Deck 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Question 1

The mean age at the beginning of the growth spurt in girls is ________.

A) 6
B) 14
C) 12
D) 9

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Identify a true statement about sexual maturation and weight changes that occur during puberty.

A) Growth of facial hair is the first male pubertal characteristic to develop.
B) Appearance of hair in the armpits is the first physical change in girls.
C) By the end of adolescence, most girls will be taller than boys.
D) Marked weight gains coincide with the onset of puberty.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following hormones is associated with breast, uterine, and skeletal development in girls?

A) adrenaline
B) estradiol
C) somatostatin
D) testosterone

Answer 3

B

Question 4

A girl's first menstruation is called ________.

A) gonadarche
B) spermarche
C) menarche
D) adrenarche

Question 5

________ are powerful chemical substances secreted by the endocrine glands and carried through the body by the bloodstream.

A) Carbohydrates
B) Phospholipids
C) Neurotransmitters
D) Hormones

Question 6

Thirteen-year-old Grace's blood tests indicate that her levels of testosterone are about twice as high as they were a few years ago and that her estradiol levels are about eight times higher than earlier. This indicates that Grace is most likely to

A) undergo normal pubertal changes.
B) be depressed and show extreme behavior.
C) develop abnormal male physical characteristics.
D) develop abnormal female physical characteristics.

Question 7

Fourteen-year-old Kent recently received his blood test results. The test results indicate an eighteenfold increase in testosterone levels and a twofold increase in estradiol levels over the past few years. It appears that Kent

A) is experiencing normal changes during puberty.
B) will be put on hormone therapy to correct the significant imbalances in hormonal levels.
C) has abnormal levels of male sex hormones.
D) has abnormal levels of female sex hormones.

Question 8

Which of the following statements about the timing and variations in puberty is true?

A) Two boys of the same chronological age will generally complete the pubertal sequence at the same time.
B) Menarche is considered within the normal range for girls if it appears between the ages of 9 and 15.
C) Genes have little to do with when and how puberty develops.
D) Weight of an individual is unrelated to pubertal onset.

Question 9

The peak rate of pubertal change occurs at ________ years for girls and ________ years for boys.

A) 13; 14-1/2
B) 12-1/2; 11-1/2
C) 11-1/2; 13-1/2
D) 10-1/2; 13

Question 10

In the context of pubertal changes, preoccupation with body image is especially acute during

A) early adolescence.
B) late adolescence.
C) young adulthood.
D) late adulthood.

Question 11

Which of the following is typically the last male pubertal characteristic to occur?

A) the first ejaculation
B) voice changes
C) increased penis and testicle size
D) growth of facial hair

Question 12

________ is a hormone associated in boys with genital development, increased height, and deepening of the voice.

A) Testosterone
B) Estrogen
C) Estradiol
D) Progestin

Question 13

For most people, puberty

A) is the same as adolescence.
B) ends long before adolescence does.
C) occurs in a single, sudden event.
D) has an easily identifiable beginning and ending.

Question 14

Which of the following is a more accurate vision of adolescence?

A) For most individuals, adolescence is a time of evaluation, decision making, commitment, and carving out a place in the world.
B) For most individuals, adolescence is a time of rebellion, crisis, pathology, and deviance.
C) Most adolescents have a brush with juvenile delinquency.
D) Few adolescents contribute positively to their communities and make a successful transition through adolescence.

Question 15

In the United States, the average age of menarche has ________ since the mid-nineteenth century.

A) increased marginally
B) declined significantly
C) increased significantly
D) not changed

Question 16

Ms. Chang is trying to prepare her health class students for the onset of puberty. What should she tell the boys that they are likely to experience first?

A) the first ejaculation
B) voice changes
C) increased penis and testicle size
D) growth of facial hair

Question 17

Public attitudes about adolescence

A) emerge from a combination of personal experience and media portrayals.
B) reflect an objective picture of how normal adolescents develop.
C) portray today's adolescents as less troubled, less self-centered, less assertive, and less adventurous than in the past.
D) paint an unrealistically positive picture of adolescents.

Question 18

Which of the following statements is true of pubertal growth spurt?

A) The growth spurt occurs approximately 2 years earlier for girls than for boys.
B) The mean age at the beginning of the growth spurt in girls is 11.
C) The peak rate of pubertal change occurs at 11-1/2 years for boys.
D) During their growth spurt, girls increase in height about 4 inches per year.

Question 19

Puberty refers to a period of

A) declining abstract thought and emotional maturation during late adolescence involving neural and synaptic development in the brain.
B) declining gross motor development during late childhood due to the maturation of the temporal and parietal lobes.
C) rapid psychological and emotional maturation that lasts through adolescence and is a product of enhanced cognitive development.
D) rapid physical maturation involving hormonal and bodily changes that occur primarily during early adolescence.

Question 20

Which theorist proposed the "storm-and-stress" view that adolescence is a turbulent time charged with conflict and mood swings?

A) Anna Freud
B) Jean Piaget
C) G. Stanley Hall
D) Daniel Offer

Question 21

A study by Paus and others (2007) found that the prefrontal cortex thickened and more brain connections formed when adolescents

A) struggled for early independence.
B) matured early.
C) conformed to the ideal body image.
D) resisted peer pressure.

Question 22

Which of the following is an example of a long-acting reversible contraception (LARC)?

A) birth control pills
B) condoms
C) contraceptive implants
D) progesterone injections

Question 23

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)

A) are rarely transmitted through oral sex.
B) can be prevented by contraceptive pills or implants.
C) rarely occur in U.S. adolescents.
D) are contracted primarily through sexual contact.

Question 24

According to a study conducted by Glei (1999), in a single act of unprotected sex with an infected partner, a teenage girl has the greatest chance of acquiring

A) genital warts.
B) genital herpes.
C) gonorrhea.
D) chlamydia.

Question 25

With reference to cross-cultural comparisons, which of the following statements about adolescent pregnancies in the United States is true?

A) In 2015, the U.S birth rate for 15- to 19-year old girls was the lowest rate ever recorded.
B) The U.S. adolescent pregnancy rate is much lower than that in the Netherlands.
C) Adolescents in the United States are more sexually active than adolescents in the Netherlands.
D) The U.S. adolescent birth rate increased significantly from 2007 to 2009.

Question 26

Donna is concerned about her adolescent daughter's tendency to flare-up at the mildest provocations. Donna says that her daughter refuses to see reason sometimes and is unable to exercise much self-control. As a specialist in the development of adolescents, you would tell Donna that her daughter's behavior could partly be explained by the biological reason that

A) the prefrontal cortex-involved in reasoning and self-control-has developed fully by early adolescence.
B) the corpus callosum, where fibers connect the brain's left and right hemispheres, thickens in adolescence.
C) by the end of adolescence, individuals have fewer, less selective, and less effective neuronal connections than they did as children.
D) the amygdala-the seat of emotions such as anger-matures earlier than the prefrontal cortex in adolescents.

Question 27

According to a study conducted by Glei (1999), in a single act of unprotected sex with an infected partner, a teenage girl is least likely to contract

A) human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
B) genital herpes.
C) genital warts.
D) human papillomavirus (HPV).

Question 28

Juanita, a Latino girl, is entering adolescence, and her mother wants to keep her from risky sexual behavior. According to research, her mother should

A) engage in a lower level of parental monitoring.
B) avoid emphasizing the need for academic excellence.
C) foster a close and supportive relationship with Juanita.
D) keep Juanita away from adolescent males until she reaches an appropriate age.

Question 29

In a study by Simmons and Blyth (1987), in the sixth grade, early-maturing girls showed greater satisfaction with their figures than did late-maturing girls, but by the tenth grade, late-maturing girls were more satisfied. A possible reason for this is that in late adolescence, late-maturing girls are ________ than early-maturing girls.

A) taller
B) more intelligent
C) more beautiful
D) stockier

Question 30

Research has shown that infants born to adolescent mothers are more likely to have

A) high birth weight.
B) Down syndrome.
C) childhood illnesses.
D) type II diabetes.

Question 31

Which of the following statements is true of the timing of adolescent sexual behavior in the United States?

A) Oral sex is a common occurrence among American adolescents.
B) African Americans are likely to engage in sexual behaviors later than other ethnic groups.
C) Asian Americans are likely to engage in sexual behaviors earlier than other ethnic groups.
D) The majority of Americans report having their first sexual intercourse before the age of 10.

Question 32

Maggie is 14 years old and has not yet matured physically. According to recent research, which of the following will most likely occur by the time Maggie reaches tenth grade?

A) She will be more satisfied with her figure than early-maturing girls.
B) She will be less satisfied with her figure than early-maturing girls.
C) She will be more likely to have an eating disorder than early-maturing girls.
D) She will be more likely to drop out of school than early-maturing girls.

Question 33

In a single act of unprotected sex with an infected partner, a teenage girl has a ________ percent risk of getting HIV.

A) 1
B) 10
C) 25
D) 50

Question 34

Daughters of teenage mothers are

A) unlikely to become pregnant during adolescence.
B) likely to be highly intelligent.
C) more likely to use contraceptives.
D) at increased risk for teenage childbearing.

Question 35

In the context of adolescent sexuality, identify a true statement about developing a sexual identity.

A) All gays and lesbians quietly struggle with same-sex attractions in childhood.
B) An adolescent's sexual identity involves styles of behavior and an indication of sexual orientation.
C) The majority of sexual minority adolescents have incompetent and unsuccessful paths of development through adolescence.
D) Adolescents with opposite-sex attractions never experience any degree of same-sex attractions.

Question 36

The ________, where fibers connect the brain's left and right hemispheres, thickens in adolescence, and this improves adolescents' ability to process information.

A) amygdala
B) corpus callosum
C) parietal lobe
D) temporal lobe

Question 37

A cross-cultural comparison of 21 countries done by Sedgh and others (2015) showed that ________ had the lowest adolescent pregnancy rate among 15- to 19-year-olds.

A) the United States
B) Switzerland
C) Japan
D) the United Kingdom

Question 38

In the Berkeley Longitudinal Study some years ago, early-maturing boys perceived themselves ________ than did their late-maturing counterparts. When the late-maturing boys were in their thirties, however, they had developed a ________ than the early-maturing boys had.

A) as an anomaly; stronger feeling of inadequacy
B) more positively; stronger sense of identity
C) as misfits; more negative self-image
D) more negatively; deeper sense of regret

Question 39

Gregory is undergoing pubertal changes. He has started using addictive drugs and has started taking an increasing number of risks. Which of the following neurotransmitters is most likely responsible for these developments?

A) glycine
B) histamine
C) dopamine
D) serotonin

Question 40

According to various research studies, early-maturing girls are more likely to ________ than late-maturing girls.

A) have younger friends
B) be taller and thinner
C) graduate from high school
D) have an eating disorder

Question 41

Which of the following is most likely to be true of adolescent mothers?

A) They interact more effectively with infants than do adult mothers.
B) Their daughters are at a decreased risk for teenage childbearing.
C) They were not good students before they became pregnant.
D) Latina and African American adolescent girls who have a child are less likely to have a second child than are non-Latina White adolescent girls.

Question 42

Mary Carskadon and her colleagues' research on adolescent sleep patterns found that

A) when given the opportunity, adolescents will sleep an average of 9 hours and 25 minutes a night.
B) adolescents' biological clocks undergo a shift as they get older so that older adolescents start to feel sleepy an hour earlier than younger adolescents.
C) younger adolescents tend to be sleepier during the day than older adolescents.
D) increased sleepiness in adolescents during the day was primarily due to academic work or social pressures.

Question 43

Lloyd Johnston and his colleagues at the Institute of Social Research at the University of Michigan monitored the drug use of America's high school seniors in a wide range of public and private high schools. They found that the percentage of illicit drug use

A) declined in the late 1990s.
B) was highest during the early 1990s.
C) has been at the same level since 1990.
D) increased significantly between 2000 and 2005.

Question 44

________ are the second leading cause of death in adolescence.

A) Motor vehicle accidents
B) Suicides
C) Homicides
D) Chronic diseases

Question 45

Almost half of all deaths from 15 to 24 years of age are due to ________, with the majority of them involving ________.

A) a chronic disease; cancer
B) suicide; alcohol
C) homicide; gang activity
D) unintentional injuries; motor vehicle accidents

Question 46

Which of the following is true of the relationship between exercise and adolescence?

A) In adolescents, exercise lowers the incidence of type I diabetes.
B) Male adolescents' physical activity is associated with their male friends' physical activity.
C) Memory is the cognitive factor that improves the least through exercise in adolescence.
D) Individuals become less active as they reach and progress through adolescence.

Question 47

The majority of unintentional injuries in adolescence involve

A) motor vehicle accidents.
B) firearms.
C) homicide.
D) sports-related injuries.

Question 48

In the University of Michigan Monitoring the Future Study by Johnston and others (2008), 30 percent of high school seniors said that they had

A) been in a vehicle with a drugged or drinking driver in the past 2 weeks.
B) smoked marijuana and heroin by the time they were in the 10th grade.
C) consumed alcohol mixed with energy drinks in the past 12 months.
D) used e-cigarettes as they were considered a safer alternative to normal cigarettes.

Question 49

A national study of U.S. adolescents revealed that physical activity

A) increased until 13 years of age but then declined through 18 years of age.
B) in childhood and early adolescence would persist through to adulthood.
C) increased until 13 years of age and then remained stable throughout adulthood.
D) decreased until 13 years of age and then stabilized to last through 18 years of age.

Question 50

Adolescent use of alcohol has recently shown a(n)

A) insignificant change.
B) sizeable decline.
C) mild increase.
D) significant increase.

Question 51

Which of the following describes the findings of a U.S. survey of adolescent sleep patterns conducted by the National Sleep Foundation (2006)?

A) The majority of adolescents sleep an average of 9 hours and 25 minutes on school nights.
B) Those adolescents who got inadequate sleep of 8 hours or less during school nights were more likely to drink caffeinated beverages than their counterparts who got optimal sleep of 9 or more hours.
C) Adolescents engage in four electronic activities or sometimes simultaneously use multiple devices after 9 p.m.
D) Adolescents who got inadequate sleep were no more likely to be in a depressed mood than those who got adequate sleep.

Question 52

One strategy for reducing adolescent pregnancy is the ________ program that focuses on engaging adolescents in volunteer community service and stimulates discussions that help adolescents appreciate the lessons they learn through volunteerism.

A) Health Bridge
B) Teen Outreach
C) Girls, Inc.
D) Will Power/Won't Power

Question 53

In the context of reducing adolescent pregnancy, several recent research reviews (Denford & others, 2017; Jaramillo & others, 2017; Santelli & others, 2017) have concluded that abstinence-only programs

A) are more likely to reduce the risk of adolescent pregnancy than sex education.
B) are unable to delay the initiation of sexual intercourse.
C) reduce human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) behaviors.
D) result in an increase in the incidence of sexual intercourse.

Question 54

A number of leading experts on adolescent sexuality conclude that abstinence-only programs

A) are less effective at reducing the risk of adolescent pregnancy than sex-education programs.
B) prevent adolescent pregnancies better than sex-education programs emphasizing contraceptive knowledge.
C) are more effective at reducing the risk of sexually transmitted infections than sex-education programs.
D) provide useful knowledge about safe sex to sexually active adolescents.

Question 55

In which of the following groups is death through homicide especially common in adolescence?

A) African American males
B) Latino males
C) Non-Latino White American males
D) Asian American males

Question 56

Which of the following qualifies as binge drinking as defined in the University of Michigan surveys?

A) having less than five drinks in the last 2 weeks
B) having seven or more drinks in a row in the last 2 weeks
C) having less than four drinks in the last week
D) having five or more drinks in a row in the last 2 weeks

Question 57

Several research studies were conducted by Mary Carskadon and her colleagues on the sleep patterns of U.S. adolescents. They concluded from the studies that

A) when given the opportunity, adolescents will sleep an average of 7 hours a night.
B) older adolescents tend to be sleepier during the day than younger adolescents.
C) early school starting times are conducive to the sleep patterns of older adolescents but not to those of younger adolescents.
D) adolescents being sleepy during the day was a result of academic work and social pressures.

Question 58

Since the 1950s, the adolescent suicide rate has

A) stayed the same.
B) decreased.
C) doubled.
D) tripled.

Question 59

Which of the following has been found to be true about binge drinking among U.S. adolescents?

A) Binge drinking has declined among high school seniors since 1980.
B) Binge drinking has increased for students in the eighth grade in recent years.
C) Binge drinking has increased for students in the tenth grade in recent years.
D) Females engage in more binge drinking than males.

Question 60

According to a national survey, ________ boys exercised the most, ________ girls the least.

A) Latino; Latina
B) African American; non-Latino White
C) Latino; African American and Asian
D) non-Latino White; African American and Latino

Question 61

Amanda's mother suffers from anorexia nervosa. Which of the following statements about Amanda is most likely true?

A) Amanda is highly likely to have a more positive body image.
B) Amanda is at risk of developing anorexia nervosa herself.
C) Amanda is more likely to have healthy eating habits.
D) Amanda is not at risk for anorexia nervosa because of increased awareness.

Question 62

Based on the age of onset, when is anorexia nervosa most likely to begin?

A) childhood
B) late adulthood
C) emerging adulthood
D) early to middle adolescent years

Question 63

Which of the following characterizes a person suffering from anorexia nervosa?

A) a relentless pursuit of weight gain through binge eating
B) a positive image of the body shape
C) an intense fear of gaining weight that does not decrease with weight loss
D) a high level of self-efficacy

Question 64

Adolescents in the Family Matters program reported

A) no change in alcohol and cigarette use at three months but a marked decline at one year.
B) lower alcohol and cigarette use at three months, but the positive effect seemed to wear off about one year after the program had been completed.
C) no change in alcohol use but a marked decrease in cigarette smoking.
D) lower alcohol and cigarette use at three months and at one year after the program had been completed.

Question 65

Jackie, a 15-year-old girl, has been diagnosed with anorexia nervosa. It is most likely that Jackie

A) sets very low standards for herself.
B) is not very concerned about how others perceive her.
C) is competitive and high-achieving.
D) is an African American from a low-income family.

Question 66

Bill wants to know how he can prevent his adolescent son from becoming a drug addict. You would suggest that Bill

A) have family dinners most nights of the week.
B) discourage his son from making more friends at school.
C) engage in less parental monitoring and control.
D) cease to emphasize educational success.

Question 67

Which of the following is one of the main characteristics of people suffering from anorexia nervosa?

A) higher than average body weight
B) higher than average height
C) a distorted image of their body shape
D) a constant need to consume food

Question 68

Identify a true statement about anorexia nervosa.

A) It is about 10 times more likely to occur in females than in males.
B) It occurs when an individual consistently follows a binge-and-purge pattern.
C) It is difficult to detect as anorexics fall within a normal weight range.
D) It begins in late adolescence or early adulthood.

Question 69

Katie weighs less than 85 percent of what is considered normal for her age and height. Yet, she sees herself as too fat and starves to become thinner. Katie most likely suffers from

A) anorexia nervosa.
B) bulimia nervosa.
C) binge eating disorder.
D) body dysmorphic disorder.

Question 70

Which of the following is one of the main characteristics of people suffering from anorexia nervosa?

A) precocious puberty in girls
B) amenorrhea in girls who have reached puberty
C) body weight that falls in the 98th percentile of the BMI scale
D) binge eating followed by purging

Question 71

Anorexic people use food as a means of

A) control.
B) reward.
C) punishment.
D) gaining popularity.

Question 72

________ refers to a lack of menstruation in girls who have reached puberty.

A) Amenorrhea
B) Anemia
C) Menarche
D) Anorexia

Question 73

Recent research revealed that ________ parenting was linked to lower adolescent alcohol consumption and cigarette use.

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) neglectful
D) indulgent

Question 74

Most anorexic individuals are young adult females from

A) middle- and upper-income families.
B) poor and working-class families.
C) Asian American and African American families.
D) families with low achievement demands.

Question 75

Anorexia nervosa is a(n)

A) eating disorder that involves a binge-and-purge sequence on a regular basis.
B) anxiety disorder whose chief symptom is an unrealistic fear of food.
C) drug-induced reaction that produces tremors and vomiting.
D) eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation.

Question 76

Unlike anorexics, individuals who have been diagnosed with bulimia nervosa typically

A) have a positive body image.
B) go on an eating binge and then purge.
C) find it easier to restrict food intake.
D) lack a fear of becoming overweight.

Question 77

According to a research study by Johnston and others (2018), since the mid-1990s, an increasing percentage of U.S. adolescents have reported that they

A) approve of smoking.
B) are more accepting of being around smokers.
C) prefer to date nonsmokers.
D) do not perceive e-cigarette smoking as dangerous.

Question 78

Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa affect

A) men and women equally.
B) men more than women.
C) women more than men.
D) women more than older men but less than younger men.

Question 79

Identify a characteristic of persons suffering from anorexia nervosa.

A) weight below 85 percent of what is considered normal for their age and height
B) an intense fear of losing weight that does not decrease with weight gain
C) unconcerned about how others perceive them
D) consistently follow a binge-and-purge pattern

Question 80

The Family Matters program was designed to help families of adolescents to reduce the amount of

A) domestic violence.
B) cigarette and alcohol use.
C) adolescent pregnancies.
D) juvenile delinquency.