Deck 8: Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood

Question 1

Why is it challenging for parents to discuss emotional topics with their young children?

A) Young children often avoid upsetting topics by changing the topic, pushing away, or running away.
B) They don't want to know what upsets their child.
C) They are afraid they can't comfort their child.
D) They struggle with their own emotions and change the topic.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Marjorie's son places last in a running race in his school. This makes him upset. He comes home and tells his mother about the result of the competition. His mother initially ignores him thinking that he will stop thinking about the competition. Later, when she sees that her son is still upset, she tries to distract him from the negative emotion by trying to change it. Marjorie's way of talking to her son about his negative emotions indicates that Marjorie is a(n) ________.

A) emotion-coaching parent
B) authoritarian parent
C) emotion-dismissing parent
D) indulgent parent

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Hans feels ashamed when his parents say, "You should feel bad about biting your sister!" To experience a ________ emotion like shame, Hans must be able to refer to himself as distinct from others.

A) social
B) self-conscious
C) penitent
D) sympathetic

Answer 3

B

Question 4

In the context of expressing emotions, at what age does self-awareness occur?

A) at 1 to 2 months of age
B) at 3 to 6 months of age
C) at 9 to 12 months of age
D) at 15 to 18 months of age

Question 5

________ especially plays a key role in children's ability to manage the demands and conflicts they face in interacting with others. It is an important component of executive function.

A) Moral integrity
B) Emotion regulation
C) Moral development
D) Independence

Question 6

In Erikson's portrait of early childhood, the young child clearly has begun to develop ________, which is the representation of self, the substance, and content of self-conceptions.

A) self-control
B) self-confidence
C) self-understanding
D) self-centeredness

Question 7

Which of the following involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interactions with other people?

A) immanent justice
B) superego
C) moral development
D) pragmatism

Question 8

When her mother asks Selena why she feels so sad, Selena says it is because her best friend just lost her puppy. Selena is exhibiting

A) guilt.
B) empathy.
C) correspondence.
D) lack of perspective taking.

Question 9

According to Erik Erikson, the psychosocial stage that characterizes early childhood is

A) initiative versus guilt.
B) autonomy versus shame and doubt.
C) industry versus inferiority.
D) trust versus mistrust.

Question 10

According to Freud, the moral element of personality is called the

A) id.
B) superid.
C) ego.
D) superego.

Question 11

Which of the following terms refers to responding to another person's feelings with an emotion that echoes the other's feelings?

A) anxiety
B) empathy
C) coaching
D) modeling

Question 12

According to Erik Erikson, the great governor of initiative is

A) conscience.
B) independence.
C) fear.
D) obedience.

Question 13

________ parents interact with their children in a less rejecting manner, use more scaffolding and praise, and are more nurturant than are emotion-dismissing parents.

A) Emotion-dismissing
B) Emotion-facilitator
C) Emotion-coaching
D) Emotion-encouraging

Question 14

Which of the following aspects of moral development most likely involves anxiety and guilt?

A) moral reasoning
B) moral thoughts
C) moral behavior
D) moral feelings

Question 15

Brianna is extremely upset because she got scolded by her teacher. Her mother decides to facilitate an open discussion about what happened and why Brianna is upset to help her figure out how to deal with the negative emotions. Her mother's approach of talking to Brianna about her emotions indicates that Brianna's mother is a(n) ________.

A) emotion-dismissing parent
B) authoritarian parent
C) emotion-coaching parent
D) indulgent parent

Question 16

Barbara monitors her children's emotions. Her daughter is upset because she got reprimanded by her teacher. Barbara initially ignores her daughter's lamentations but then decides to try to change her daughter's emotions by saying that everyone gets reprimanded and that it is not a big deal. Barbara's approach of talking to her daughter about her negative emotions indicates that Barbara is a(n) ________.

A) indulgent parent
B) emotion-dismissing parent
C) emotion-coaching parent
D) authoritarian parent

Question 17

Developmental psychologists describe Jennifer as an emotion-dismissing parent to her son. Which of the following actions is Jennifer most likely to display?

A) Jennifer will praise her son when he performs a task well.
B) Jennifer will try to change her son's negative emotions.
C) Jennifer will use scaffolding to interact with her son.
D) Jennifer will assist her son in labeling emotions.

Question 18

According to Freud, to reduce anxiety, avoid punishment, and maintain parental affection, children identify with parents, internalizing their standards of right and wrong, thus forming the

A) alter ego.
B) ego.
C) superego.
D) id.

Question 19

Four-year-old Harlan says, "I'm always happy!" Researchers suggest that Harlan, like other kids his own age, has self-descriptions that are typically

A) reflective of reality.
B) reflective of what others think about them.
C) abstract and magical.
D) unrealistically positive.

Question 20

The children of ________ parents are better at soothing themselves when they get upset, are more effective in regulating their negative affect, focus their attention better, and have fewer behavior problems than the children of emotion-dismissing parents.

A) emotion-coaching
B) emotion-facilitator
C) emotion-encouraging
D) emotion-independent

Question 21

Dante is a 10-year-old boy who likes to play soccer during recess. One day, a friend teaches him a different set of rules about the game. Dante accepts the rules and now plays soccer in a new way. Dante is in which stage of moral development?

A) autonomous morality
B) heteronomous morality
C) basic morality
D) extended morality

Question 22

Which of the following is the first stage of Piaget's theory of moral development?

A) autonomous morality
B) initiative versus guilt
C) heteronomous morality
D) autonomy versus shame and doubt

Question 23

The ability to discern another's inner psychological state is known as

A) correspondence.
B) congruence.
C) perspective taking.
D) nurturance.

Question 24

Jerome, 6, and Hani, 10, get up early on Saturday morning to make "breakfast in bed" for their mother. While reaching for the bed tray in the back of the hall cabinet, they accidentally break their mother's favorite porcelain doll. Jerome knows that he's going to get into "big trouble." Hani tells him not to worry and that their mom would understand that it was an accident. In what stage would Jean Piaget categorize the moral reasoning of Jerome and Hani?

A) Jerome-autonomous morality; Hani-heteronomous morality
B) Jerome-heteronomous morality; Hani-autonomous morality
C) Jerome-universal law morality; Hani-context-specific morality
D) Jerome-context-specific morality; Hani-universal law morality

Question 25

Julie believes that Jason's accidental act of breaking 12 plates is worse than Peter intentionally breaking two plates. Julie can be best described as a(n)

A) moral autonomist.
B) gender-typed individual.
C) empathic thinker.
D) heteronomous moralist.

Question 26

From about ________ years of age, children display heteronomous morality.

A) 1 to 3
B) 4 to 7
C) 10 to 12
D) 2 to 4

Question 27

In the context of Jean Piaget's theory of moral development, which of the following is a characteristic of children showing heteronomous morality?

A) They believe intentions are more important than consequences when judging behavior.
B) They think of justice as an unchangeable property of the world.
C) They are nonbelievers of the concept of immanent justice.
D) They are aware that rules and laws are created by people.

Question 28

Susan, a 5-year-old, thinks of justice and rules as unchangeable properties of the world, removed from the control of people. In the context of Jean Piaget's theory of moral development, Susan is most likely in the stage of moral reasoning known as

A) heteronomous morality.
B) empathy.
C) autonomous morality.
D) sympathy.

Question 29

Which of the following approaches holds that the processes of reinforcement, punishment, and imitation explain the development of moral behavior?

A) freud's psychoanalytic approach
B) the evolutionary psychology approach
C) the behavioral and social cognitive approach
D) the biological approach

Question 30

Older children, who are ________, recognize that punishment occurs only if someone witnesses the wrongdoing and that even then, punishment is not inevitable.

A) moral autonomists
B) empathic thinkers
C) gender-typed
D) heteronomous thinkers

Question 31

Piaget concluded that the changes in moral reasoning in children come about through

A) authoritative parent-child relations.
B) religious and social conditioning.
C) the children's family experiences.
D) the mutual give-and-take of peer relations.

Question 32

At about ________ years of age and older, children show autonomous morality.

A) 7
B) 4
C) 10
D) 5

Question 33

Twice each month, Gini helps to serve dinner at the "Community Table," a program that assists homeless people in the town. She brings her two children, aged nine and eleven, with her and talks to them about the need to share time, food, and kindness with others who are less fortunate. Social cognitive theorists would say that Gini's children

A) are likely to develop moral behavior that includes helping others.
B) are not likely to be impacted by this as their moral behavior is modeled on peers, not parents.
C) will not benefit from these experiences until they are teens.
D) will fail to model their behavior to their mother's unless they see some reward in it.

Question 34

In Thompson's view, young children are moral ________, striving to understand what is moral.

A) apprentices
B) novices
C) explorers
D) adventurers

Question 35

According to Piaget's theory, from ________ years of age, children are in a transition showing some features of the first stage of moral reasoning and some features of the second stage, autonomous morality.

A) 7 to 10
B) 4 to 7
C) 10 to 12
D) 1 to 4

Question 36

Katrina, a 6-year-old, becomes extremely upset when her brother tries to change the rules of their game and yells, "You can't do that! You can't change rules!" Which of the following types of moral reasoning is Katrina exhibiting?

A) autonomous morality
B) heteronomous morality
C) peer-negotiated morality
D) immanent justice morality

Question 37

Maria believes that if a rule is broken, punishment will be meted out immediately. In the context of Jean Piaget's theory of moral development, this scenario indicates that Maria believes in the concept of

A) immanent justice.
B) restorative justice.
C) reciprocal socialization.
D) egocentrism.

Question 38

________ refers to an internal regulation of standards of right and wrong that involves an integration of all three components of moral development, namely moral thought, feeling, and behavior.

A) Ethics
B) Protocol
C) Constitution
D) Conscience

Question 39

Ben, a 12-year-old, judges the rightness or goodness of behavior by considering its consequences, not the intentions of the actor. In the context of Jean Piaget's theory of moral development, Ben will most likely be classified as a(n)

A) autonomous moralist.
B) heteronomous moralist.
C) pragmatist.
D) authoritarian.

Question 40

According to Jean Piaget, parent-child relations are less likely to advance moral reasoning than peer relations because

A) parents are inconsistent in delivering the consequences for broken rules.
B) peers are less likely to allow negotiation and reasoning about broken rules.
C) parents often hand down rules in an authoritarian way.
D) peer groups immediately mete out punishments for rule breaking.

Question 41

________ involves a sense of one's own gender, including knowledge, understanding, and acceptance of being male or female.

A) Gender role
B) Gender typing
C) Gender identity
D) Gender labeling

Question 42

Which of the following hormones is an androgen?

A) testosterone
B) progesterone
C) estradiol
D) insulin

Question 43

Low levels of ________ in the female embryo allow the normal development of female sex organs.

A) estradiol
B) progesterone
C) estrogens
D) androgens

Question 44

Gender ________ refers to acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.

A) acquisition
B) reflection
C) typing
D) acceptance

Question 45

Which of the following hormones is an estrogen?

A) testosterone
B) androstenedione
C) insulin
D) estradiol

Question 46

Among the most important aspects of the relationship between parents and children that contribute to children's moral development are relational quality, parental discipline, proactive strategies, and ________.

A) religious affiliation
B) family culture
C) conversational dialogue
D) ethnicity

Question 47

Michael, aged four, loves playing with toy cars and airplanes, and his idea of play involves wrestling and pushing his friends. Melanie, also aged four, loves playing with her dolls and doll house, and her idea of play is to have a tea party with her dolls and friends. Both are exhibiting

A) inappropriate behavior.
B) sex-typed behavior.
C) rebellious behavior.
D) gender confusion.

Question 48

Nicola tries to take steps to avert potential misbehavior by her children before it takes place. The moment she sees that her 4-year-old daughter is going to have a meltdown, she distracts her with her favorite activity. She has regular talks with her ten-year-old son wherein she tries to impart her cherished values to him and indicates what is expected of him as he grows older. Nicola is

A) being overly cautious in her parenting approach.
B) being too authoritative in her approach to her children's moral development.
C) acting as moral police to her children and may have a detrimental effect on their moral development.
D) proactive in her approach to her children's moral development.

Question 49

The social role theory suggests that

A) social hierarchy and division of labor are important causes of gender differences in power, assertiveness, and nurturing.
B) the mother role and the father role are social constructions that have emerged from our evolutionary past.
C) social roles are chosen, not determined.
D) nature is the primary determinant of differences between the social labels that we call "gender."

Question 50

________ promote the development of female physical sex characteristics.

A) Androgens
B) Estrogens
C) Endorphins
D) Opioids

Question 51

Psychological evolutionary theories of gender differences fail to take into account

A) cultural and individual variations in gender differences.
B) intelligent speculations about the roles of men and women in prehistoric times.
C) the differing roles in reproduction for both males and females.
D) the fact that people are locked into behavior that was adaptive in the evolutionary past.

Question 52

According to UNICEF (2018), in most cultures around the world, ________.

A) women have less power than men but are given a higher social status
B) women have less power and status than men and control fewer resources
C) men have less power and status than women and control most of the resources
D) men have less power than women but are given a higher social status

Question 53

________ psychologists propose that men have gradually changed over time to have dispositions that favor competition and risk taking.

A) Psychoanalytic
B) Evolutionary
C) Behavioral
D) Social learning

Question 54

Sets of expectations that prescribe how females and males should think, act, and feel are known as gender

A) roles.
B) identities.
C) expectancies.
D) rules.

Question 55

Meena is a 3-year-old. She is aware that she is a girl and understands and accepts being a female. This indicates that Meena is conscious of her ________.

A) gender neutrality
B) gender identity
C) ethnicity
D) socioeconomic status

Question 56

________ promote(s) the development of male physical sex characteristics.

A) Androgens
B) Estrogens
C) Progesterone
D) Estradiol

Question 57

According to evolutionary psychologists, natural selection favored females who chose

A) multiple partners to have many children.
B) a mate who would stay home and help raise the children than provide resources.
C) ambitious mates who could provide their children with resources and protection.
D) short-term mating strategies.

Question 58

Which of the following is a primary social theory of gender?

A) the evolutionary psychology view
B) Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory
C) the psychoanalytic theory
D) gender schema theory

Question 59

The two main classes of sex hormones, estrogens and androgens, are secreted by the

A) hypothalamus.
B) gonads.
C) pineal gland.
D) pituitary gland.

Question 60

The ________ of gender stems from the view that a preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent.

A) psychoanalytic theory
B) social cognitive theory
C) evolutionary psychology view
D) social role theory

Question 61

Children are internally motivated to perceive the world and to act in accordance with their developing

A) preferences.
B) schemas.
C) roles.
D) orientations.

Question 62

A ________ is a cognitive structure, a network of associations that guides an individual's perceptions.

A) format
B) schema
C) subset
D) system

Question 63

Who among the following is most likely to be rejected by peers based on conformation to gender roles?

A) a little girl in boy's clothing
B) a little boy playing with a doll
C) a little boy playing with a toy truck
D) a little girl carrying a baseball mitt

Question 64

Around the age of ________, children already show a preference to spend time with same-sex playmates.

A) three
B) one
C) two
D) one and a half

Question 65

Lucy frequently spanks her children, enforces rigid household rules, and exhibits rage toward them when those rules are broken. Her children are unhappy and have weak communication skills. Lucy also pressurizes them to eat when they are already full. In the context of Diana Baumrind's parenting styles, Lucy is most likely a(n)

A) authoritarian parent.
B) authoritative parent.
C) indulgent parent.
D) neglectful parent.

Question 66

A gender ________ organizes the world in terms of female and male.

A) role
B) identity
C) bias
D) schema

Question 67

The psychoanalytic theory of gender stems from Freud's view that a preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent. Which of the following describes this condition in girls?

A) the Galatea effect
B) the Electra complex
C) the Golem effect
D) the Oedipus complex

Question 68

Bit by bit, children pick up what is gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate in their culture and develop gender ________ that shape how they perceive the world and what they remember.

A) identities
B) roles
C) schemas
D) types

Question 69

Suzie, aged three, must eat everything on her plate at dinner. When she does not, her father punishes her by sending her to bed without dinner the next day. Suzie also has strict schedules for playing, watching television, and studying, and any disobedience leads to spanking and punishment. Suzie's father is most likely a(n)

A) authoritarian parent.
B) authoritative parent.
C) indulgent parent.
D) neglectful parent.

Question 70

From a young age, Karen has always been praised by her parents for her feminine behavior. Her parents reward her behavior by saying such statements as "Karen, you look very pretty in your frock." Her brother, on the other hand, is reprimanded for playing with Karen's dolls. In the context of social influences on gender development, this scenario is in accordance with the ________ of gender.

A) psychoanalytic theory
B) social cognitive theory
C) gender schema theory
D) social role theory

Question 71

In the context of the size of same-sex groups of children, from about 5 years of age onward

A) boys are more likely to associate together in larger clusters than girls are.
B) girls are more likely to engage in rough-and-tumble play than boys.
C) girls are more likely to participate in organized group games than boys are.
D) boys are more likely than girls to play in dyads or triads.

Question 72

Juan, a father of two children, tells his children, "In my house, my word is the law." He spanks his children frequently when they do not follow his rules. His children are fearful of Juan and try their best to avoid him when he is around. In the context of Diana Baumrind's parenting styles, Juan is best classified as a(n)

A) authoritarian parent.
B) authoritative parent.
C) indulgent parent.
D) neglectful parent.

Question 73

According to a research review by Bronstein (2006), which of the following statements is true of parental influences on children's gender development?

A) Mothers socialize their sons to be more obedient and responsible than their daughters.
B) Mothers place more restrictions on sons' autonomy than on daughters'.
C) Fathers engage in more activities with their daughters than with their sons.
D) Fathers put more effort to promote sons' intellectual development than daughters'.

Question 74

Children between the ages of 4 and 12 usually prefer to play in groups that are made up of

A) mixed ages.
B) the same sex as theirs.
C) both boys and girls.
D) children from their own socioeconomic status.

Question 75

Billy, a preschooler, develops the Oedipus complex for his mother. In the context of the psychoanalytic theory of gender, at what age will Billy renounce this feeling toward his mother?

A) at 3 or 4 years of age
B) at 9 or 10 years of age
C) at 5 or 6 years of age
D) at 11 or 12 years of age

Question 76

According to Freud, preschool boys develop a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent in a process called the

A) Oedipus complex.
B) Electra complex.
C) Pygmalion effect.
D) Golem effect.

Question 77

A parent who uses a restrictive, punitive style to control the behavior of his or her children is a(n)

A) authoritarian parent.
B) authoritative parent.
C) indulgent parent.
D) neglectful parent.

Question 78

According to research studies by Maccoby (1998, 2002), which of the following statements is true of how boys and girls interact in same-sex groups?

A) Girls are more likely to act in a reciprocal manner.
B) Boys are more likely to avoid rough-and-tumble play.
C) Girls are more likely to engage in ego display.
D) Boys are more likely to engage in collaborative discourse.

Question 79

Which of the following fuels gender typing?

A) gender schema
B) gender identity
C) gender bias
D) gender mismatch

Question 80

A parent who encourages his or her children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions is a(n)

A) authoritarian parent.
B) authoritative parent.
C) indulgent parent.
D) neglectful parent.