Deck 11: Personality

Question 1

According to Freud, a child's ego begins to develop ____.

A) at birth
B) in response to an awareness of "right" and "wrong"
C) at the same time as the superego
D) when it becomes necessary to deal with societal demands

Answer 1

when it becomes necessary to deal with societal demands

Question 2

According to Freud, which part of a person's personality has the most energy?

A) Conscious
B) Id
C) Unconscious
D) Ego

Answer 2

Unconscious

Question 3

Which sequence correctly represents the developmental order for the three components of personality according to Freud?

A) Ego, id, superego
B) Id, superego, ego
C) Superego, ego, id
D) Id, ego, superego

Answer 3

Id, ego, superego

Question 4

Personality is ____.

A) a manner of acting characterized by uniqueness and appeal
B) a collection of characteristics that defines how a person behaves in different situations
C) the part of a person that is exhibited only when in the presence of others
D) the unpredictable actions of individuals that are typical of most people at least some of the time

Question 5

According to Freud, the job of the ego is to ____.

A) satisfy the demands of the id only
B) satisfy the demands of the superego only
C) satisfy the demands of both the id and the superego
D) eliminate the demands of both the id and the superego

Question 6

In psychoanalytic theory, preconscious is to ____ awareness, as unconscious is to ____ awareness.

A) current; past
B) imperfect; perfect
C) deep; superficial
D) potential; lack of

Question 7

Freud believed that a person's ____ always influences behavior.

A) unconscious
B) past
C) childhood
D) genetic background

Question 8

Freud emphasized that humans are ____.

A) similar to animals
B) similar to machines
C) different from animals because of our ability to think rationally
D) different from machines because of our ability to experience emotion

Question 9

According to Freud's theory, your newborn niece's personality consists of ____.

A) ego, superego, and id
B) only an ego and id
C) only an ego
D) only an id

Question 10

From Freud's perspective, an adult who cannot resist an impulse to gamble all of his money is responding to the energy of his ____.

A) id
B) superego
C) preconscious
D) ego

Question 11

A young child begins to wait patiently for his favorite food while his father prepares it, rather than crying uncontrollably until he gets what he wants. Freud would say the child has now developed his ____.

A) ego
B) id
C) superego
D) conscience

Question 12

According to Freud, the ____ is protected by defense mechanisms.

A) subconscious
B) superego
C) id
D) ego

Question 13

As a child, Kelly would try to prevent her parents from holding hands, but she now has no memory of this. According to Freud, Kelly's memory of the attempts probably resides in her ____.

A) conscious mind
B) unconscious mind
C) preconscious mind
D) ego

Question 14

A sexually promiscuous teenage girl may not realize that her motivations stem from conflicting emotions surrounding growing up without a father. Freud would most likely say that her motivations are arising from her ____.

A) unconscious
B) interdependent self
C) sense of cognitive dissonance
D) preconscious

Question 15

Daniel hits his sister when he is mad at her. According to Freud, Daniel's aggression is an impulse stemming from his ____.

A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) reality principle

Question 16

Before reading this question you probably were not thinking of the events surrounding your last birthday. If you can now remember your last birthday, Freud would most likely say that its memories existed in your ____.

A) anteconscious
B) conscious
C) preconscious
D) unconscious

Question 17

Freud believed that personality is a product of ____.

A) the environment
B) the interaction between conscious and unconscious forces
C) high level logical and reasoned thinking
D) the Oedipal complex

Question 18

The ego operates according to ____.

A) inherited archetypes
B) the reality principle
C) the Oedipal complex
D) the pleasure principle

Question 19

In Freud's iceberg analogy, the tip of the iceberg represents a person's ____.

A) conscious mind
B) id
C) unconscious mind
D) superego

Question 20

The ego is to ____, as the id is to ____.

A) pleasure; reality
B) reality; pleasure
C) angelic; devilish
D) devilish; angelic

Question 21

According to Freud, behaviors such as smoking, chewing gum, and biting one's fingernails probably can be traced back to unmet needs during which psychosexual stage?

A) Genital
B) Phallic
C) Oral
D) Anal

Question 22

According to Freud's theory, the Oedipal complex and the Electra complex occur in the ____ stage of psychosexual development.

A) genital
B) phallic
C) latent
D) anal

Question 23

A difference between a Freudian slip and a defense mechanism is that ____.

A) defense mechanisms are intentionally implemented by the ego
B) defense mechanisms are implemented by the superego
C) a Freudian slip is intentionally implemented by the ego
D) a Freudian slip is implemented by the superego

Question 24

A Freudian slip is ____.

A) an error that Freud made in his theory of personality
B) a type of defense mechanism used to avoid anxiety
C) an unconscious id impulse that is expressed before the ego can control it
D) the desire to have an intimate relationship with the opposite-sex parent

Question 25

The Electra complex refers to a young ____ unconscious sexual urge to bond with _____.

A) boy's; his mother
B) girl's; her father
C) boy's; his father
D) girl's; her mother

Question 26

Rosalinda wants a new doll, but she has no money. The thought of stealing the doll crosses Rosalinda's mind, but she decides not to because stealing is wrong. According to Freud, Rosalinda's decision not to steal is most influenced by the ____.

A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) Eros

Question 27

Freud's psychosexual stages reflect ____.

A) the development of social skills necessary for emotional health
B) changes in the use of defense mechanisms as one gets older
C) natural shifts of pleasure from one part of the body to another
D) an unfolding of biological archetypes for healthy development

Question 28

In Freudian theory, the _______ principle drives the instincts of the id.

A) repression
B) reality
C) Oedipal
D) pleasure

Question 29

According to Freud, when a young boy experiences the Oedipal complex, he resolves it by ____.

A) identifying with his father
B) sublimating his energy into a new hobby
C) repressing his intimacy needs
D) developing an attraction toward girls his own age

Question 30

In Freudian theory, the phallic stage and the genital stage are similar in that they both ____.

A) become repressed as one gets older
B) involve conscious desires to have an intimate relationship with the opposite-sex parent
C) involve the genitals as the primary erogenous zone
D) were added to Freud's stages by neo-Freudians

Question 31

Freudian theory contends that defense mechanisms are used ____.

A) only by those who are mentally ill
B) by everyone on a regular basis
C) primarily by adults
D) primarily by children

Question 32

In which psychosexual stage would Freud predict that same-sex friendships would be the most predominant?

A) Anal
B) Phallic
C) Latency
D) Genital

Question 33

According to Freud, the phallic stage occurs from ____ years of age.

A) 1 to 3
B) 3 to 6
C) 6 to 11
D) 11 to 14

Question 34

When Wendy kisses James, she says, "I love you, Bill." Followers of Freud would say that this is ____.

A) sublimation
B) a reality principle
C) rationalization
D) a Freudian slip

Question 35

The superego is ____.

A) your rational, logical self
B) your moral conscience
C) motivated to seek pleasure
D) controlled by instinctual energy

Question 36

Freud's latency stage most differs from the other stages in that the latency stage is the only one that does not involve ____.

A) erogenous zones
B) defense mechanisms
C) the Oedipal complex
D) psychic energy

Question 37

Anal-retentiveness is an example of ____.

A) reaction formation
B) a Freudian slip
C) a fixation
D) transference

Question 38

According to psychoanalytic theory, personality problems arise when ____.

A) a person's ego has become overwhelmed by the id or the superego
B) a person's ego has become overly strong
C) a person has not been using his or her defense mechanisms
D) all of a person's unconscious conflicts have become conscious

Question 39

According to Freud, a person whose oral needs were not met as a child would develop a(n) ____.

A) Oedipal complex
B) alternate personality
C) reaction formation
D) oral fixation

Question 40

Which sequence correctly represents the order of Freud's psychosexual stages?

A) Phallic, latency, oral, anal, genital
B) Anal, genital, oral, latency, phallic
C) Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
D) Latent, oral, genital, phallic, anal

Question 41

For Carl Jung, an archetype is a(n) ____.

A) dream symbol relating to male genitalia
B) element of personality that strives for self-fulfillment and pleasure
C) innate desire to fulfill one's natural potential
D) mental representation that predisposes people to respond to the world in predictable ways

Question 42

For Carl Jung, the persona and shadow are ____.

A) external forces that shape our personality development
B) elements of ourselves that we either show or hide from the world
C) defense mechanisms related to projection
D) part of Freudian theory that Jung rejected as unimportant

Question 43

Which of the following is regarded as one of Freud's valuable contributions to psychology?

A) The idea that adult behavior is influenced by childhood experiences
B) His rigorous use of the scientific method
C) His emphasis on developing objective measures of his constructs
D) The idea that personality is associated with specific regions of the brain

Question 44

Pedro has been arguing with his spouse lately, and this arguing has begun to cause Pedro serious problems in his marital relationship. Karen Horney would most likely say that Pedro's argumentative behavior stems from his ____.

A) basic inferiority
B) basic need for power
C) basic anxiety
D) drive toward self-actualization

Question 45

Who among the following is a neo-Freudian?

A) Carl Jung
B) Abraham Maslow
C) Carl Rogers
D) B. F. Skinner

Question 46

Your psychology teacher believes that the unconscious includes archetypes, which are universally inherited predispositions to respond to the world in a certain way. Your teacher's views are most similar to those of ____.

A) Carl Rogers
B) Carl Jung
C) Alfred Adler
D) Karen Horney

Question 47

Freud's concept of the ego would be most similar to which Jungian archetype?

A) The persona
B) The shadow
C) The anima
D) The animus

Question 48

Alfred Adler emphasized the idea of ____.

A) birth order
B) archetypes
C) aggression
D) basic anxiety

Question 49

Tomas has never felt very good about his accomplishments and typically will focus on any mistake he has made as a way of proving that he is not worthy. According to Adler, Tomas ____.

A) had difficulty resolving the trust versus mistrust stage
B) is suffering from basic anxiety
C) has developed an inferiority complex
D) has not yet developed a personal unconscious

Question 50

Carl Jung is to ____, as Karen Horney is to ____.

A) inferiority; the shadow
B) id psychology; Oedipal conflict
C) animus; ego psychology
D) archetypes; basic anxiety

Question 51

In Jung's theory, persona is to ____, as shadow is to ____.

A) visible; hidden
B) good; bad
C) personal unconscious; collective unconscious
D) inferiority complex; superiority complex

Question 52

Neo-Freudians ____.

A) placed less emphasis on sex and aggression
B) rejected the concept of the unconscious
C) placed less emphasis on the activities of the ego
D) rejected the concept of internal motivation

Question 53

What do Karen Horney, Carl Jung, and Alfred Adler all have in common?

A) They all emphasized the idea of a collective unconscious.
B) They all disagreed with Freud's idea of operant conditioning.
C) They all placed less emphasis on Freud's focus on instinctual sexual drives.
D) They all emphasized the importance of birth order in personality development.

Question 54

Vladimer has no memory of his year spent in kindergarten. According to Jung, Vladimer's memory of kindergarten resides in his ____.

A) unconscious
B) collective unconscious
C) conscious
D) personal unconscious

Question 55

Freud's theory of personality is difficult to support, yet also difficult to disprove. This is ____.

A) considered to be a strength of his theory
B) considered to be a weakness of his theory
C) not considered to be a weakness or a strength of his theory
D) no longer correct, as new technology has allowed more sophisticated testing of his theory

Question 56

Which of the following best describes Freud's effect on modern thought?

A) Freud was one of the most influential thinkers of the 20th century.
B) Freud's theories have contributed nothing to psychology.
C) Freud's theories about the unconscious explain more of human behavior than any other theory currently in use.
D) Because Freud developed his theories while under the influence of cocaine, they are more helpful in explaining the intoxicated mind than normal mental processes.

Question 57

Karen Horney believed that ____.

A) biology and instincts are primary factors in personality development
B) the Oedipal complex contributes significantly to superego development
C) culture, family, and early relationships can affect basic anxiety levels
D) we each inherit universal images and ideas from the earliest development of the human psyche

Question 58

Alfred Adler's beliefs that birth order is an important factor in personality development have ____.

A) been supported by many studies
B) been supported in studies on males, but not in studies of females
C) been supported in studies on females, but not in studies of males
D) not been supported by research

Question 59

While Freud emphasized ____ motivation, Jung emphasized ____ motivation.

A) social; biological
B) sexual; spiritual
C) learned; unlearned
D) normal; abnormal

Question 60

Bruce is a ruthless lawyer who will stop at nothing to win a case and thereby achieve more recognition and power from his peers. According to Horney, Bruce's behavior is due to ____.

A) the development of mistrust in infancy
B) the shadow archetype
C) basic anxiety in childhood
D) an inferiority complex

Question 61

Gordon Allport's secondary traits and the effects of circumstances on traits highlight what is known as the ____.

A) self-other orientation
B) introversion/extraversion dimension
C) person-situation interaction
D) five-factor trait theory

Question 62

Which statement would be most agreeable to a trait theorist?

A) The focus in studying personality should be to find the characteristics that all people share.
B) People tend to behave differently depending upon the situation they are in.
C) A healthy personality is defined by a strong ego.
D) Personality characteristics tend to remain relatively stable as we age.

Question 63

Why is Freud's theory of personality difficult to disprove?

A) Freud's theory is so well constructed that it is difficult to find substantial flaws within it.
B) It is so widely accepted that few scientists are willing to attempt any research that would disprove the theory.
C) The research to disprove the theory would require such large investments of time and money that the research would be impractical.
D) The major concepts of Freud's theory are based on the unconscious and are therefore difficult to measure.

Question 64

Tom and Maria are both outgoing in varying degrees. Tom can easily strike up a conversation with anyone. Maria is more likely to be outgoing with her friends. According to Cattell, if everyone has some degree of outgoingness in them like Tom and Maria, this would be considered a ____ trait.

A) central
B) secondary
C) cardinal
D) source

Question 65

Which one of Gordon Allport's three types of traits has received the least amount of scientific support?

A) Cardinal traits
B) Central traits
C) Primary traits
D) Secondary traits

Question 66

Sensation seekers tend to experience low levels of ____.

A) norepinephrine
B) dopamine
C) MAO
D) serotonin

Question 67

If your psychology teacher subscribes more to trait theory than to other personality theories, she is likely to believe that personality ____.

A) is a product of social and environmental situations
B) is largely shaped by personal choice and free will
C) has a strong biological basis
D) reflects unconscious forces

Question 68

According to Gordon Allport, if a person is very assertive in most situations, assertiveness would be considered a ____ of that person.

A) secondary trait
B) primary trait
C) central trait
D) self-trait

Question 69

Who among the following would be considered a trait theorist?

A) B. F . Skinner
B) Hans Eysenck
C) Karen Horney
D) Alfred Adler

Question 70

Shaina is described by her friends as confident, friendly, and assertive. According to Allport, confident, friendly, and assertive would represent Shaina's _____ traits.

A) central
B) secondary
C) cardinal
D) universal

Question 71

Gordon Allport believed that there are three types of personality traits: ____.

A) source, primary, and secondary
B) surface, internal, and tertiary
C) central, secondary, and cardinal
D) self, external, and social

Question 72

Which of the following is considered a valid criticism of Freud's theories?

A) Because his theories were based primarily on case study and self-analysis, his observations may not have been objective.
B) Freud's emphasis on spiritual and religious concepts ultimately gave his ideas a narrow perspective.
C) An overemphasis on environmental and social factors led Freud to underemphasize sexual and aggressive instincts.
D) Many of Freud's ideas reflect a bias toward female superiority.

Question 73

Raymond Cattell determined that there were 16 basic traits that could describe differences in personality. He called these ____ traits.

A) source
B) cardinal
C) primary
D) secondary

Question 74

A researcher wanting to determine the common personality traits that can be used to describe all people would most likely use ____.

A) case studies
B) factor analysis
C) experiments
D) naturalistic observations

Question 75

Jet is extremely outgoing to the point that he almost never stays in for an evening-and he does not just go hang out with friends at the coffee shop. He is constantly doing things like skydiving, bungee jumping, and rappelling. If he is with friends, he is usually at the parties that are huge and involve lots of drugs and alcohol. He loves to go out dancing and drinking. Jet is probably a(n) ____.

A) psychopath
B) opportunist
C) sensation seeker
D) introvert

Question 76

Angie arrives late for most of her appointments. Only rarely is she on time for anything. Gordon Allport would consider this element of her personality to be a ____.

A) secondary trait
B) cardinal trait
C) central trait
D) primary trait

Question 77

Sofia is giving a lecture in which she discusses Freud's sources of information for his theory of personality. She is most likely to argue that Freud's ____.

A) experiments were very carefully and tediously conducted
B) experiments were not tightly controlled
C) case studies reflected a biased sample of individuals
D) use of naturalistic observation reflected an over-reliance on that method

Question 78

Whereas Freud focused on the scientific goal of ____, trait theorists focus on the goal of ____.

A) prediction; control
B) explanation; description
C) control; explanation
D) observation; prediction

Question 79

For Gordon Allport, central traits are ____, whereas cardinal traits are ____.

A) expressed across most situations; expressed across all situations
B) expressed across all situations; expressed across most situations
C) observed most often by others; perceived most often by the self
D) perceived most often by the self; observed most often by others

Question 80

Although Scott is not generally a sociable person, he can be, when he is with people that he knows quite well. Gordon Allport would consider Scott's sociability to be a ____.

A) central trait
B) secondary trait
C) primary trait
D) cardinal trait