Deck 5: Ethyl Alcohol and the Inhalants of Abuse

Question 1

Drinking alcohol on a full stomach ______ the time that ethanol is susceptible to gastric metabolism and results in ______ blood ethanol levels.

A)reduces; decreased
B)increases; decreased
C)reduces; increased
D)increases; increased

Answer 1

B

Question 2

If an alcoholic beverage contains 20 percent alcohol,it would be rated as _______ proof.

A)10
B)20
C)40
D)80

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The first step in the metabolism of ethanol is its conversion to:

A)methanol.
B)formaldehyde.
C)acetaldehyde.
D)aldehyde dehydrogenase.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Approximately 5 percent of the metabolism of ethanol occurs in the:

A)kidneys.
B)stomach.
C)lungs.
D)small intestine.

Question 5

Women have higher blood ethanol levels than men,after correcting for body weight,because women have ______ levels of alcohol dehydrogenase in their ______.

A)lower; liver
B)higher; liver
C)lower; stomach
D)higher; stomach

Question 6

Rapid gastric emptying ______ the time that ethanol is susceptible to gastric metabolism and results in _____ blood ethanol levels.

A)reduces; decreased
B)increases; decreased
C)reduces; increased
D)increases; increased

Question 7

The first step in the metabolism of ethanol occurs through action of the enzyme:

A)alcohol dehydrogenase.
B)aldehyde dehydrogenase.
C)acetaldehyde.
D)formaldehyde.

Question 8

The second step in the metabolism of ethanol is conversion to:

A)alcohol dehydrogenase by acetaldehyde.
B)acetaldehyde by aldehyde dehydrogenase.
C)formaldehyde by aldehyde dehydrogenase.
D)acetic acid by aldehyde dehydrogenase.

Question 9

Females may have a higher apparent blood level of alcohol because:

A)alcohol concentrates in fat.
B)alcohol concentrates in plasma.
C)alcohol dissipates in muscle.
D)alcohol dissipates in fat.

Question 10

Drinking alcohol on an empty stomach:

A)speeds up alcohol metabolism by slowing down gastric emptying.
B)slows down alcohol metabolism by slowing down gastric emptying.
C)speeds up alcohol metabolism by increasing gastric emptying.
D)slows down alcohol metabolism by increasing gastric emptying.

Question 11

After correcting for differences in body weight,men and women drinking the same amount of ethanol have:

A)the same blood ethanol levels.
B)different blood ethanol levels,with men having higher levels than women.
C)different blood ethanol levels,with women having higher levels than men.
D)equal probability of having higher or lower blood ethanol levels.

Question 12

Typically,beer contains about _____ percent of alcohol concentration

A)less than 10.
B)12 to 15.
C)20 to 30.
D)40 to 50.

Question 13

Women have far _____ gastric metabolism of alcohol than men because of ______ levels of alcohol dehydrogenase.

A)less; higher
B)more; higher
C)less; lower
D)more; lower

Question 14

The vast majority (approximately 85 percent)of the metabolism of ethanol occurs in the:

A)liver.
B)stomach.
C)brain.
D)small intestine.

Question 15

The first step in the metabolism of ethanol is conversion to:

A)acetaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase.
B)acetaldehyde by aldehyde dehydrogenase.
C)formaldehyde by aldehyde dehydrogenase.
D)acetic acid by aldehyde dehydrogenase.

Question 16

The third step in the metabolism of ethanol is conversion to:

A)acetic acid.
B)acetaldehyde.
C)formaldehyde by aldehyde dehydrogenase.
D)carbon dioxide and water.

Question 17

Metabolism of ethanol occurs to the greatest extent in the _______ and to a lesser extent in the ________.

A)small intestine; liver
B)liver; small intestine
C)stomach; liver
D)liver; stomach

Question 18

After correcting for differences in body weight,women drinking the same amount of ethanol as men have ______ blood ethanol levels than men due to a ______ percent body fat.

A)higher; lower
B)lower; lower
C)higher; higher
D)lower; higher

Question 19

Females have higher blood ethanol concentrations than males because:

A)males have a greater ratio of muscle to fat than do females.
B)females have a greater ratio of muscle to fat than do males.
C)males have a smaller ratio of muscle to fat than do females.
D)females have a smaller ratio of muscle to fat than do males.

Question 20

About 15 percent of ethanol that is ingested is metabolized first in the:

A)liver.
B)stomach.
C)brain.
D)small intestine.

Question 21

The unitary hypothesis action refers to alcohol as a drug with:

A)effects modulating memory,and cognitive and motor performance.
B)effects on various intracellular transduction processes.
C)a direct effect on synaptic transmission of neurotransmitters.
D)a nonspecific and indirect depression of neuronal function.

Question 22

The average adult male is able to metabolize one alcoholic beverage per _____ minutes.

A)20
B)30
C)60
D)90

Question 23

Disulfiram (Antabuse)functions by:

A)stimulating aldehyde dehydrogenase activity.
B)blocking the activity of aldehyde dehydrogenase.
C)stimulating nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide.
D)blocking the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase.

Question 24

All of the following are believed to be mechanisms of action of moderate doses of ethanol,EXCEPT alterations of:

A)ACh receptor activity.
B)intracellular transduction processes.
C)NMDA receptor activity.
D)GABA receptor activity.

Question 25

The neurotransmitter,anandamide,activates the ______ receptors.

A)glutamate
B)GABA
C)cannabinoid
D)opioid

Question 26

Minor metabolites of alcohol such as _____ can be reliably detected in hair,urine,and blood samples collected for drug testing to encourage alcohol abstinence.

A)ethyl monosulfate
B)ethyl glucoside
C)ethyl sulfate
D)diethyl monosulfate

Question 27

Acamprosate is an anticraving drug that helps alcohol dependent individuals remain abstinent by interacting with _____ receptors.

A)glutaminergic NMDA
B)glutaminergic AMPA
C)GABAergic
D)cholinergic

Question 28

All of the following neurotransmitters are directly affected by ethanol EXCEPT:

A)GABA
B)serotonin
C)epinephrine
D)anandamide

Question 29

As with many drugs of abuse,the positively reinforcing effects of ethanol are thought to be ultimately the result of the activation of the following neurotransmitter:

A)GABA.
B)glutamate.
C)acetylcholine.
D)dopamine.

Question 30

The coenzyme _____ is the rate limiting step in the conversion of alcohol to acetaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase.

A)nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
B)adenosine phosphate
C)adenosine monophosphate
D)nicotine adenosine dinucleotide

Question 31

Ethanol is readily soluble in:

A)fat,but not water.
B)water,but not fat.
C)neither fat nor water.
D)both fat and water.

Question 32

"Anticraving" drugs used to treat ethanol dependency act as:

A)NMDA blockers.
B)NMDA agonists.
C)GABA blockers.
D)GABA agonists.

Question 33

Antabuse is an _______.

A)acetaldehyde dehydrogenase agonist
B)acetaldehyde dehydrogenase antagonist
C)alcohol dehydrogenase agonist
D)alcohol dehydrogenase antagonist

Question 34

Chronic alcohol intake can result in ______ to GABA receptors and _______ to NMDA receptors.

A)upregulation; upregulation
B)upregulation; downregulation
C)downregulation; upregulation
D)downregulation; downregulation

Question 35

Ethanol act on the glutaminergic system by:

A)enhancing the release of glutamate.
B)blocking the release of glutamate.
C)enhancing NMDA receptors.
D)inhibiting NMDA receptors.

Question 36

The administration of naltrexone may block craving for alcohol,suggesting that ______ receptors may be involved in alcohol dependence.

A)glutamate
B)GABA
C)serotonin
D)opioid

Question 37

Many of the effects of ethanol are believed to be due to ______ of glutamate action at the NMDA receptor and _______ of GABA action.

A)enhancement; blockade
B)enhancement; enhancement
C)blockade; enhancement
D)blockade; blockade

Question 38

Ethanol is known as an ______ to glutamate,and an _______ to GABA.

A)agonist; agonist
B)agonist; antagonist
C)antagonist; agonist
D)antagonist; antagonist

Question 39

The sedation and muscle relaxation produced by alcohol are thought to be the result of:

A)blockade of the NMDA receptor.
B)blockade of the GABA receptor.
C)activation of the NMDA receptor.
D)activation of the GABA receptor.

Question 40

Higher percentage of muscle in the body_______ the _______ of alcohol.

A)decreases; distribution
B)increases; distribution
C)decreases; absorption
D)increases; absorption

Question 41

Alcohol ______ blood vessels and _______ body temperature.

A)dilates; raises
B)constricts; raises
C)dilates; lowers
D)constricts; lowers

Question 42

Alcohol is implicated in over _____ percent of all violent assaults and motor vehicle highway accidents.

A)30
B)50
C)70
D)90

Question 43

The physical deterioration associated with long-term excessive alcohol use is thought to be associated with:

A)poor hydration.
B)excessive weight loss.
C)vitamin deficiencies.
D)poor eating habits.

Question 44

Which of the following best describes a blackout caused by alcohol?

A)amnesia
B)coma
C)passing out
D)acetaldehyde buildup

Question 45

A(n)_____ blackout is the type of blackout where nothing is remembered.

A)strong
B)en bloc
C)complete
D)fragmentary

Question 46

Tolerance to alcohol includes:

A)enzyme-induction (metabolic)and tissue/functional tolerance.
B)enzyme-induction (metabolic)but not tissue/functional tolerance.
C)tissue/functional but not enzyme-induction (metabolic)tolerance.
D)neither enzyme-induction (metabolic)nor tissue/functional tolerance.

Question 47

Alcohol in moderate doses ______ the risk of ischemic stroke by _______ platelet aggregation.

A)reduces; increasing
B)reduces; decreasing
C)increases; increasing
D)increases; decreasing

Question 48

A(n)_____ blackout is the type of blackout where bits and pieces are remembered.

A)partial
B)en bloc
C)moderate
D)fragmentary

Question 49

Alcohol in low doses _______ the rate of respiration,and high doses _______ the rate of respiration.

A)decreases; decreases
B)decreases; increases
C)increases; decreases
D)increases; increases

Question 50

Moderate alcohol consumption is associated with decreased rates of all of the following EXCEPT:

A)cancer
B)cardiovascular disease
C)stroke
D)diabetes

Question 51

Changes in __________ are related to the tissue/functional tolerance of alcohol.

A)enzyme-induction
B)neuron function
C)the liver
D)environmental manipulations

Question 52

Alcohol in low doses _______ the risk of coronary artery disease by _______ high-density lipoproteins in blood.

A)reduces; decreasing
B)reduces; increasing
C)increases; decreasing
D)increases; increasing

Question 53

Experimental evidence suggests that detoxified male alcoholics possess long lasting deficits in _____ function even following long periods of abstinence.

A)hippocampal
B)cognitive
C)motor
D)executive

Question 54

According to research on adolescents and alcohol consumption,all of the following are brain regions adversely affected with persistent drinking EXCEPT the:

A)pons
B)hippocampus
C)medulla
D)corpus callosum

Question 55

Changes in __________ are related to the metabolic tolerance of alcohol.

A)neuron function
B)the brain
C)the liver
D)environmental manipulations

Question 56

All of the following are known acute effects of ethanol EXCEPT:

A)cognitive deficits
B)motor deficits
C)aphrodisiac
D)anticonvulsant

Question 57

Lucy is a binge drinker.In comparison to her older male,binge-drinking partner,research suggests that her risk of mortality due to ischemic stroke __________,while his risk __________.

A)declines; increases
B)declines; is lower
C)increases; increases
D)increases; is lower

Question 58

Michele just arrived at a party and has had one glass of wine.Generally speaking,we would expect her to exhibit:

A)decreased sociability and talkativeness.
B)improved attention and judgment.
C)faster information processing.
D)decreased inhibitions and control.

Question 59

The mechanism responsible for a blackout is usually ascribed to blocking:

A)protein synthesis.
B)neurotransmitter synthesis
C)neurotransmitter release
D)neurotransmitter binding

Question 60

The delirium tremens (DTs)consist of the following symptoms EXCEPT:

A)hallucinations.
B)disorientation.
C)psychomotor agitation.
D)angry outbursts.

Question 61

Caitlyn is going through treatment for alcohol addiction.Her physician has prescribed lamotrigine (Lamictal)as part of her treatment. This drug _____ glutamate release and _____ craving for alcohol.

A)increases; decreases
B)decreases; increases
C)decreases; decreases
D)increases; increases

Question 62

__________ is the most common cause of death in alcoholics.

A)Respiratory arrest
B)Cardiac arrest
C)Stroke
D)Liver damage

Question 63

All of the following are features of fetal alcohol syndrome EXCEPT:

A)central nervous system dysfunction.
B)retarded growth rate.
C)facial abnormalities.
D)schizophrenic symptoms.

Question 64

All of the following are factors which are known to promote the development of alcoholism EXCEPT:

A)self-medication of psychological distress.
B)impulse control problems.
C)heavy coffee drinking.
D)drinking at an early age.

Question 65

_____ are used in acute alcohol withdrawal or detoxification but are limited due to potential physical dependence.

A)Cannabinoid receptor antagonists
B)Anticonvulsants
C)Antidepressants
D)Benzodiazepines

Question 66

Christopher enjoys a number of different inhalants that he finds rewarding due to the sense of euphoria and hallucinogenic experience he gets when using these substances.These effects are likely due to the presence of:

A)nitrous oxide.
B)butane.
C)helium.
D)toluene.

Question 67

__________ and __________ are two of the greatest health risks for chronic alcoholics.

A)kidney disease; vitamin deficiency
B)liver disease; Korsakoff's syndrome
C)kidney disease; Korsakoff's syndrome
D)kidney disease; liver disease

Question 68

______ is an alcohol-sensitizing drug that is used to deter drinking.

A)Disulfiram (Antabuse)
B)Clonidine (Catapress)
C)Naltrexone
D)Acamprosate (Campral)

Question 69

Tami has some issues with alcohol consumption,but she does not drink excessively.Still,evidence suggests that ______ may provide some benefit to her and control impulsive behavior that could lead to addiction.

A)opioids
B)SSRIs
C)acetylcholine
D)SNPs

Question 70

Long-acting benzodiazepines may be used during alcohol withdrawal because they:

A)eliminate drug craving.
B)suppress withdrawal symptoms.
C)stimulate glutamate activity.
D)suppress seizure activity.

Question 71

All of the following are pharmacotherapies to help maintain abstinence and prevent relapse EXCEPT:

A)benzodiazepines
B)opiate antagonists
C)disulfram
D)acamprosate

Question 72

__________ is the most serious physiological long-term consequence of excessive alcohol consumption.

A)Respiratory arrest
B)Cardiac arrest
C)Stroke
D)Liver damage

Question 73

Comorbid alcohol abuse and aggressive behaviors may be treated with:

A)antidepressants.
B)anticonvulsant mood stabilizers.
C)barbiturates.
D)benzodiazepines.

Question 74

Disulfiram (Antabuse)is useful in treating alcoholics because it inhibits the:

A)conversion of alcohol to acetaldehyde.
B)conversion of acetaldehyde to acetic acid.
C)enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase.
D)conversion of acetic acid to acetaldehyde.

Question 75

In alcohol withdrawal,the mood stabilizing drug Lamictal is shown to do all of the following EXCEPT:

A)decrease alcohol consumption.
B)improve mood.
C)protect the brain.
D)lower blood pressure.

Question 76

Repeated alcohol withdrawals may ______ the severity of subsequent withdrawals and _____ the likelihood of withdrawal seizures.

A)increase; decrease
B)increase; increase
C)decrease; increase
D)decrease; decrease

Question 77

Faster-onset,shorter-acting benzodiazepines may be useful during alcohol withdrawal to:

A)eliminate drug craving.
B)suppress withdrawal symptoms.
C)stimulate glutamate activity.
D)suppress seizure activity.

Question 78

Exposure to alcohol during pregnancy is ______ with learning difficulties and antisocial behavior in adolescence.

A)not correlated with
B)positively correlated with
C)negatively correlated with
D)dependent upon

Question 79

An alcohol dependent person may be prescribed baclofen (Lioresal)to modulate the balance between:

A)glutamate and dopamine.
B)serotonin and GABA.
C)acetylcholine and glutamate.
D)GABA and glutamate.

Question 80

Korsakoff's syndrome involves damage to the:

A)liver.
B)kidneys.
C)heart.
D)brain.