Deck 6: Socioemotional Development in Infancy

Question 1

Most ________ emotions occur for the first time at some point in the second half of the first year through the second year.

A) unconscious
B) primary
C) negative
D) self-conscious

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Experts on infant socioemotional development, such as Jerome Kagan, conclude that ________ makes it unlikely that emotions which require thought can be experienced in the first year.

A) the lack of innate emotions in the infant brain
B) the structural immaturity of the infant brain
C) incomplete myelination in the first two months
D) the lack of reciprocity of emotional expressions

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Feelings or affects that occur when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important to him or her, especially to his or her well-being, are known as ________.

A) temperament
B) emotions
C) personality trait
D) feeling states

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Two-month-old Trey is crying loudly. It is a sudden long, initial loud cry followed by breath holding. This type of cry indicates that Trey is

A) experiencing pain.
B) experiencing embarrassment.
C) very angry.
D) very hungry.

Question 5

Which of the following statements is true about emotions?

A) Self-conscious emotions are the first language with which parents and infants communicate.
B) Social relationships seldom provide the setting for the development of emotions.
C) Biological evolution has endowed human beings to be emotional.
D) Embeddedness in relationships prevents diversity in emotional experiences.

Question 6

What is the opinion of experts on infant socioemotional development, such as Jerome Kagan, on an infant's capacity to display emotions like guilt, pride, despair, shame, empathy, and jealousy in the first year?

A) The structural immaturity of the infant brain makes it unlikely that such emotions can be experienced in the first year.
B) Infants characterized by negative affectivity are more prone to experience such emotions in the first year.
C) The excitability of the amygdala plays an important role in the development of such emotions.
D) Cultural differences in temperament prevent Asian infants from experiencing such emotions in the first year.

Question 7

The infant's ability to regulate emotions is tied to

A) the gradual maturation of the frontal regions of the cerebral cortex.
B) parental history of emotional control.
C) the pace of myelination in the parietal lobe.
D) the growth of the cerebellum in the initial four months after birth.

Question 8

Which of the following terms is used to describe the mutually regulated interactions between parents and infants?

A) other-conscious
B) innate
C) regulated
D) synchronous

Question 9

Which of the following statements is true of crying?

A) Newborns seldom use crying as a means of communication.
B) The first cry verifies that the infant's lungs are filled with fluids.
C) Cries provide information about the health of the newborn's central nervous system.
D) Excessive infant crying in 3-month-olds triples the risk of behavioral, hyperactive, and mood problems at 5 to 6 years of age.

Question 10

Which of the following is a primary emotion?

A) shame
B) anger
C) jealousy
D) pride

Question 11

Emotions that are present in humans and animals and that appear in the first 6 months of the human infant's development are known as

A) primitive emotions.
B) innate emotions.
C) primary emotions.
D) evolved emotions.

Question 12

Which of the following statements is true about emotions?

A) Emotions are generally classified as positive or negative.
B) Emotions are seldom influenced by biological foundations and experiences.
C) The ability to regulate emotions is present at birth.
D) Self-conscious emotions are the first to develop in an infant.

Question 13

Molly is an 18-month-old child who shows an "other-conscious" emotion when her caregiver praises her for doing a certain task in the presence of other children her age. Identify the emotion being described in this scenario.

A) interest
B) pride
C) disgust
D) fear

Question 14

Five-month-old Caitlyn demonstrates surprise when an unexpected event occurs. This is a demonstration of a(n) ________ emotion.

A) negative
B) self-conscious
C) other-conscious
D) primary

Question 15

Which of the following is an important role played by emotions during infancy?

A) cognition
B) communication
C) sensation
D) suckling

Question 16

Especially in infancy, emotions play important roles in ________.

A) independence
B) reciprocal socialization
C) sensation
D) behavioral organization

Question 17

Makiko feels ashamed when her friend who has come over for a play date teases her about wearing nighttime diapers. This is an example of ________ emotions.

A) primary
B) other worldly
C) other-conscious
D) conscious

Question 18

Mark is a 4-month-old toddler. Which of the following emotions would he show at this age?

A) primary
B) tertiary
C) other-conscious
D) self-conscious

Question 19

Which of the following statements about self-conscious emotions is true?

A) They are emotions that are present in humans and other animals.
B) These emotions appear in the first six months of the infant's development.
C) They include emotions like surprise, interest, joy, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust.
D) They involve the emotional reactions of others when they are generated.

Question 20

Mario brings his mother his favorite teddy bear to comfort her when she has had a bad day at work. This demonstrates a(n) ________ emotion.

A) primary
B) self-conscious
C) negative
D) unconscious

Question 21

Nikita is 18 months old, and she has a tendency to cry when strangers come near her. She is displaying one of a baby's earliest emotions, ________.

A) fear
B) embarrassment
C) jealousy
D) pride

Question 22

Which of the following statements is true regarding separation protest?

A) The percentage of infants who engaged in separation protest seldom varied across cultures.
B) Infants reached a peak of protest at about the same age across cultures.
C) It is initially displayed by infants at approximately 10 to 12 months.
D) It peaks at about 24 months among U.S. infants.

Question 23

Eva's mother describes her as a mildly active child. She also feels that Eva's mood is marginally negative. According to Chess and Thomas' classification, which of the following characteristics is Eva most likely to demonstrate?

A) Eva tends to throw tantrums and cry frequently.
B) Eva accepts and adapts easily to changes around her.
C) Eva displays a low intensity of mood.
D) Eva engages in irregular daily routines.

Question 24

Researchers have found that infant fear is linked to ________ at 6 to 7 years of age.

A) high effortful control
B) empathy
C) high aggression
D) self-confidence

Question 25

When one-month-old Mai is sleeping, it often looks like she is smiling. This is an example of a ________ smile.

A) private
B) reflexive
C) natural
D) social

Question 26

Separation protest is characterized by

A) rejoicing when the caregiver returns.
B) crying when the caregiver shouts.
C) crying when the caregiver leaves.
D) indifference to the whereabouts of the caregiver.

Question 27

Carla is discussing stranger anxiety in toddlers with her friend, Maria. She tells Maria that her toddler, Beth, showed less stranger anxiety when she met her new nanny in their home. Which of the following statements best explains Beth's reaction?

A) Beth showed less stranger anxiety as she is used to being taken care of by nannies.
B) Beth showed less stranger anxiety as she was in a familiar setting.
C) Beth showed less stranger anxiety as she likes meeting strangers and is comfortable with them.
D) Beth showed less stranger anxiety as she is a disorganized child who was confused and did not know how to react.

Question 28

Three-month-old Zoey looks up at her mother and smiles. What do researchers call this smile?

A) trust smile
B) social smile
C) reflexive smile
D) attachment smile

Question 29

Infancy experts Mary Ainsworth and John Bowlby stress that ________ is an important ingredient in developing a strong bond between the infant and the caregiver.

A) a quick, comforting response to the infant's cries
B) ignoring the infant's cries
C) forcefully telling the infant not to cry
D) responding too much to infant crying

Question 30

When Josh was dropped off at preschool on the very first day of class, he was quite upset. He cried for a long time and would not play with the other children. This behavior continued for a few more days. Some days, Josh would throw tantrums right before his mother dropped him off, and on other days he would cry and scream after his mom left him at the preschool. According to psychiatrists Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas, what type of temperament does Josh have?

A) slow-to-warm-up
B) easy
C) difficult
D) inflexible

Question 31

The fear of strangers peaks

A) in the first three months after birth.
B) toward the end of the first year of life.
C) toward the middle of the second year of life.
D) in the first six months after birth.

Question 32

"Easy child," "difficult child," and "slow-to-warm-up child" are three basic types of ________ identified by psychiatrists Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas.

A) trust
B) emotion
C) attachment
D) temperament

Question 33

Infants show ________ when they are in familiar settings.

A) more stranger anxiety
B) no separation protest
C) less stranger anxiety
D) more separation protest

Question 34

Which of the following statements is true about soothing crying infants?

A) Developmental psychologists increasingly agree that soothing crying infants is important to help infants develop a sense of trust.
B) Research shows that fathers are more likely than mothers to use soothing techniques to reduce infant crying.
C) Infants typically soothe themselves and seldom depend on their caregivers to help soothe their emotions.
D) A mother's negative emotions to her infant's cries are linked to higher self-confidence in the child's later years.

Question 35

Cindy has worked from home as a freelancer ever since she had a baby. Now that her baby, Hailey, is 15 months old, Cindy has accepted a full-time job offer. Everyday when Cindy drops Hailey off at the day care, Hailey screams and cries for a couple of minutes. Which of the following terms best describes Hailey's behavior?

A) scaffolding
B) separation protest
C) surgency
D) social referencing

Question 36

In which of the following situations will 9-month-old Lucy show the most stranger anxiety?

A) when she meets a stranger in her home
B) when she meets another 9-month-old baby at her usual child care facility
C) when she meets a stranger in an unfamiliar place
D) when she meets her caregiver after spending the entire day at the child care facility

Question 37

________ involves individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding.

A) Attachment
B) Temperament
C) Perception
D) Social referencing

Question 38

Researchers have found that infant ________ is linked to guilt, empathy, and low aggression at six to seven years of age.

A) pride
B) embarrassment
C) fear
D) jealousy

Question 39

A social smile differs from a reflexive smile in that a social smile

A) occurs in response to an external stimulus.
B) is first observed beyond the age of 12 months.
C) occurs only when the infant is asleep.
D) usually occurs when a child meets unfamiliar adults outside the home environment.

Question 40

The most frequent expression of an infant's fear involves

A) fear of heights.
B) separation protest.
C) stranger anxiety.
D) fear of walking.

Question 41

The recent focus on ________ emphasizes that individuals can engage in a more cognitive, flexible approach to stressful circumstances.

A) extraversion
B) extreme inhibition
C) negative affectivity
D) effortful control

Question 42

In Canada, parents tend to prefer children with a(n) ________ temperament, whereas in China a(n) ________ temperament is more highly valued.

A) active; inhibited
B) inhibited; active
C) inner-focused; outward-focused
D) outward-focused; inner-focused

Question 43

Sakura isn't a particularly active child, and he tends to be wary of new situations and people. Although he doesn't cry, he dislikes dealing with novel situations. According to Thomas and Chess, he would be classified as

A) an easy child.
B) a difficult child.
C) a slow-to-warm-up child.
D) a slow child.

Question 44

Which of the following would Erik Erikson most likely recommend to soothe a crying infant?

A) Do not soothe the baby because he or she will be spoiled.
B) Pick up the baby and soothe him or her so that a healthy sense of trust develops.
C) Allow the infant to cry because this will encourage the development of a self-sufficient child.
D) Soothe the baby every other time, so that he or she does not become dependent on external comforters.

Question 45

Mary Rothbart and John Bates believe that infant temperament falls into which of the following categories?

A) emotionality, social ability, and activity level
B) extraversion/surgency, negative affectivity, and effortful control
C) easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up
D) extraversion, introversion, and emotionality

Question 46

Jerome Kagan's classification of temperament focuses on

A) inhibition to the unfamiliar.
B) a positive or negative mood state.
C) effortful control.
D) (hyper) activity level.

Question 47

Twenty-four-month-old Tyler is placed in front of a mirror with a spot of rouge on his nose. Tyler will most likely

A) touch his own nose to wipe off the spot.
B) touch the spot on the mirror because he wants to wipe the spot off his own nose.
C) touch the spot on the mirror because he wonders why the other child has a spot on his nose.
D) crawl away from the mirror because he does not recognize himself with the spot on his nose.

Question 48

Researchers have had mothers put a dot of rouge on the noses of babies and place the babies in front of mirrors to see their reaction. These researchers are studying the concept of

A) trust.
B) attachment.
C) temperament.
D) sense of self.

Question 49

An inhibited temperament has been associated with

A) low thyroxine levels.
B) unstable heart rate.
C) low levels of the hormone cortisol.
D) high activity in the right frontal lobe of the brain.

Question 50

Alexa and Mandy are discussing the best parenting strategies in relation to a child's temperament. Alexa thinks that the best strategy is putting standard goals in place to deal with children's individualities. However, Mandy disagrees with Alexa's view. Which of the following statements supports Mandy's view?

A) A goal may be accomplished in one way with one child, but it does not necessarily mean the same can be applied to all children.
B) Dealing with children's individualities cannot be considered a strategy to deal with a child's temperament as there is no correlation between the two.
C) A child's individuality changes so frequently that it is impossible to come up with goals to deal with it.
D) It has been proved that focusing on structuring a child's environment is a better strategy than paying attention to a child's individuality and coming up with goals to deal with it.

Question 51

Eva wanted to check if her 8-month-old nephew, Michael, could recognize his own reflection in a mirror. She places him in front of a mirror and applies a bit of baby powder on his nose. Which of the following is most likely to happen?

A) Michael will touch his own nose to wipe off the powder.
B) Michael will touch the reflection of his nose on the mirror because he wants to wipe the powder off his own nose.
C) Michael will touch the reflection on the mirror because he wonders why the other child has powder on his nose.
D) Michael will crawl away from the mirror because he does not recognize his own reflection in the mirror.

Question 52

Which of the following statements is true about Erik Erikson's trust-versus-mistrust stage of development?

A) The issue of trust versus mistrust is resolved once and for all in the first year of the infant's life.
B) Even though the issue of trust versus mistrust arises at each successive stage of development, it can have only positive outcomes.
C) Infants who learn trust by being cared for in a consistent, warm manner will never develop mistrust in life.
D) Children who leave infancy with a sense of trust can still have their sense of mistrust activated at a later stage, perhaps if their parents get divorced.

Question 53

According to Jerome Kagan, temperament

A) is the result of inherited physiological characteristics; however, it can be modified to some degree by experiences.
B) is the result of inherited physiological characteristics and cannot be modified by the environment.
C) is minimally influenced by inherited physiological characteristics but is primarily the result of environmental input.
D) results completely from environmental factors such as parenting styles.

Question 54

________ refers to the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with.

A) Social referencing
B) Secure attachment
C) Goodness of fit
D) Reciprocal socialization

Question 55

Betty and Allen are part of a theatrical group, so they travel frequently. Their child, Cara, is an 11-month-old baby and travels everywhere with them. Even though Cara is usually comfortable with strangers, a full-time nanny, who Cara grew fond of in a day, helps take care of her when her parents are performing. Cara has a regular routine but easily adapts to new eating and sleeping habits whenever the family moves across states. According to Chess and Thomas, Cara would be classified as

A) a passive child.
B) an easy child.
C) a slow-to-warm-up child.
D) an inhibited child.

Question 56

According to Jerome Kagan, children with which of the following types of temperament at age two to three later showed social phobia symptoms at seven years of age?

A) inhibited
B) extremely uninhibited
C) intermediate
D) surgent

Question 57

Monsena is an independent and adventurous child who likes to explore new places in her environment. However, her mother is overprotective and forbids Monsena from playing in the backyard or the garden of their house. Developmental psychologists would say that this discrepancy concerns

A) goodness of fit.
B) nonreciprocal interactions.
C) social dysfunction.
D) insecure attachment.

Question 58

Recent research has shown that the group of preschool children that have the following temperament, as classified by Rothbart and Bates, engage in more obesity-related eating behaviors.

A) extraversion/surgency
B) negative affectivity
C) effortful control
D) self-deregulated

Question 59

Erik Erikson describes the second stage of personality development as the stage of ________ versus shame and doubt.

A) curiosity
B) dependence
C) autonomy
D) fear

Question 60

According to Rothbart and Bates' new classification of temperament, in which category would Kagan's uninhibited children fit into?

A) self-regulation
B) negative affectivity
C) extraversion/surgency
D) effortful control

Question 61

During phase 1 of John Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, what is most likely to occur?

A) An infant will show signs of attachment toward the caregiver and anxiety toward strangers.
B) An infant will begin to attach to one person and can distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar people.
C) An infant is securely attached to the mother but is still trying to form an attachment with the father.
D) An infant is likely to exhibit smiling or crying in response to strangers, siblings, or parents.

Question 62

Which concept helps the infant understand that other people have intentions?

A) habituation
B) joint attention
C) the core knowledge approach
D) the A-not-B error

Question 63

What is the significant finding of Harlow's experiments on monkeys reared by surrogate mothers?

A) Thermal comfort is the crucial element in the attachment process.
B) Feeding is the crucial element in the attachment process.
C) Contact comfort is the crucial element in the attachment process.
D) Feeding and contact comfort are equally important in the attachment process.

Question 64

What types of behaviors in caregivers create a sense of shame and doubt in children?

A) overprotectiveness and criticism
B) neglectfulness and indifference
C) enmeshment and fear
D) patience and tolerance

Question 65

Anna is at a phase of attachment where she takes the feelings of others into consideration before acting. According to John Bowlby, what age range would Anna fall under?

A) She is either 6 months of age or younger.
B) She is between 12 and 18 months old.
C) She is between 18 and 20 months old.
D) She is 24 months of age or older.

Question 66

According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, which of the following occurs during phase 3?

A) Attachment becomes focused on one figure, usually the primary caregiver, as the baby gradually learns to distinguish familiar from unfamiliar people.
B) Strangers, siblings, and parents are equally likely to elicit smiling or crying from the infant.
C) Children become aware of others' feelings, goals, and plans and begin to take these into account in forming their own actions.
D) With increased locomotor skills, babies actively seek contact with regular caregivers, such as the mother or father.

Question 67

Which of the following characterizes phase 1 of Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment?

A) Infants instinctively direct their attachment to human figures.
B) Children become aware of others' feelings, goals, and plans and begin to take these into account in forming their own actions.
C) Attachment becomes focused on one figure, usually the primary caregiver.
D) Infants start to lose attachment to their primary caregivers.

Question 68

What is the term used to describe "reading" emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation?

A) social referencing
B) deferred imitation
C) infinite generativity
D) reciprocal socialization

Question 69

Quimby, a 15-month-old child, looks to her mother to see if she should be afraid of the stranger who has come to her home. Quimby relaxes when she sees her mother smiling and speaking to the stranger in a calm voice. Quimby is engaging in

A) social checking.
B) social scoping.
C) social referencing.
D) social validation.

Question 70

Tara holds her two-month-old daughter, Sonia, close to her, makes eye contact, and smiles and sings softly to her. Tara is engaging in

A) face-to-face play.
B) parallel play.
C) joint attention.
D) imitation.

Question 71

Nick is 24 months old. His nanny observes that he has better locomotion skills than other children his age. He loves to walk and run around more than other children. Which of the following would most likely be a result of this behavior?

A) increase in face-to-face play
B) increased independent social interchanges
C) coincidental cooperative behavior
D) decreased expectation of positive interaction

Question 72

Amy is a 5-month-old baby girl. She tends to smile and become comfortable when her mother picks her up. However, when she sees an unknown face, she gets upset and cries for her mother. Which of the following phases of Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment is Amy currently in?

A) phase 3
B) phase 1
C) phase 2
D) phase 4

Question 73

According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, how long does phase 1 last?

A) from 10 to 18 months
B) from birth to 2 months
C) from 2 to 7 months
D) from 18 to 24 months

Question 74

According to Erikson, ________ are key to establishing a basic sense of trust in infants.

A) physical comfort and sensitive care
B) feeding and physical comfort
C) contact comfort and feeding
D) oral satisfaction and physical comfort

Question 75

Anthony is just starting to crawl and has taken to following his mother around the house. He also lifts his arms up to her when he wants to be picked up. According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, which phase is Anthony currently in?

A) phase 1
B) phase 2
C) phase 4
D) phase 3

Question 76

According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, which of the following is the time period for phase 3?

A) from birth to 2 months
B) from 2 to 7 months
C) from 7 to 24 months
D) from 24 months on

Question 77

Researchers are discovering that infants are more socially sophisticated and insightful at younger ages than previously envisioned. In which aspect is this sophistication and insight reflected?

A) in infants' perceptions of others' actions as intentionally motivated and goal-directed
B) in infants' awareness of their selves as an independent entity
C) in infants' development of more finely refined sensory perceptions, such as vision and hearing
D) in infants' ability to manipulate objects in an effective manner

Question 78

According to Freud, infants become attached to the person or object

A) that is perceived to be a non-stranger.
B) that provides physical comfort.
C) that provides oral satisfaction.
D) that provides a sense of trust.

Question 79

According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, what is the time period of phase 2?

A) from 2 to 7 months
B) from birth to 2 months
C) from 12 to 24 months
D) from 8 to 12 months

Question 80

Juan has been showing a marked increase in his imitative and reciprocal play. He goes around imitating nonverbal actions like jumping and running. Juan is probably

A) around six months old.
B) between six and nine months old.
C) between 12 and 18 months old.
D) between 18 and 24 months old.