Deck 6: Introduction to Epigenetics

Question 1

The amount of caffeine found in hot chocolate is:

A)significantly less than soda.
B)significantly more than soda.
C)similar to soda.
D)similar to coffee.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Genetics can play a role in an individual's response to caffeine by altering the:

A)rate of absorption.
B)rate of metabolism.
C)neurotransmitter concentrations.
D)postsynaptic receptor sensitivity.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Diego recently started taking an antidepressant.He also enjoys about 5 to 6 cups of coffee in the morning.But now he feels anxious and jittery after drinking his coffee rather than just more alert in the mornings.The effects he is noticing are most likely due to the _________ of __________ by the antidepressant.

A)inhibition; CYP-2A1
B)inhibition; CYP-1A2
C)stimulation; CYP-2A1
D)stimulation; CYP1A2

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Of the major caffeine metabolites,_____ acts in a dissimilar way to caffeine.

A)theobromine
B)paraxanthine
C)theophylline
D)parabromine

Question 5

Of the major caffeine metabolites,__________ does not act in a similar way to caffeine.

A)theobromine
B)paraxanthine
C)theophylline
D)parabromine

Question 6

Certain antidepressants such as fluvoxamine _______ the metabolism of caffeine and ______ caffeine tolerance.

A)accelerate; increase
B)accelerate; decrease
C)inhibit; increase
D)inhibit; decrease

Question 7

__________ is the most widely used psychoactive drug.

A)Caffeine
B)Nicotine
C)Alcohol
D)Cocaine

Question 8

Xanthines are known for all of the following EXCEPT:

A)producing diuresis.
B)depressing the central nervous system.
C)stimulating cardiac muscle.
D)relaxing smooth muscle.

Question 9

Caffeine _____ coronary arteries and _____ cerebral blood vessels.

A)dilates; constricts
B)constricts; dilates
C)dilates; dilates
D)constricts; constricts

Question 10

The half-life of caffeine is:

A)less than 30 minutes.
B)3 to 10 hours.
C)24 to 48 hours.
D)greater than two days.

Question 11

After oral ingestion of caffeine,significant blood levels of the drug are reached in as soon as_____ minutes.

A)15
B)30
C)45
D)60

Question 12

The majority of metabolism of caffeine occurs in the:

A)plasma.
B)kidney.
C)liver.
D)bladder.

Question 13

Caffeine is naturally found in all of the following EXCEPT:

A)tea leaves.
B)birch trees.
C)kola nuts.
D)cocoa beans.

Question 14

Caffeine is _____ soluble.

A)water
B)lipid
C)water and lipid
D)neither water nor lipid

Question 15

Moderate consumption of caffeine can:

A)substantially increase the risk of coronary heart disease.
B)increase inflammation.
C)increase the risk of stroke.
D)protect against heart failure.

Question 16

The antimigraine effect of caffeine appears to be due to:

A)increased cardiac output.
B)increased cardiac contractility.
C)dilatation of cerebral arteries.
D)decreased blood flow to the brain.

Question 17

All of the following are metabolites of caffeine EXCEPT:

A)theobromine.
B)paraxanthine.
C)theophylline.
D)parabromine.

Question 18

The half-life of caffeine may be shortened in:

A)inactive ingredients.
B)an active ingredient.
C)two active ingredients.
D)three active ingredients.

Question 19

After oral ingestion of caffeine,99 percent of the drug is absorbed in about _____ minutes.

A)15
B)30
C)45
D)60

Question 20

When caffeine is metabolized,_____ is the greatest byproduct,followed by _____ and _____,respectively.

A)theophylline; theobromine; paraxanthine
B)theophylline; paraxanthine; theobromine
C)paraxanthine; theobromine; theophylline
D)theobromine; paraxanthine; theophylline

Question 21

Research has shown that caffeine reduces the risk of all of the following EXCEPT:

A)Alzheimer's disease.
B)Parkinson's disease.
C)arthritis.
D)diabetes.

Question 22

Research has shown that caffeine _____ the risk of cardiovascular disease and _____ the risk of diabetes.

A)decreases; decreases
B)decreases; increases
C)increases; decreases
D)increases; increases

Question 23

Other than the brain,research suggests that caffeine consumption may be beneficial for the:

A)cardiovascular system.
B)urinary tract.
C)digestive tract.
D)immune system.

Question 24

The lethal dose of caffeine is on the order of _____ grams.

A)

Question 25

Juan suffers from headaches.He takes over-the-counter medications for pain relief but also drinks a can of Monster®.The effects of the caffeine in the energy drink cause _____ of the cerebral blood vessels and _____ blood flow to the brain.

A)dilation; increased
B)constriction; increased
C)constriction; decreased
D)dilation; decreased

Question 26

Caffeine promotes wakefulness by:

A)activating adenosine receptors.
B)agonistic activity at adenosine receptors.
C)antagonistic activity at adenosine receptors.
D)inhibiting calcium release from intracellular stores.

Question 27

Caffeinism:

A)is associated with about 2 cups of coffee.
B)may cause depression in healthy individuals.
C)induces bipolar disorder in depressed patients.
D)may produce psychosis in healthy individuals.

Question 28

The mildly positive reinforcing effect of caffeine appears to be ultimately due to effects on the neurotransmitter:

A)acetylcholine.
B)dopamine.
C)norepinephrine.
D)GABA.

Question 29

Caffeine is known to do all of the following EXCEPT:

A)constrict bronchial smooth muscle.
B)reduce erectile dysfunction.
C)increase gastric acid secretion.
D)increase urine output.

Question 30

Research suggests that daily coffee or caffeine use may provide a protective effect against:

A)bipolar disorder.
B)type 1 diabetes.
C)Huntington's disease.
D)Parkinson's disease.

Question 31

Blockade of adenosine receptors _____ dopamine release by _____ GABA activity.

A)decreases; decreasing
B)decreases; increasing
C)increases; decreasing
D)increases; increasing

Question 32

Adenosine is a _____ the discharge rate of many central neurons.

A)depressant that increases
B)depressant that decreases
C)stimulant that increases
D)stimulant that decreases

Question 33

5
B)5
C)7
D)10

Question 34

Research has shown that caffeine reduces the risk of all of the following EXCEPT:

A)cancer.
B)cardiovascular disease.
C)multiple sclerosis.
D)urinary tract disease.

Question 35

Caffeinism is:

A)the study of caffeine.
B)the description of the effects of moderate doses of caffeine.
C)the study of people hypersensitive to caffeine.
D)a syndrome produced by the overdose or overuse of caffeine.

Question 36

The mechanism of action of caffeine appears to be _____ receptors.

A)stimulation of GABA_A
B)blockade of GABA_A
C)stimulation of adenosine
D)blockade of adenosine

Question 37

Caffeine's most widely known adverse effect is on:

A)memory.
B)cardiovascular function.
C)sleep.
D)digestion.

Question 38

Over all,evidence suggests that tea and coffee drinkers may experience:

A)increased cardiovascular issues.
B)poorer cognitive function.
C)greater cognitive decline with aging.
D)less cognitive decline with aging.

Question 39

All of the following are known to possess anti-inflammatory properties EXCEPT:

A)polyphenol.
B)caffeine.
C)theophylline.
D)theobromine.

Question 40

The lethal dose of caffeine is equivalent to approximately:

A)10 to 20 cups.
B)30 to 50 cups.
C)100 cups.
D)There is no lethal dose.

Question 41

Which of the following statement is TRUE?

A)Nicotine accounts for the acute pharmacological effects of smoking.
B)Nicotine is only one of 2000 substances in tobacco.
C)Nicotine is a secondary active ingredient in tobacco.
D)Nicotine makes cigarettes burn slower.

Question 42

Nicotine is secondarily metabolized by the ______ liver enzyme.

A)CYP1A1
B)CYP2D6
C)CYP2A6
D)CYP1E1

Question 43

Adenosine levels ______ during the day promoting _____.

A)decrease; sleep
B)decrease; wakefulness
C)increase; sleep
D)increase; wakefulness

Question 44

The elimination half-life of nicotine in a chronic user is about:

A)30 minutes.
B)2 hours.
C)12 to 24 hours.
D)greater than 24 hours.

Question 45

After 2009,smoking rates started to _____ due to _____.

A)decrease; educational efforts
B)decrease; tax increases on tobacco
C)increase; tax decreases on tobacco
D)increase; peer pressures

Question 46

_____ continues to be the leading cause of preventable death and disease in the United States.

A)Alcoholism
B)Fetal alcohol syndrome
C)Tobacco use
D)Heroin use

Question 47

In regard to caffeine use,it is recommended that pregnant women:

A)should avoid caffeine for the duration of their pregnancy.
B)may ingest amounts of decaffeinated beverages.
C)should limit their daily intake to about 1 gram per day.
D)may ingest about 200 milligrams per day.

Question 48

Nicotine is an acetylcholine _____ by acting on acetylcholine _____.

A)agonist; neurotransmitter
B)agonist; receptors
C)antagonist; neurotransmitter
D)antagonist; receptors

Question 49

When smoking a cigarette,about _____ percent of the nicotine enters the bloodstream.

A)80
B)50
C)25
D)10

Question 50

Caffeine,nicotine,and _____ are the most widely used psychoactive drugs in our society.

A)amphetamines
B)marijuana
C)alcohol
D)cocaine

Question 51

__________ is associated with chronic caffeine use,which can be as low as 100 milligrams per day.

A)Tolerance
B)Withdrawal
C)Intoxication
D)Impaired motor function

Question 52

The majority of nicotine is metabolized in the:

A)plasma.
B)liver.
C)kidneys.
D)blood.

Question 53

Caffeine is an _____ to adenosine,and an _____ to dopamine.

A)agonist; agonist
B)agonist; antagonist
C)antagonist; agonist
D)antagonist; antagonist

Question 54

The reinforcing effect of caffeine appears to be due to:

A)increased release of dopamine in reward and motivation areas of the brain.
B)increased release of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex.
C)decreased release of dopamine in reward and motivation areas of the brain.
D)increased release of dopamine throughout the brain.

Question 55

The first morning cigarette in is best described as "__________" for nicotine-dependent smokers.

A)positively reinforcing
B)punishing
C)negatively reinforcing
D)secondarily reinforcing

Question 56

When a smoker lights up and begins smoking,they will,on average absorb about ______ milligrams of nicotine.

A)10
B)20
C)2
D)5

Question 57

Caffeine is an _____ to adenosinergic pathways by _____ action.

A)agonist; enhancing neurotransmitter
B)agonist; enhancing receptor
C)antagonist; blocking neurotransmitter
D)antagonist; blocking receptor

Question 58

Caffeine affects dopaminergic pathways primarily in the _____ cortex.

A)frontal
B)parietal
C)temporal
D)occipital

Question 59

The success rate for quitting smoking is _____ percent.

A)3
B)6
C)9
D)12

Question 60

__________ is the direct mechanism of action of nicotine on arousal levels.

A)Stimulation of dopamine receptors
B)Blockade of dopamine receptors
C)Stimulation of acetylcholine receptors
D)Blockade of acetylcholine receptors

Question 61

__________ is the primary effect of carbon monoxide on the heart.

A)Decreased oxygen supply to the heart
B)Decreased atherosclerosis
C)Decreased clotting
D)Decreased blood pressure

Question 62

Smokers of menthol cigarettes are _____ likely to quit and have _____ relapse rates than smokers of nonmenthol cigarettes.

A)less; lower
B)less; higher
C)more; lower
D)more; higher

Question 63

Nicotine is thought to be beneficial to all of the following EXCEPT:

A)cognitive performance.
B)motor skills.
C)Alzheimer's disease.
D)Parkinson's disease.

Question 64

Evidence suggests that nicotine may produce a _____ effect for patients with ______ disease.

A)protective; Alzheimer's
B)protective; Parkinson's
C)toxic; Alzheimer's
D)toxic; Parkinson's

Question 65

Cigarette smokers manifest a _____ percent increase in the progression of atherosclerosis when compared with people who have never smoked.

A)25
B)50
C)100
D)150

Question 66

Tobacco use in the United States:

A)has increased since the 1950s.
B)remains at 50 percent.
C)is highest among those who are well educated.
D)is common in people with substance abuse and mental health issues.

Question 67

Nicotine withdrawal symptoms occur within about:

A)15 minutes.
B)30 minutes.
C)1 hour.
D)2 hours.

Question 68

Nicotine is thought to be _____ to glutamate and _____ to serotonin.

A)agonistic; agonistic
B)agonistic; antagonistic
C)antagonistic; agonistic
D)antagonistic; antagonistic

Question 69

The period of withdrawal from nicotine:

A)is typically less than 24 hours.
B)is typically 1 to 2 days.
C)is typically around one week in duration.
D)can persist for several weeks.

Question 70

Nicotine _____ acetylcholine receptors,and menthol _____ acetylcholine receptors

A)activates; activates
B)activates; deactivates
C)deactivates; deactivates
D)deactivates; activates

Question 71

When people start smoking,nicotine induces:

A)feelings of pleasure.
B)a decrease in blood pressure.
C)nausea.
D)altered heart rate.

Question 72

In the heart,nicotine:

A)constricts coronary arteries.
B)dilates coronary arteries.
C)decreases cardiac contractility.
D)dilates coronary arteries while decreasing cardiac contractility.

Question 73

Menthol cigarettes are known to _____ acetylcholine receptors to a _____ extent than nonmenthol cigarettes.

A)upregulate; lesser
B)upregulate; greater
C)downregulate; lesser
D)downregulate; greater

Question 74

The reinforcing effects of nicotine are the result of:

A)direct activation of dopamine release onto the nucleus accumbens.
B)direct blockade of dopamine release onto the ventral tegmental area.
C)indirect activation of dopamine receptors.
D)indirect blockade of dopamine receptors.

Question 75

Nicotine is thought to be agonistic to all of the following EXCEPT:

A)glutamate.
B)GABA.
C)serotonin.
D)dopamine.

Question 76

Nicotine-induced release of acetylcholine may:

A)improve cognitive performance and arousal.
B)cause adult ADHD.
C)stimulate depression.
D)enhance sensory perception.

Question 77

The effect of nicotine on the cardiovascular system and hypothalamus are,respectively:

A)vasoconstriction and antidiuretic hormone release.
B)vasoconstriction and diuretic hormone release.
C)vasodilation and diuretic hormone release.
D)vasodilation and antidiuretic hormone release.

Question 78

The rewarding effects of nicotine involve __________ and __________.

A)nicotinic receptors; the nucleus accumbens.
B)nicotinic receptors on dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area; dopamine release onto the nucleus accumbens.
C)nicotinic receptors; glutamate release on neurons in the nucleus accumbens.
D)GABA release onto dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area; dopamine release onto the nucleus accumbens.

Question 79

Nicotine clearly induces _____ dependence in a majority of smokers.

A)psychological
B)physiological
C)both psychological and physiological
D)either psychological or physiological

Question 80

The pharmacological effects of tobacco are due to ______ and the disease states are due to _______.

A)nicotine; nicotine
B)tar; nicotine
C)carbon monoxide; tar
D)nicotine; tar