Deck 1: Pharmacokinetics: How Drugs Are Handled by the Body

Question 1

Passive diffusion usually occurs when molecules pass from an area of _____ concentration to an area of _____ concentration.

A)low; low
B)low; high
C)high; low
D)high; high

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Pharmacokinetics is the study of:

A)the movement of drugs through the body.
B)drug mechanisms of action within the body.
C)drugs and neuroscience.
D)drugs and behavior.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

In its simplest form,pharmacokinetics describes a drug's:

A)strength.
B)time course.
C)main effects.
D)toxicity levels.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Enteral drug administration involves:

A)parental routes of administration.
B)inhalation.
C)injection.
D)swallowing.

Question 5

A suppository would be absorbed:

A)enterally
B)parenterally
C)orally
D)by injection

Question 6

First-pass metabolism refers to a drug passing through the:

A)small intestine
B)large intestine
C)stomach
D)liver

Question 7

From the intestines,digested nutrients and drugs first flow into the _____ and then into the _____.

A)hepatic artery; capillaries
B)capillaries; hepatic artery
C)capillaries; hepatic portal vein
D)hepatic portal vein; capillaries

Question 8

The main difference between the two anti-anxiety drugs,lorazepam (Ativan)and triazolam (Halcion),can best be described as:

A)psychological.
B)pharmacodynamic.
C)homeostatic.
D)pharmacokinetic.

Question 9

The process of __________ takes place during the molecular breakdown of a drug.

A)metabolism
B)distribution
C)absorption
D)elimination

Question 10

Drugs administered sublingually (under the tongue)and drugs administered orally are absorbed mostly in the _____ and _______,respectively.

A)stomach; small intestine
B)small intestine; large intestine
C)mouth; stomach
D)mouth; small intestine

Question 11

A drug inhaled is considered to be absorbed via the ____ route.

A)dermal
B)oral
C)enteral
D)parenteral

Question 12

Which drug attributes increase the rate of absorption?

A)low water-solubility and low lipid-solubility
B)low water-solubility and high lipid-solubility
C)high water-solubility and low lipid-solubility
D)high water-solubility and high lipid-solubility

Question 13

Which drug attribute increases the likelihood of drug absorption?

A)high water-solubility
B)low lipid-solubility
C)large size
D)small size

Question 14

__________ is the study of the movement of a drug through the body over time.

A)Pharmacology
B)Physiology
C)Pharmacodynamics
D)Pharmacokinetics

Question 15

Which is NOT an parenteral route?

A)skin absorption
B)swallowing
C)injection
D)inhalation

Question 16

__________ is determined by the quantity of drug that reaches its target.

A)Absorption
B)Distribution and metabolism
C)Metabolism and elimination
D)The process of absorption,distribution,and metabolism

Question 17

The study of how the body processes drugs is termed:

A)pharmacology.
B)physiology.
C)pharmacodynamics.
D)pharmacokinetics.

Question 18

The term kinetics implies _____ and time.

A)place
B)direction
C)space
D)movement

Question 19

Kinetics refers to:

A)dependence and tolerance.
B)speed and dose.
C)movement and time.
D)absorption and distribution.

Question 20

The process of __________ takes place during the metabolism of a drug.

A)absorption
B)distribution
C)detoxification
D)elimination

Question 21

The main advantage of administering a drug through transdermal patches is:

A)lack of irritation to tissue.
B)speed of onset of drug action.
C)ability to avoid absorption into bloodstream.
D)relative constancy of drug levels in plasma.

Question 22

The middle layer of the meninges is the:

A)pia mater.
B)arachnoid mater.
C)dura mater.
D)epidural space.

Question 23

A drug that can pass rapidly and easily through the capillary wall surrounding the brain must be:

A)highly water soluble.
B)highly lipid soluble.
C)either highly water soluble or highly lipid soluble.
D)neither highly water soluble nor highly lipid soluble.

Question 24

The subcutaneous administration of a drug takes place:

A)in the heart.
B)in the muscle.
C)under the skin.
D)via a transdermal patch.

Question 25

Enzymes that degrade a drug in the gastrointestinal tract and liver decrease the amount of drug that reaches the circulation by a mechanism known as:

A)enzymatic degradation.
B)gastroenteritis.
C)drug tolerance.
D)first-pass metabolism.

Question 26

Intrathecal injections are administered via the:

A)muscle.
B)heart.
C)subarachnoid space.
D)epidural space.

Question 27

Ventricles are important for:

A)blood circulation.
B)CSF circulation.
C)drug absorption.
D)drug metabolism.

Question 28

The mode of drug administration that poses the most risk is:

A)inhalation.
B)intramuscular injection.
C)subcutaneous injection.
D)intravenous injection.

Question 29

Rectal drug administration may be used in place of oral drug administration to avoid:

A)absorption into bloodstream.
B)irritation to mucous membranes.
C)too rapid drug absorption.
D)nausea and vomiting.

Question 30

With the exception of the mode employed with some gas anesthetics,the fastest mode of drug administration is:

A)inhalation.
B)intramuscular injection.
C)subcutaneous injection.
D)intravenous injection.

Question 31

One substance capable of inhibiting enzymatic degradation in the liver and gastrointestinal tract is:

A)SSRI-type antidepressants.
B)grapefruit juice.
C)carbamazepine (Tegretol).
D)cytochrome P450 enzymes.

Question 32

What are the two main differences between capillaries in the periphery and capillaries surrounding the brain?

A)Capillaries surrounding the brain have no pores and are surrounded by membranes of astrocyte cells.
B)Capillaries surrounding the brain have pores and are surrounded by membranes of astrocyte cells.
C)Capillaries surrounding the brain have no pores and are not surrounded by membranes of astrocyte cells.
D)Capillaries surrounding the brain have pores and are not surrounded by membranes of astrocyte cells.

Question 33

The entire blood volume circulates in the body about once every _____ seconds.

A)30
B)60
C)120
D)180

Question 34

Drawback(s)to intravenous injection,as opposed to other forms of administration,of drugs include all of the following EXCEPT:

A)a constant danger of allergic reaction and/or respiratory collapse.
B)the greatest risk of blood clots.
C)the greatest risk of infection.
D)an increased risk of unpredictable absorption.

Question 35

Lumbar punctures are targeted in the:

A)muscle.
B)blood vessels.
C)subarachnoid space.
D)epidural space.

Question 36

What function is NOT related to cerebral spinal fluid?

A)protection
B)circulate nutrients
C)circulate hormones
D)drug metabolism

Question 37

The meninges protects the:

A)brain only
B)spinal cord only
C)brain and spinal cord
D)blood vessels

Question 38

When administered by injection and inhalation,drugs enter the _____ and _____ side of the heart,respectively.

A)right; right
B)right; left
C)left; right
D)left; left

Question 39

The following are disadvantages of drug administration by injection EXCEPT:

A)There is little time to correct an unexpected drug reaction or accidental overdose.
B)Once a drug is injected,it cannot be removed from the body as an orally administered drug can.
C)Drug injection requires that sterile procedures are used,otherwise infection may be introduced into the body.
D)This method of drug administration is slower and the response may be unpredictable.

Question 40

Which membrane does NOT affect drug distribution?

A)intestinal wall
B)capillary wall
C)placental barrier
D)blood-brain barrier

Question 41

Phase I reactions involve:

A)P450 enzymes.
B)cerebral spinal fluid.
C)conjugation.
D)first-pass metabolism.

Question 42

The presence of the placental barrier means that drugs will be _____ in concentration when compared to concentrations in the maternal bloodstream.

A)lower
B)higher
C)similar
D)wildly different

Question 43

The cytochrome P450 enzyme family in a hepatocyte:

A)is typically capable of metabolizing one and only one drug.
B)is typically capable of metabolizing one and sometimes two drugs.
C)cannot,without the help of additional enzymes,metabolize a drug.
D)is typically capable of metabolizing a wide variety of drugs.

Question 44

Drug cross the placental barrier through _____ with ______ soluble drugs crossing more readily.

A)active transport; water
B)active transport; fat
C)passive diffusion; water
D)passive diffusion; fat

Question 45

Why can't steroids and beta blockers pass the blood-brain barrier?

A)low lipid-solubility
B)high water-solubility
C)detected as foreign bodies
D)readily metabolized

Question 46

Jerri is being hired by a large multinational company.They are likely to request a sample of ______ to test for drug use because it is a convenient means of detecting drug metabolites.

A)hair
B)skin
C)saliva
D)urine

Question 47

"Biotransformation" is carried out by the _____ and usually makes a drug _____ soluble.

A)kidneys; more fat
B)kidneys; more water
C)liver; more fat
D)liver; more water

Question 48

Biotransformation is carried out by the following organ:

A)liver.
B)small intestine.
C)kidneys.
D)brain.

Question 49

Most of the products of body metabolism are excreted by the:

A)liver.
B)kidneys.
C)intestines.
D)skin.

Question 50

Biotransformation is another term for:

A)distribution.
B)elimination.
C)absorption.
D)metabolism.

Question 51

P450 enzymes are part of:

A)Phase I reactions.
B)Phase II reactions.
C)conjugation.
D)glucuronidation.

Question 52

The majority of drugs leave the body in:

A)bile.
B)exhalation.
C)sweat.
D)urine.

Question 53

Which of the following statements regarding biotransformation is TRUE?

A)Every drug is metabolized by a unique enzyme found in hepatocytes.
B)Hundreds of enzyme families are involved in drug biotransformation.
C)A few enzyme families are involved in drug biotransformation.
D)One enzyme family carries out all drug biotransformation.

Question 54

The membranes that separate fetal blood from maternal blood are:

A)highly permeable to psychoactive drugs.
B)unique in their permeability.
C)impermeable to psychoactive drugs.
D)impermeable to water-soluble substances.

Question 55

Penicillin cannot be used to treat infections located in the central nervous system because:

A)it is destroyed by enzymes in the brain and spinal cord.
B)it cannot pass through the blood-brain barrier.
C)it is too highly lipid soluble.
D)it is too large a molecule to fit though pores surrounding brain cells.

Question 56

The membranes that separate fetal blood from maternal blood:

A)resemble other cell membranes in their general permeability.
B)are unique in their permeability.
C)are impermeable to drugs in maternal blood.
D)are impermeable to lipid-soluble substances.

Question 57

Large molecules,such as glucose and vitamins,reach the brain through:

A)passive diffusion across the cell membrane.
B)passive diffusion through ion channels.
C)transcytosis.
D)special transport systems.

Question 58

All of the following EXCEPT __________ are considered secondary paths for drug elimination

A)bile
B)sweat
C)urine
D)saliva

Question 59

Iron is a large molecule reaching the brain by:

A)passive diffusion across the cell membrane.
B)passive diffusion through ion channels.
C)transcytosis.
D)special transport systems.

Question 60

Phase II reactions involve:

A)P450 enzymes.
B)cerebral spinal fluid.
C)conjugation.
D)kidneys.

Question 61

Dave has a particularly efficient CYP2D6 enzyme system in his liver.Based on this information,one would predict that he would:

A)be efficient at metabolizing most psychoactive medications.
B)be efficient at metabolizing some psychoactive medications more than others.
C)not be particularly efficient at metabolizing psychoactive medications.
D)have trouble with the biotranformation of many drugs.

Question 62

Neuroactive substances affecting the microbiome are known as:

A)prebiotics.
B)probiotics.
C)psychobiotics.
D)antibiotics.

Question 63

The initial decline of drug plasma concentration occurs rapidly due to:

A)first-pass metabolism.
B)an amplified liver response.
C)increased enzyme concentrations.
D)the drug entering body tissues.

Question 64

The half-life of a drug _____ over time.

A)accelerates
B)slows down
C)remains constant
D)fluctuates

Question 65

Nephrons consist of:

A)capillaries.
B)arteries.
C)veins.
D)CSF.

Question 66

__________ factors has the potential to determine how someone will metabolize a drug.

A)Genetic
B)Environmental
C)Cultural
D)Experiential

Question 67

The _____ regulates the levels of most of the substances found in body fluids.

A)liver
B)kidneys
C)enzymes
D)microbiome

Question 68

Which class of drugs are metabolized by CYP enzymes in the liver?

A)antidepressants
B)antipsychotics
C)anxiolytics
D)pain relievers

Question 69

The time for the plasma level of a drug to fall by 50 percent is termed the:

A)distribution half-life.
B)time course.
C)"drug hangover."
D)elimination half-life.

Question 70

The time to reach steady-state concentrations of a drug,that is,the level of drug achieved in the blood with repeated,regular-interval dosing,is:

A)dependent upon the actual dosage of drug.
B)achieved when the amount of drug administered per unit time equals the amount eliminated per unit time.
C)independent of dose interval and half-life.
D)reached after one elimination half-life.

Question 71

The increased ability of the liver to carry out "biotransformation" after prolonged exposure to a drug is termed _____ tolerance.

A)pharmacodynamic
B)metabolic
C)enzyme-induction
D)drug-metabolizing

Question 72

Once plasma is filtered through the kidneys,about _____ percent of the filtered plasma gets reabsorbed.

A)1
B)10
C)50
D)99

Question 73

The goal of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM)is to obtain the optimal:

A)enzyme levels.
B)therapeutic window.
C)drug CSF concentrations.
D)rate of drug elimination.

Question 74

The microbiome refers to:

A)bacteria.
B)enzymes.
C)metabolic tolerance.
D)kidney function.

Question 75

Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM)involves measuring:

A)enzyme levels.
B)drug plasma concentrations.
C)drug CSF concentrations.
D)rate of elimination.

Question 76

Biotransformation is carried out by the following organ: _____.It usually involves making a drug _____ water soluble.The increased ability of this organ to carry out biotransformation after repeated exposure to a drug is termed _____ tolerance.The increased ability of this organ to biotransform drugs other than the one administered previously is termed _____.

A)small intestine; more; metabolic; cross-tolerance
B)kidneys; less; metabolic; cellular-adaptive
C)liver; less; pharmacodynamic; cross-tolerance
D)liver; more; metabolic; cross-tolerance

Question 77

Which is NOT a function of the microbiome?

A)provide vitamins
B)metabolize drugs
C)digest food
D)inhibit pathogens

Question 78

A drug is,for all intents and purposes,completely eliminated from the body in:

A)one half-life.
B)two half-lives.
C)four half-lives.
D)six half-lives.

Question 79

__________ are the functional units that make up the kidneys.

A)Nephrons
B)Glomerulus
C)Globules
D)Capsules

Question 80

In therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM),drug plasma concentrations correlate well with:

A)enzyme levels.
B)receptor concentrations.
C)drug CSF concentrations.
D)rate of drug elimination.