Deck 7: Work and Retirement

Question 1

Which of the following groups of men are likely to retire the LATEST?

A) those in poor health
B) those who are self-employed
C) those who belong to a pension program
D) those who are unmarried

Answer 1

B

Question 2

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor (2013), women earn salaries that average _____ percent of those earned by men.

A) 35
B) 60
C) 81
D) 95

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following is most accurate about family influences on career choices of children?

A) Virtually all young adults go into the same professions as their parents.
B) Working-class parents are more likely than middle-class parents to encourage their children to attend college because they do not want them to struggle as much as they did.
C) Young women with working mothers have higher educational goals and aspirations toward more prestigious careers than their counterparts whose mothers do not work outside the home.
D) Parents' marital status is not correlated with level of financial support that their emerging adult children receive.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

which of Holland's personality dimensions is a minister likely to score the highest?

A) realistic
B) conventional
C) enterprising
D) social

Question 5

Critics of Holland's theory argue that those adults who find a job that matches their vocational interests _______.

A) will be more successful at their jobs
B) discover that the match does not predict achievement
C) discover that the match does not lead to greater job satisfaction
D) discover that the match does predict staying in a job long term

Question 6

major criticism of Holland's theory of occupational choice and personality is that _______.

A) occupation and personality type matches have not been found for African Americans
B) Holland's findings are based on limited research
C) the theory does not predict job achievement
D) the results from Asian-American populations do not match results from other populations

Question 7

is one reason more women work part time than men do full time?

A) Younger people don't work as much as older people.
B) Men tend to move in and out of full-time jobs more than women.
C) There are more older women than older men.
D) They are more likely to be in the maintenance stage of career development.

Question 8

Based on the results of a recent meta-analytic study examining vocational preferences, women are more interested than men in working_______.

A) with people
B) with things
C) with their hands
D) with complex problems

Question 9

which of the following occupations would you see the largest gap between the number of men and women?

A) physician's assistant
B) human resources director
C) engineering
D) doctor

Question 10

which of the following occupations would you see the largest gap between the number of men and women?

A) physician's assistant
B) engineering
C) human resources director
D) college professor

Question 11

life-span/life-space theory is based upon which of the following concepts?

A) that individuals develop careers in stages
B) career decisions are not isolated from other aspects of their lives
C) work role is best perceived in terms of its importance relative to other roles an individual plays
D) all of the above

Question 12

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor (2013)

A) women are more apt to work in full-time jobs than men.
B) women stay in full-time jobs longer than men.
C) The gap between the number of men and women who hold full-time jobs is becoming smaller.
D) today, the average salary for women is finally equal to the average salary of men.

Question 13

Mario is 68 years of age, retired three years ago and has been volunteering regularly at the local food pantry and his church. Which of the following statements is most accurate based on current research?

A) The stress of losing the role of worker in retirement has made his health worse.
B) His self-esteem and happiness have increased.
C) His life satisfaction decreased.
D) He is unlikely to receive any of the benefits that his counterparts in other countries such as Japan and Israel because our culture values the prestige of work much more

Question 14

Which of the following early family characteristics is common among women who choose unconventional (i.e., traditionally masculine) occupations?

A) a particularly close mother-daughter relationship
B) a father who works in an unconventional occupation
C) parents and mentors who encouraged them
D) brothers who choose unconventional occupations

Question 15

Which pattern of work and non-work is associated with greatest work success or highest income among women?
A) Women move in and out of the labor force more than men.
A) Work continuously.

A) job burnout
B) Women typically invest more in pensions than men do. c, Women earn less than men.
B) Work continuously except when children are infants.

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT among the 6 personality types studied by Holland in his research on personality and occupational choices?

A) intuitive
B) enterprising
C) investigative
D) realistic

Question 17

is approaching his 50th birthday and works as an engineer. Based on Super's theory, we can assume that he is in the ___________ stage.

A) exploration
B) disengagement
C) cynicism
D) maintenance

Question 18

Which pattern of work and non-work is associated with greatest work success or highest income among women?

A) Work continuously.
B) Work continuously except when children are infants.
C) Begin work after all children are in school and then work continuously.
D) Begin childbearing after a career is established, then pause for children, and then return to a career.

Question 19

and John are married and have three children. Based on current research we can conclude that:

A) the number of children they have will not affect the number of years she spends in the workplace.
B) John spends less time with his own children than his father spent with him.
C) Both parents spend about an hour more a day with their children than parents did 25 years ago.
D) Jane's job will have a negative effect on her children's well being, especially her daughter's.

Question 20

major criticism of Holland's theory of occupational choice and personality is that _______.

A) occupation and personality type matches have not been found for African Americans
B) Holland's findings are based on limited research
C) the theory does not predict job achievement
D) the results from Asian-American populations do not match results from other populations

Question 21

Which of the following is TRUE?

A) Workers who felt higher levels of job insecurity reported higher levels of job satisfaction because they were grateful to still have a job.
B) men who have experienced job loss have higher rates of mental health problems than women in the same situation.
C) Even if they are still employed, workers exposed to layoffs among friends or co-workers experience higher levels of depression and more symptoms of poor health than workers not exposed to layoffs.
D) the suicide rate in the U.S. remained the same after the recent economic recession, but it decreased in other European countries.

Question 22

the average American retiring today, the largest single source of retirement income is from _______.

A) pension benefits through a job
B) private savings
C) Social Security
D) Supplemental Security Income

Question 23

Based on the results of a recent meta-analytic study examining vocational preferences, women are more interested than men in working_______.

A) with their hands
B) with things
C) with people
D) as investigators

Question 24

Compared to 20 years ago, the elderly in the United States are economically _______.

A) better off today
B) about the same
C) somewhat worse off today
D) considerably worse off today

Question 25

Which of the following best describes the relationship between job satisfaction and age?

A) Job satisfaction rises steadily with age for men but not for women.
B) Job satisfaction rises steadily with age for women but not for men.
C) Job satisfaction rises steadily with age for both men and women.
D) Job satisfaction declines somewhat with age for both men and women.

Question 26

Chantel is a 62-year-old employee of a large manufacturing company. Based on the research, she will __________ compared to her co-workers in their 20s.

A) be tardy more often
B) engage in more on-the-job substance abuse
C) have more voluntary absences from work
D) comply more to the norms of the workplace

Question 27

tend to think of ___ as "retirement age" because that is the age at which people in the United States are able to start receiving full Social Security benefits. However, many people retire earlier, and many keep working past that age.

A) 57
B) 66
C) 70
D) 75

Question 28

strongest predictor of the timing of retirement is _______.

A) caregiving responsibilities
B) age
C) health
D) finances

Question 29

Among American parents who are either married or living together and who have at least one child under the age of 18:

A) women spend more time on household labor.
B) women and men spend the same amount to time on household labor.
C) the total time spent on household labor, child care, and paid labor is much greater for men.
D) the amount of time devoted to household labor, child care, and paid labor depends on where in the country the individuals live.

Question 30

There are numerous studies comparing the effects on children of mothers who work. What finding(s) was/were noted consistently?

A) children have more egalitarian attitudes
B) daughters consider more options when choosing careers
C) sons are more apt to share in the household work when they marry
D) All of the above have been noted

Question 31

Which of the following groups of people are likely to retire the LATEST?

A) those in poor health
B) those who are self-employed
C) those who belong to a pension program
D) those who are unmarried

Question 32

Which of the following individuals is likely to be considered nontraditional student?

A) a 17-18 year high school graduate
B) a twenty year old community college student
C) a 35 year old going back to school for nursing
D) a 18-year-old college student studying computer science

Question 33

Sharleen is experiencing job stress and burn out. She most likely ______.

A) has an internal locus of control
B) feels a need to validate her self-worth by achieving on the job.
C) is extremely dedicated and absorbed in her work.
D) embraces changes going on in the work place to try to reinvigorate herself.

Question 34

the following individuals, who is most likely to be unemployed in the U.S.?

A) Arnold, a white male
B) Cassie, a white female
C) Jerome, a black male
D) Vanessa, a black female

Question 35

which of the following occupations is age most likely to be negatively correlated with job performance?

A) bookkeeper
B) air traffic controller
C) assembly line worker
D) high school English teacher

Question 36

classic study of typists between 19 and 72 years of age showed that

A) typing speed was the same regardless of age.
B) older adults are not able to compensate for decreased reaction time.
C) the older typists took less time to react to visual stimuli because they were really focused.
D) the younger typists read ahead and were ready to type those words sooner than the older typists.

Question 37

Marissa, a nurse, is married to Sean, a high school teacher. They have two children in middle school. Consistent with the most recent data,

A) Marissa spends more time on household labor than Sean.
B) Sean spends more time on child care than Marissa because his job is less physically demanding.
C) When combining time spent on house work, child care and paid work, Sean spends much more time overall on these tasks than Marissa.
D) They spend equal time on paid work because they are both professionals.

Question 38

Research on the effects of genetics on career choice (using a score based on occupational status) showed that

A) genetics play no role in career choice.
B) environmental effects played a stronger role for women than for men.
C) for males, the dizygotic twins' occupational status scores correlated significantly higher than the scores for monozygotic twins.
D) For both males and females, the environment did not play nearly as much of a role as genetics.

Question 39

(conceptual-220-221). Shift work

A) is becoming less common in the U.S.
B) increases the chances of divorce or separation.
C) only seems to have negative effects for those from a lower socioeconomic status.
D) seems to have more positive effects on the marriage if they have children.

Question 40

what type of jobs, if any, does job performance decline past midlife?

A) those requiring speed
B) those requiring concentration
C) those requiring analytic skills
D) those requiring attention to detail

Question 41

List and describe the key features that influence retirement decisions.

Question 42

Briefly describe three factors that influence a young person's choice of a career or job.

Question 43

other social ills, poverty in old age is not equally distributed across ethnic groups or gender. Of the following older individuals, who is more apt to live his/her Golden Years in poverty?

A) Robert T., a 75-year old white retired musician
B) Carmen R., a 68 year old Cuban-American hairdresser living with partner
C) Kaloni S., a 70 year old African-American woman who lives alone
D) Mr. and Mrs. Jacob Kaufman, both 78 years old Mennonites, retired business owners

Question 44

nontraditional exit from the labor force is to retire and take a bridge job. Of the following selections, choose the one who is considered to be working a bridge job.

A) Martha, a retired journalist, volunteers at a local hospital
B) Duane, a salesman who went back to college at night after his company downsized and takes care of his two children after school.
C) Jorge, a retired county sheriff, took a part-time security guard position at a local Walmart
D) Bertha, retired from Harley Davidson, so she could spend more time gardening

Question 45

Bjorklund notes that women have even more need than men to plan for retirement. What are two reasons for this assertion?

Question 46

of the domestic migration in the U.S. and Europe can be explained by:

A) air and water quality.
B) variety of cultural activities available.
C) cost of living.
D) weather.

Question 47

Current research suggests that in two-job families, women continue to be responsible for and perform most of the housework and childcare jobs. Why do you think that is the case? Give as many possible explanations as you can, drawing on both theory and research where possible.

Question 48

Esther and Harold retired 10 years ago, they moved down to Arizona, away from their children. In Longino's labeling system, their current move would be called a(an) _______.

A) amenity move
B) compensatory migration
C) institutional migration
D) post-retirement migration

Question 49

single change in the last several decades has had the largest positive effect on the average income of current elderly persons in the United States?

A) More women have worked, and so earn retirement income.
B) Men are living longer, so there are more couples earning the higher male retirement incomes.
C) Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs) were created.
D) Social Security benefits have significantly increased.

Question 50

Your friend tells you that she is planning to switch to night shifts so that she can save money on daycare. Her husband, who owns a successful business, is not so sure that this is a good idea. Drawing upon the research, what would you advise?

Question 51

Analyze the following statement: "The apparent increase in job satisfaction with age, evident in cross-sectional studies, is really only a cohort difference in disguise." Can you support or refute this statement? What relevant data can you utilize to support your answer?

Question 52

Wanda is retired and enjoys the warm winters of the south and southwest but does not want to make a complete break from home. Which of the following is most likely to be true?

A) She is likely in her early 60s and single.
B) She is likely African American.
C) She is likely well-educated and owns her winter residence.
D) She is making what Longino refers to as an institutional move.
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

Question 53

Holland proposed six basic personality types with corresponding work environments. Briefly list these personality types and include examples of corresponding occupational types.

Question 54

Your father is nearing retirement and seems to be dreading it. His coworkers have told him that he will hate being retired. What can you tell him to reassure him, based on the evidence given in this chapter?

Question 55

Compare and contrast the effect of job loss on adult functioning.

Question 56

has incoming coming in every month from rental property he has owned for the last two decades. This source of income would be referred to as:

A) his pension.
B) his asset income.
C) his earnings.
D) social security income.

Question 57

Which group of older adults has the highest rate of poverty in the United States?

A) white men
B) white women
C) African-American men
D) African-American women

Question 58

Describe how the effects of job insecurity compare to the effects of unemployment.

Question 59

Leonard is 66 years of age and still in the labor force. Based on what you know about "retirement shunners" what would you guess his occupation to be?

A) a police officer
B) a fire fighter
C) a college professor
D) an insurance salesman

Question 60

Why would work satisfaction rise with age? Make sure to include relevant research.

Question 61

Use Holland's theory relating to career selection and explore a single career choice by a man or a woman in terms of vocational interest, gender issues, genetics, and family influence. Use a real or fictitious example in your answer.

Question 62

Using a fictitious or real-life example, fully explore Super's life-span/life-space theory of career development, explaining your individual's progress through each stage in comparison to the theoretical model.

Question 63

Our jobs occupy a hefty portion of our time, our thoughts, and our emotions. They determine in large part where we live, how well we live, and with whom we spend time-even after working hours. On another level, our jobs provide a good deal of our identity and self-esteem. If you could change one aspect of work in America, what would it be and provide a rationale for your choice.

Question 64

In individual decisions about when to retire, the availability of pension benefits and health often exert opposite influences. Explain this.