be a dog."

A) deductive
B) preoperational
C) reductive
D) inductive

Question 24

An adolescent is told that a person riding the bus is reading the New York Times. The adolescent is asked if the person is more likely to have no college degree or if the person is more likely to have a Ph.D. The adolescent responds that the person is more likely to have a Ph.D. The correct answer, however, is that the person is more likely to have no college degree. The adolescent has experienced _____.

A) hypothetical thinking
B) sunk cost fallacy
C) base rate neglect
D) concrete operational thinking

Question 25

Deductive reasoning is also referred to as _____ reasoning.

A) top-down
B) theoretical
C) concrete
D) bottom-up

Question 26

Three different girls tell Brian that Titanic is their all-time favorite movie. He concludes that all girls love that movie. Brian has just used _____.

A) hypothetical reasoning
B) inductive reasoning
C) deductive reasoning
D) adolescent egocentrism

Question 27

Reasoning that includes propositions and possibilities that may not reflect reality defines _____.

A) inductive reasoning
B) perceptual thought
C) hypothetical thought
D) deductive reasoning

Question 28

One of the most prominent aspects of formal operational thought is the ability to _____.

A) reject adult thoughts and values
B) think in terms of possibilities
C) take another person's point of view
D) use practical problem-solving skills

Question 29

Which statement is TRUE?

A) Hypothetical thought is tied to the everyday world as the individual knows it.
B) Hypothetical thought is emotionally based.
C) Hypothetical thought involves imagined possibilities.
D) Hypothetical thought is an aspect of concrete operational thinking.

Question 30

What is an example of the sunk cost fallacy?

A) walking out of a movie theater when the movie is only half over because the movie is poor quality
B) stopping painting a bedroom because the color is too bright
C) reading a book to the end even though the reader was bored by chapter 3
D) sleeping in on the weekend to catch up on sleep

Question 31

Richie just spent $1,000 fixing his car even though the mechanic told him the car will continue to need expensive repairs that may total more than the vehicle is worth. Richie is likely experiencing the _____.

A) personal fable
B) sunk cost fallacy
C) base rate neglect
D) invincibility fable

Question 32

In a study of adolescent agreement and disagreement with policies to remedy racial discrimination (Hughes & Bigler, 2011), most adolescents believed that racism was the cause of disparities between African and European Americans, but adolescents' ages influenced their ideas about solutions to the inequality. Those who were most likely to support systemic solutions (e.g., affirmative action and desegregation) were between the ages of _____.

A) 10 and 11
B) 12 and 13
C) 14 and 15
D) 16 and 17

Question 33

"If-then" propositions require _____.

A) concrete thought
B) operational thought
C) postformal thought
D) hypothetical thought

Question 34

Which term refers to reasoning from a general statement, premise, or principle, through logical steps, to figure out specifics?

A) hypothetical reasoning
B) inductive reasoning
C) deductive reasoning
D) adolescent egocentrism

Question 35

Bottom-up reasoning is also referred to as _____ reasoning.

A) top-down
B) theoretical
C) concrete
D) inductive

Question 36

When a person ignores the overall frequency of some behavior or characteristic when making a decision, it is called _____.

A) hypothetical thinking
B) sunk cost fallacy
C) base rate neglect
D) concrete operational thinking

Question 37

All Christians believe in the Bible, and Josiah is a Christian; therefore Josiah believes in the Bible. This is an example of _____.

A) deductive reasoning
B) theoretical reasoning
C) concrete reasoning
D) formal reasoning

Question 38

Justine is 14 years old. Her parents are frequently annoyed because Justine tends to ask critical questions such as, "Why can't I have wine with dinner? You do," or "I don't understand why I'll be able to vote when I'm 18, but I have to wait until I'm 21 to buy alcohol!" This demonstrates Justine's _____.

A) inductive reasoning
B) perceptual thinking
C) hypothetical thinking
D) deductive reasoning

Question 39

Elle, an adolescent, believes that government should pay for all citizens' health care. From this premise, she reasons about the particulars of how and why government-funded health care would work. This is an example of _____.

A) adolescent egocentrism
B) intuitive thinking
C) inductive reasoning
D) deductive reasoning

Question 40

The mistaken belief that if money, time, or effort that cannot be recovered has already been invested in some endeavor, more should be invested in an effort to reach the goal is called _____.

A) hypothetical thinking
B) sunk cost fallacy
C) base rate neglect
D) concrete operational thinking

Question 41

Who are considered to be "digital natives" in the United States?

A) infants
B) adolescents
C) adults between the ages of 35 and 55
D) adults over the age of 65

Question 42

Blair has heard repeatedly from her parents about the potential dangers of drinking alcohol, yet at a party she gladly accepts a beer from a classmate. Blair thinks that this classmate is one of the most popular students at school. In this situation, what type of thinking is most likely dominating Blair's decision to accept the beer?

A) inductive reasoning
B) intuitive thought
C) concrete reasoning
D) analytic thought

Question 43

Thinking or drawing conclusions based on past personal experience, emotions, or a hunch is referred to as _____.

A) deductive reasoning
B) intuitive thought
C) concrete reasoning
D) analytic thought

Question 44

Aaron has a busy week of school ahead. He has a report due in history, a paper due in English, a test in biology, a concert for music, and two basketball games. In order to effectively manage all of these activities, Aaron will need to engage what type of thought?

A) deductive reasoning
B) intuitive thought
C) concrete reasoning
D) analytic thought

Question 45

Albert et al. (2013) ran a series of experiments in which adults and adolescents, alone or with peers, played a video game. In the game, taking risks could lead to crashes or gaining points. The experiments found that _____, unlike the _____, were much more likely to take risks and crash when they were _____.

A) adults; adolescents; alone
B) adolescents; adults; alone
C) adults; adolescents; with peers
D) adolescents; adults; with peers

Question 46

Klaczynski's research found that logical thinking improved with age and education, but not with _____.

A) life experiences
B) practice of formal thinking
C) intelligence (IQ)
D) parent involvement

Question 47

Spencer is the only one in his class who does not have high-speed Internet at home. Spencer most likely comes from a _____.

A) low-income family
B) middle-income family
C) upper-income family
D) highly educated family

Question 48

Fifteen-year-old Latrina has a 10 P.M. curfew. She asks her parents to extend her curfew to 11 P.M. on weekends. When her parents ask her why, Latrina replies, "I've never been late for my 10 P.M. curfew. You can trust me. Can we at least give it a try?" This is an example of what kind of thinking?

A) concrete operational
B) intuitive thought
C) emotional thought
D) analytical thought

Question 49

The notion that two networks exist within the human brain, one for emotional and one for analytical processing of stimuli, is called _____.

A) dual-thinking model
B) dual-process model
C) dual-reasoning model
D) emotional-analytic model

Question 50

In recent years, the so-called digital divide has _____ among adolescents.

A) increased
B) decreased
C) remained steady
D) disappeared

Question 51

A longitudinal study (Harden & Tucker-Drob, 2011) that traced the development of sensation-seeking, which can lead to intuitive thinking, from early adolescence to the mid-20s found that increases in sensation-seeking were notable from ages _____.

A) 12 to 14
B) 15 to 17
C) 18 to 20
D) 21 to 23

Question 52

During adolescence, impulsivity declines and analytic thinking _____.

A) also declines
B) increases
C) maintains at the pre-adolescent level
D) is still not developed

Question 53

A thought that arises through a "feeling" that the thought is right is referred to as a(n) _____ thought.

A) intuitive
B) factual
C) experimental
D) logical

Question 54

What group is likely to experience logic failures in thinking?

A) adolescents only
B) adults only
C) adolescents and adults
D) neither adolescents or adults

Question 55

Adolescents are capable of analytic thought, yet they do not consistently use it. All of the following are possible reasons for the inconsistent use of analytic thought by adolescents EXCEPT _____.

A) their lack of experience making decisions and thinking things through
B) thinking logically is more difficult than thinking intuitively for adolescents
C) thinking logically may require that adolescents confront comforting, familiar prejudices
D) their active resistance of logical thinking

Question 56

Kristy and her friends come up with several options of things to do on Friday night, and ultimately decide to go to a new movie because it received positive reviews. In making this decision Kristy and her friends are using what type of thought?

A) deductive reasoning
B) intuitive thought
C) concrete reasoning
D) analytic thought

Question 57

Klaczynski's studies of younger and older adolescents' analytical thinking indicated that _____.

A) younger adolescents were rarely logical, whereas older adolescents were nearly always logical
B) individuals who were analytical on some problems were analytical on all problems
C) most adolescents do not think as analytically as their capabilities allow
D) younger adolescents tended to dismiss research that was contrary to their own beliefs

Question 58

Fifteen-year-old Richard wants to be allowed to drive the family car, even though he does not yet have a driver's license. When his parents ask him why he thinks he should have driving privileges, he answers, "I know other kids who do it, and it's just stupid that I have to wait another three months until I turn 16." This is an example of what kind of thinking?

A) reasoning
B) intuitive
C) logical
D) analytical

Question 59

Formal, logical, hypothetical-deductive thinking described by Piaget is referred to as _____.

A) deductive reasoning
B) intuitive thought
C) concrete reasoning
D) analytic thought

Question 60

Benjamin has heard repeatedly from his parents about the potential dangers of smoking and he agrees with his parents about the potential dangers. At a party Benjamin is offered a cigarette but declines it even though the person who offered the cigarette is one of the most popular students at school. In this situation, what type of thinking is most likely dominating Benjamin's decision to decline the cigarette?

A) inductive reasoning
B) intuitive thought
C) concrete reasoning
D) analytic thought

Question 61

Which student is MOST likely to be admired during middle school?

A) Allie, who is a straight A student
B) Lloyd, who attends school regularly but fails most of his classes
C) Louisa, who uses marijuana and frequently finds herself in physical fights
D) Chong, who is conscientious and friendly

Question 62

Adolescent victims of cyberbullying are likely to _____.

A) find easy ways to escape the situation
B) not let it bother them
C) become a bully themselves
D) experience depression

Question 63

In a national sample of 10- to 17-year-olds, almost _____ percent say that a photo of themselves with few or no clothes has been sent electronically (Mitchel et al., 2012).

A) 1
B) 3
C) 5
D) 7

Question 64

Today, the most notable digital divide is based on _____.

A) age
B) gender
C) socioeconomic status (SES)
D) religion

Question 65

The school years after elementary or grade school and before college or university are referred to as _____.

A) primary education
B) secondary education
C) tertiary education
D) quaternary education

Question 66

Many developmentalists find middle schools to be "developmentally regressive," which means _____.

A) teachers do not allow students to be independent
B) learning goes backward
C) the curriculum is not high-quality
D) students do not desire autonomy

Question 67

Which factor is a good predictor of health for people around the world?

A) obtaining a master's degree or a Ph.D.
B) completing secondary education
C) attending private instead of public schools
D) attending schools that follow Western academia

Question 68

Spreading insults and rumors by means of e-mails, text messages, or Web postings is called _____.

A) spamming
B) cyberbullying
C) electronic harassment
D) hacking

Question 69

Which of the following is TRUE about the best pedagogical style for adolescents?

A) Co-education and high-stakes testing produce the best results.
B) Co-education and practical skills-focused instruction produce the best results.
C) Single-sex education allows for higher academic achievement.
D) There is no best structure or pedagogy for every student.

Question 70

Alisha is doing a history report on the 35th president of the United States for her 10th-grade history class. Where is Alisha most likely going to look for information to complete her report?

A) an encyclopedia in the library
B) a book on presidents from the local bookstore
C) the Internet accessed via her home computer
D) newspaper articles archived on library microfilm

Question 71

Cynthia comes from a school where the school climate is negative. She has engaged in cyberbullying for the past year. Cynthia is likely to have _____ self-esteem

A) low
B) high
C) neutral
D) erratic

Question 72

A study (Gentile, 2011) of almost 2,000 older children and adolescents in the United States found that these individuals played an average of _____ hours of video games each day.

A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 8

Question 73

In recent decades, the use of technology in the classroom has _____.

A) increased
B) decreased
C) not been discussed
D) disappeared

Question 74

Richard plays video games for many hours each day. Richard can expect to have lower _____.

A) levels of aggression
B) grades at school
C) blood pressure
D) stress levels

Question 75

Bridget is in 10th grade. She is in what stage of education?

A) primary education
B) secondary education
C) tertiary education
D) quaternary education

Question 76

Rachel and Matt are in their first year of middle school. Statistically, one would expect their academic achievement to _____.

A) improve
B) decline
C) remain the same as in elementary school
D) exhibit an erratic pattern of rising and falling

Question 77

Reggie has just started middle school. What is predicted to happen to his behavior?

A) Reggie will likely experience more behavior problems.
B) Reggie will likely experience fewer behavior problems.
C) Reggie will behave exactly as he did in elementary school.
D) Reggie will develop ADHD.

Question 78

If Jennifer is like one-third of all high school students, she will use technology more than _____ hours a day beyond school hours.

A) 1
B) 3
C) 5
D) 7

Question 79

Which statement is FALSE?

A) Secondary education refers to schooling completed after high school graduation, such as college or vocational training.
B) No matter where they live, individuals who complete secondary education are healthier.
C) Every nation is increasing the number of students in secondary education.
D) As the age of puberty has decreased, some schools of secondary education now start with grade 5.

Question 80

Middle school typically includes grades _____.

A) 4 to 6
B) 5 to 7
C) 6 to 8
D) 7 to 9