Deck 4: Consciousness

Question 1

When you are sleep-deprived, you are likely to become less sensitive to a neurotransmitter that helps to keep you alert during the day. Which neurotransmitter is this?

A) Serotonin
B) GABA
C) Dopamine
D) Norepinephrine

Answer 1

Norepinephrine

Question 2

A newborn infant needs about ____.

A) four times the amount of sleep of an adult
B) three times the amount of sleep of an adult
C) two times the amount of sleep of an adult
D) the same amount of sleep as an adult

Answer 2

two times the amount of sleep of an adult

Question 3

From infancy to adulthood, the need for sleep ____.

A) decreases
B) increases
C) stays the same
D) stays the same until adulthood, at which time it decreases

Answer 3

decreases

Question 4

Research suggests that sleeping at night and being active during the day ____.

A) is contrary to the theory of natural selection
B) is typical behavior for large predators
C) may have evolved as a necessary behavior for humans
D) may have evolved as a necessary behavior for all animals

Question 5

"The thoughts, feelings, and aroused states of which we are aware" is the definition of ____.

A) subliminal perception
B) consciousness
C) intelligence
D) hypnosis

Question 6

If you attempted to stay awake for a week or longer you would most likely ______.

A) die
B) become groggy but not fall asleep
C) gain weight
D) experience microsleeps and eventually full sleep

Question 7

Your body's immune system response can be reduced ____.

A) with just a few nights of sleep deprivation, but recovery will take more than a month of normal sleep
B) only after a month or more of sleep deprivation, but recovery will occur after only a few nights of normal sleep
C) with just a few nights of sleep deprivation, and recovery can occur with just a few nights of normal sleep
D) only after a month or more of sleep deprivation, and recovery will occur only after a month or more of normal sleep

Question 8

Because genetics appear to influence one's need for sleep, it would be expected that ____.

A) identical twins would be more similar in their sleep needs than fraternal twins
B) fraternal twins would be more similar in their sleep needs than identical twins
C) individuals raised in the same home would have similar sleep needs
D) individuals raised in the same culture would have similar sleep needs

Question 9

You have gotten much less than your normal amount of sleep in the last week of the semester in order to complete your coursework. It is likely that your immune system responses will ____.

A) not be reduced, as it takes a couple of weeks of partial sleep deprivation for an effect to occur
B) be reduced
C) be increased
D) be affected, making it more difficult to overcome existing sicknesses, but not reducing your vulnerability to a new virus

Question 10

A person who does not get enough sleep is most likely to ____.

A) experience improved social relations
B) have a decreased immune response
C) be very productive
D) develop a mental health problem

Question 11

Most American adults need at least ____ hours of sleep a night, but actually average about ____ hours on weekdays.

A) 6.0; 5.0
B) 7.0; 7.5
C) 8.0; 6.5
D) 8.5; 8.0

Question 12

Which individual would likely need the most sleep each day?

A) Your 80-year-old grandmother
B) Your mother
C) Your teenaged sister
D) Your 3-year-old sister

Question 13

Gustavo often experiences brief episodes of sleep while he is in his psychology class. These brief episodes are called ____.

A) microsleeps
B) macrosleeps
C) circadian rhythms
D) sleep spindles

Question 14

If you were deprived of sleep for a couple of nights, you would most likely ____.

A) develop schizophrenia
B) begin to not feel tired anymore
C) experience microsleeps until you could get a longer night's sleep
D) suffer serious cardiovascular problems

Question 15

Your friend is trying to convince you that a good night of sleep will help you remember the school material you studied the day before. Research on this topic suggests that your friend is ____.

A) wrong
B) right
C) partially right, in that sleep aids long-term memory, but not short-term memory
D) partially right, in that sleep aids short-term memory, but not long-term memory

Question 16

What is one function of sleep?

A) Sleep can cure mental illness.
B) Sleep prevents Alzheimer's.
C) Sleep increases your immunity to disease.
D) Sleep inhibits the formation of memories.

Question 17

When people do not get enough sleep, they are more likely to be

A) able to lose weight.
B) inattentive and easily distracted.
C) joyful.
D) immune to diseases.

Question 18

A microsleep is a ____.

A) nap that lasts about 10-15 minutes
B) short segment of sleep examined randomly by technicians in a sleep lab
C) device designed to facilitate sleep in those suffering from insomnia
D) 3-15 second burst of sleep occurring in the midst of a wakeful activity

Question 19

In order for sleep to benefit your memory, ____.

A) the information you want to remember must be well-encoded before you go to sleep
B) your sleep must not consist of long periods of deep sleep
C) you should clear your mind and not do any strenuous mental work for at least an hour before bed
D) the amount of sleep you get should not exceed more than five or six hours

Question 20

Ivana has spent the last several nights studying for midterm exams. She has not been sleeping as much as she usually does. Which of the following is Ivana most likely to experience due to her reduced amount of sleeping?

A) Increased body growth
B) Increased alertness
C) Increased susceptibility to cold and flu viruses
D) Increased problem solving ability

Question 21

Research suggests that being a "night owl" versus being an "early bird" is ____.

A) influenced by environment only
B) influenced by genetics only
C) influenced by genetics and environment
D) an artificial distinction since there is no such thing as a "night owl" or "early bird"

Question 22

The suprachiasmatic nucleus is ____.

A) the pleasure center in the brain where most addictions arise
B) the part of the brain that is left in charge when a person is hypnotized
C) the point through which all sensory systems send their impulses to the cortex of the brain
D) our internal clock influencing sleep and wakefulness

Question 23

Your body's natural sleep-wake cycle is programmed by a group of brain cells called the ____.

A) suprachiasmatic nucleus
B) substantia nigra
C) temporal lobe
D) pituitary gland

Question 24

Melatonin tends to make you ____.

A) sleepy
B) hungry
C) alert
D) constipated

Question 25

If a male and female were raised with different expectations and lifestyles with regard to sleeping patterns, it would be expected that ____.

A) they would both still have the same need for sleep
B) they would each have a different need for sleep
C) the male would have a greater need for sleep than the female
D) the female would have a greater need for sleep than the male

Question 26

The suprachiasmatic nucleus directs your circadian rhythms primarily in response to ____.

A) sleep
B) food
C) light
D) noise

Question 27

Melatonin is known as the "Dracula hormone" because it ____.

A) was first identified in the blood of bats
B) is released at night
C) makes the blood "sweeter" due to its chemical similarity with glucose
D) disguises itself as dopamine in the central nervous system

Question 28

Compared to fraternal twins, identical twins have been found to ____.

A) need more sleep
B) need less sleep
C) have more similar sleep needs
D) have less similar sleep needs

Question 29

The reason why you might get tired and sleepy as the sun goes down is because your body is releasing ____ into your bloodstream.

A) cortisol
B) melatonin
C) GABA
D) oxytocin

Question 30

Which represents the correct match between brain wave patterns and stage of sleep?

A) Alpha waves-deep sleep
B) Beta waves-awake and alert
C) Theta waves-awake but relaxed
D) Delta waves-light sleep

Question 31

On average, resetting your circadian rhythms when traveling takes about ____ for each hour of time change.

A) four hours
B) one day
C) three days
D) four days

Question 32

If you lived in a cave with no cues to indicate time, your circadian rhythms would gradually conform to a ____ day.

A) 22- to 23-hour
B) 24- to 25-hour
C) 26- to 27-hour
D) 27- to 28-hour

Question 33

As you relax in preparation to sleep (but, before you sleep), your brain waves will typically change from ____.

A) beta to alpha
B) theta to delta
C) alpha to delta
D) beta to theta

Question 34

Which worker is most likely to have the greatest difficulty with disruptions in their circadian rhythms?

A) John, who works from 3 PM to midnight five nights a week.
B) Joan, who works from midnight to 8 AM five nights a week.
C) Bill, who works from 8 AM to 4 PM seven days a week.
D) Becky, who works from midnight to 8 AM on the weekends and 8 AM to 4 PM on Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday.

Question 35

Kevin has volunteered to be a participant in a study on sleep. In studying Kevin's brain activity while he is sleeping, the researcher will most likely use a(n) ____.

A) EKG
B) EEG
C) EMG
D) MRI

Question 36

Which statement is TRUE regarding our sleep patterns?

A) REM sleep consists of four stages, and non-REM sleep consists of one stage.
B) Both REM sleep and non-REM sleep consist of four stages.
C) REM sleep consists of one stage, and non-REM sleep consists of four stages.
D) Both REM sleep and non-REM sleep consist of one stage.

Question 37

The key element of shift work that leads to negative effects seems to be ____.

A) the constant changing of work hours
B) a lack of sleep
C) a schedule that is inconsistent with most others
D) difficulty finding time for intimate relationships

Question 38

Teenagers generally want to stay up later in the evening and sleep longer in the morning than children do. This may be due to____.

A) increased amounts of norepinephrine in the central nervous system
B) decreased autonomic nervous system activity
C) the effects of marijuana
D) changes in melatonin secretion

Question 39

Circadian rhythms are ____.

A) changes in bodily processes that occur on a predictable daily basis
B) biological energy waves that randomly affect your ability to function
C) a method of birth control
D) the stages we go through as we sleep

Question 40

Jet lag is primarily a result of ____.

A) sleep deprivation
B) low levels of oxygen in planes
C) disrupted circadian rhythms
D) culture shock

Question 41

Brenda is asleep and her brain is producing slow and large brain waves. Brenda is most likely in which stage of sleep?

A) Stage I
B) Stage II
C) Stage IV
D) REM

Question 42

Which statement is TRUE regarding sleep stages?

A) Dreaming can occur in all stages.
B) As the night progresses, we spend more time in stage IV sleep and less time in REM sleep.
C) We typically spend four hours a night in REM sleep.
D) A kind of body paralysis occurs in stage IV sleep.

Question 43

Japhet is lying in bed. He is relaxed, but he is not yet asleep. Japhet's brain is most likely producing ____.

A) REM waves
B) beta waves
C) alpha waves
D) delta waves

Question 44

What is one difference between REM sleep and non-REM sleep?

A) Dreams occur only in non-REM sleep.
B) Dreams occur only in REM sleep.
C) Dreams in non-REM sleep are more easily recalled.
D) Dreams in REM sleep are more easily recalled.

Question 45

Assuming uninterrupted sleep, after experiencing stage IV sleep, the next stage would be ____.

A) REM sleep
B) non-REM stage I
C) non-REM stage II
D) non-REM stage III

Question 46

When we first fall asleep, we enter into ____.

A) REM sleep
B) dream sleep
C) non-REM sleep
D) delta sleep

Question 47

From which stage of sleep is it most difficult to be awakened?

A) Stage I
B) Stage II
C) Stage III
D) Stage IV

Question 48

A person who thrashes about while in REM sleep would most likely be diagnosed with ____.

A) insomnia
B) narcolepsy
C) REM behavior disorder
D) sleep apnea

Question 49

What happens during stage IV sleep?

A) Growth hormone is secreted.
B) The body is essentially paralyzed.
C) The brain is very active.
D) New memories are formed.

Question 50

Samaire is in REM sleep. Her brain waves most closely resemble ____.

A) waking state brain waves
B) stage II brain waves
C) stage III brain waves
D) stage IV brain waves

Question 51

When a person experiences REM rebound, the likely cause is ____.

A) a change in diet
B) a lack of exercise
C) mental illness
D) REM deprivation

Question 52

If you miss a night of sleep, the next time you sleep, you are likely to experience ____.

A) a decrease in dreaming
B) REM rebound
C) REM behavior disorder
D) an increase in stage I sleep

Question 53

If you have been asleep for about 50 minutes and are in a deep sleep such that when awakened you are disoriented, you have most likely been experiencing ____.

A) REM sleep
B) stage II sleep
C) stage III sleep
D) stage IV sleep

Question 54

Joseph suffers from REM behavior disorder. This means that ____.

A) during waking hours, he sometimes suddenly falls into REM sleep
B) his body is not experiencing the muscle paralysis that normally accompanies REM sleep
C) his body becomes temporarily paralyzed whenever he enters REM sleep
D) his behavior while awake is highly impulsive and unpredictable due to extreme REM deprivation

Question 55

Which of the following represents the correct association?

A) Stage IV sleep-vivid and easily recalled dreams
B) Stage II sleep-deep sleep
C) Stage I sleep-falling or floating sensations
D) REM sleep-reduced heart rate and respiration

Question 56

If Lebron, who is asleep and dreaming, and Kobe, who is awake, were both given brain scans, what would you expect their scans to look like?

A) Lebron's would be more active than Kobe's.
B) Kobe's would be more active than Lebron's.
C) Both scans would be similar with a large amount of activity.
D) Both scans would be similar with a small amount of activity.

Question 57

Sleep spindles occur during ____ sleep.

A) REM
B) non-REM stage I
C) non-REM stage II
D) non-REM stage III

Question 58

During sleep, if your muscles are extremely relaxed but your brain activity is similar to a waking state, you are most likely in ____.

A) stage IV sleep
B) REM sleep
C) stage I sleep
D) stage III sleep

Question 59

Which sleep stage is characterized by theta brain waves and typically lasts from one to seven minutes?

A) Stage I
B) Stage II
C) Stage III
D) Stage IV

Question 60

Gisela is a participant in a study on sleep. She is easily awakened by the researcher and reports that she was dreaming. Gisela was most likely in ____.

A) stage I sleep
B) stage II sleep
C) stage IV sleep
D) REM sleep

Question 61

Mischa believes that dreaming is a way to deal with daily problems and issues. Mischa is endorsing which dream theory?

A) The continuity hypothesis
B) Freud's theory
C) Memory theory
D) Activation-synthesis theory

Question 62

When Oliver awakens, he remembers dreaming of being in an orphanage with no food to eat. According to Freud, what is the manifest content of dream?

A) The orphanage and lack of food represent Oliver's repressed sexuality.
B) Oliver is trying to cope with feelings of insecurity.
C) Oliver recalls being in an orphanage with no food to eat.
D) Oliver's dream has no manifest content, only latent content.

Question 63

Which statement is TRUE regarding REM sleep?

A) Some studies have shown that REM-deprived people have improved concentration.
B) There is a possible link between REM sleep and memory processing.
C) REM sleep tends to clutter the brain with trivial or unimportant information.
D) REM deprived people are twice as likely to have a mental health problem as non-REM deprived people.

Question 64

According to Freud, when you wake up and recall dreaming about taking a test in your psychology class, you are recalling the ____ of the dream.

A) manifest content
B) superficial content
C) latent content
D) meaningful content

Question 65

If you are not getting enough sleep, you are most likely having reduced ____ sleep.

A) REM
B) stage I
C) stage III
D) stage IV

Question 66

Which of the following best summarizes the current views in psychology on the meaning of dreams?

A) Dreams definitely have meaning and can be helpful in understanding the hidden nature of individuals.
B) Dreams definitely do not have meaning, but are merely a by-product of brain activity.
C) Dreams with people in them have meaning, but dreams without people have no meaning.
D) Scientists do not really know whether or not dreams generally have any special meaning.

Question 67

The idea that dreams are a way to consolidate what we have learned comes from ____.

A) continuity theory
B) activation-synthesis theory
C) memory theory
D) threat simulation theory

Question 68

We spend about _____ of our total sleep time each night in REM sleep.

A) 10%
B) 20%
C) 40%
D) 60%

Question 69

Bailey studies all day on Sunday for her psychology final on Monday. When she wakes up Monday morning, she reports many intense and vivid dreams. Bailey's experience most supports which theory on dreaming?

A) Coping theory
B) Memory theory
C) Freud's theory
D) Activation-synthesis theory

Question 70

Activation-synthesis theorists propose that dreams ____.

A) can provide us with some insight into ourselves
B) have rich hidden meaning
C) have no meaning at all
D) are largely unrelated to everyday life

Question 71

Tony dreams that he is being chased by a pack of she-wolves into a mountain cave. Tony's therapist believes that Tony's dream reflects his unconscious fear of women. The therapist is highlighting the ____ of Tony's dream.

A) manifest content
B) latent content
C) memory content
D) activation synthesis

Question 72

When Freud said that dreams are "the royal road to the unconscious," he meant that ____.

A) dreams typically reflect the dreamers desire to have status, wealth, and power similar to that of a noble person
B) if you want to understand the meaning of a person's dreams you need to understand how the unconscious works
C) dreams are a good indication of the wholesome and positive desires and qualities of the dreamer
D) knowing someone's dreams will give insight into the person's thoughts and emotions that may not even be understood by the person

Question 73

The term "latent content" is most closely associated with the ____ theory of dreaming.

A) Freudian
B) mental housekeeping
C) threat simulation
D) activation-synthesis

Question 74

Which dream theme tends to be universal?

A) Elements of nature, such as bodies of water, clouds, and animals
B) Basic needs or fears, such as sex, aggression, and death
C) Time-related objects, such as clocks, calendars, and agendas
D) Characteristics of success, such as money, fame, and possessions

Question 75

You dream about a monster chasing you and you realize later that the monster symbolizes the research paper that you have due in one of your classes. According to Freud, this interpretation of your dream is called the ____.

A) manifest content
B) Freudian content
C) latent content
D) true content

Question 76

Which theory proposes that dreaming is a way to rehearse responses to events that endanger our survival?

A) Mental consolidation theory
B) Activation-synthesis theory
C) Danger evocation theory
D) Threat simulation theory

Question 77

The activation-synthesis theory of dreaming suggests that ____.

A) dreaming is designed to cope with stresses and concerns in the individual
B) dreams are a reflection of a person's deep unconscious concerns
C) dreams have absolutely no meaning
D) dreams represent the brain's attempt to create meaning from random neural impulses

Question 78

With which one of the following statements would Freud be most likely to agree?

A) Dreams are important clues to the content of our unconscious.
B) Dreams have no psychological meaning.
C) Dreams allow us to dump useless information.
D) Dreams are the brain's attempt to make sense of random neural activity.

Question 79

People living in climates where snow is commonplace will be most likely to dream about ____.

A) snow
B) rain
C) beaches and hot weather
D) clouds

Question 80

Manifest content is to ____, as latent content is to ____.

A) activation-synthesis; psychoanalytic
B) recall; interpretation
C) true; false
D) biological; psychological