Deck 3: Prenatal Development and Birth

Question 1

The ________ consists of three layers of cells: the endoderm, the mesoderm, and the ectoderm.

A) blastocyst
B) fetus
C) embryo
D) trophoblast

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The germinal period of development takes place in the ________ after conception.

A) first two weeks
B) first two months
C) first three months
D) first seven weeks

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Voletta is at the stage of pregnancy where the zygote has attached itself to the uterine wall. This scenario indicates the ________ stage of prenatal development.

A) embryonic
B) postpartum
C) germinal
D) fetal

Answer 3

C

Question 4

In the period of prenatal development that occurs from two to eight weeks after conception, the blastocyst attaches to the uterine wall. During this period, the mass of cells is referred to as a(n)

A) trophoblast.
B) follicle.
C) fetus.
D) embryo.

Question 5

The blastocyst differs from the trophoblast in that the blastocyst

A) is composed of an inner layer of cells that will finally develop into the embryo.
B) is the outermost layer of the embryo that will eventually produce the surface parts.
C) is the outer layer of cells that later provides nutrition and support for the embryo.
D) is a disk-shaped group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother and the offspring intertwine but do not join.

Question 6

________ refers to the attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall.

A) Implantation
B) Conception
C) Fertilization
D) Involution

Question 7

Implantation, the attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall, takes place about ________ days after conception.

A) six to eight
B) eight to ten
C) eleven to fifteen
D) fourteen to sixteen

Question 8

The ________ is the outer layer of cells of the blastocyst that later provides nutrition and support for the embryo.

A) ectoderm
B) perineum
C) cytocyst
D) trophoblast

Question 9

________ occurs when a single sperm cell from the male unites with an ovum (egg) in the female's fallopian tube in a process called fertilization.

A) Ovulation
B) Meiosis
C) Conception
D) Mitosis

Question 10

Salma is trying to get pregnant and therefore visits her doctor to understand more about pregnancy and childbirth. She asks her doctor about the duration of the typical prenatal development. Which of the following would be her doctor's response?

A) 38 to 40 weeks
B) 24 to 30 weeks
C) 28 to 33 weeks
D) 20 to 28 weeks

Question 11

Cell differentiation intensifies and organs appear in the ________ period of prenatal development.

A) embryonic
B) zygotic
C) fetal
D) germinal

Question 12

An egg is fertilized in the ________ period of prenatal development.

A) fetal
B) embryonic
C) implantation
D) germinal

Question 13

The process in which cells begin to specialize in order to perform various tasks is called ________.

A) cell differentiation
B) cell senescence
C) cell division
D) mitosis

Question 14

Rachel is in the first period of prenatal development. This scenario indicates the ________ of prenatal development.

A) fetal period
B) embryonic period
C) implantation period
D) germinal period

Question 15

The attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine wall begins the ________ period of prenatal development.

A) germinal
B) embryonic
C) fetal
D) zygotic

Question 16

Which of the following is a feature of the embryonic period of prenatal development?

A) the creation of the fertilized egg
B) the formation of the blastocyst
C) the attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall
D) the formation of support systems for cells

Question 17

Carla is three-and-a-half weeks pregnant. This indicates that her child is in the ________ period of prenatal development.

A) embryonic
B) fetal
C) placental
D) germinal

Question 18

Which of the following is the correct sequence of the periods of prenatal development?

A) fertile; embryonic; postterm
B) preterm; germinal; postterm
C) gestational; germinal; postnatal
D) germinal; embryonic; fetal

Question 19

The ________ consists of an inner mass of cells that eventually develops into an embryo.

A) trophoblast
B) blastocyst
C) endoblast
D) cytocyst

Question 20

The inner layer of cells of the embryo is referred to as the

A) mesoderm.
B) epidermis.
C) endometrium.
D) endoderm.

Question 21

Petra is in the fourth month of her pregnancy. Her unborn child is now referred to as a(n) ________.

A) gamete
B) zygote
C) fetus
D) embryo

Question 22

Which of the following statements is true of the fetus at the end of the fourth month of pregnancy?

A) The fetus is about 3 inches long and weighs about four-fifths of an ounce.
B) A growth spurt occurs in the fetus' lower body.
C) The eyes and eyelids are completely formed, and a fine layer of hair covers the head.
D) The fetus for the first time has a chance of surviving outside the womb.

Question 23

The fetus that Calista is carrying has reached the age of viability, meaning that it has a chance of surviving outside of the womb. Therefore, it can be inferred that Calista is ________ weeks pregnant.

A) 4 to 8
B) 16 to 18
C) 24 to 25
D) 10 to 12

Question 24

Tara has just entered the fetal period. Therefore, it has been ________ months since conception.

A) two
B) three
C) four
D) five

Question 25

The life-support systems for the embryo include the

A) umbilical cord, placenta, and amnion.
B) circulatory, nervous, and digestive systems.
C) digestive system, umbilical cord, and amnion.
D) nervous system, digestive system, and umbilical cord.

Question 26

The embryo's ________ develops into the digestive and respiratory systems.

A) ectoderm
B) endoderm
C) trophoblast
D) mesoderm

Question 27

The ________ is a layer of the embryo, which primarily produces parts that surround the internal areas.

A) endoderm
B) ectoderm
C) mesoderm
D) epidermis

Question 28

The process of organ development during the first two months of prenatal development is known as

A) organogenesis.
B) spermatogenesis.
C) urogenesis.
D) oogenesis.

Question 29

During pregnancy, which of the following organs or systems is the first to develop?

A) the visual system
B) the spinal cord
C) the urogenital system
D) the liver

Question 30

The structure that contains two arteries and one vein, and connects the developing embryo to the mother's body, is called the

A) amnion.
B) placenta.
C) embryo.
D) umbilical cord.

Question 31

Sidney is expecting her first child. She has recently begun to feel the fetus kicking. Sidney's current stage of pregnancy would fall under the ________ of prenatal development.

A) embryonic period
B) fetal period
C) germinal period
D) implantation period

Question 32

The ________ consists of a group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother and the offspring intertwine but do not join.

A) amnion
B) placenta
C) embryo
D) umbilical cord

Question 33

Which of the following statements is true of the middle layer of the embryo?

A) It will develop into the circulatory system, bones, muscles, excretory system, and reproductive system.
B) It will develop into the nervous system and brain, sensory receptors, and skin parts.
C) It primarily produces internal body parts.
D) It primarily produces surface parts.

Question 34

The outermost layer of the embryo is called the

A) mesoderm, which produces the digestive system.
B) cytoderm, which produces the circulatory system.
C) endoderm, which produces the reproductive system.
D) ectoderm, which produces the nervous system.

Question 35

The ________ prevents large molecules like red blood cells and harmful substances, such as most bacteria and maternal wastes, from entering the fetus.

A) umbilical cord
B) placental wall
C) amniotic sheath
D) ectoderm

Question 36

During the fourth week of prenatal development, the urogenital system becomes apparent, and ________ emerge.

A) fingernails and toenails
B) hair and eyelashes
C) arm and leg buds
D) eyes and eyelids

Question 37

Which of the following statements is true of the layers of cells of an embryo?

A) The mesoderm develops into the nervous system and brain, sensory receptors, and skin parts.
B) The ectoderm primarily produces surface parts.
C) The endoderm is composed of the mesoderm and the ectoderm.
D) The mesoderm primarily produces internal body parts and sensory receptors.

Question 38

The ________ provides an environment that is temperature and humidity controlled, as well as shockproof.

A) placental wall
B) pericardial fluid
C) umbilical cord
D) amniotic fluid

Question 39

Which of the following is a small molecule that would be able to pass through the placental wall?

A) a red blood cell
B) carbon dioxide
C) a hormone
D) maternal wastes

Question 40

The ________ is like a bag or envelope and contains a clear fluid in which the developing embryo floats.

A) placenta
B) umbilical cord
C) amnion
D) cervix

Question 41

Neural connectivity begins at around the

A) 20th prenatal week.
B) 23rd prenatal week.
C) 26th prenatal week.
D) 29th prenatal week.

Question 42

The long hollow tube formed by the mother's nervous system and located on the embryo's back is called the ________.

A) embryonal tube
B) neural tube
C) anacephal tube
D) fetal tube

Question 43

Uma has completed her third trimester and has just given birth. Which of the following is most likely to be true assuming that the baby is perfectly average?

A) The baby is 19 to 20 inches long and weighs 6 to 7.5 pounds.
B) Lanugo covers the baby's body.
C) Vernix caseosa begins to form after the baby is delivered.
D) The baby is more active than it was at 28 weeks.

Question 44

"Teratogen" comes from the Greek word "tera," which means ________.

A) deformed
B) monster
C) earth
D) evil

Question 45

Sarah is a 20-year-old college student who is paralyzed from the waist down. She can walk with difficulty using crutches but prefers her wheelchair. Sarah's condition is due to a birth defect that occurs when the neural tube fails to close during gestation. Which of the following birth defects does Sarah most likely have?

A) anencephaly
B) neuronal migration
C) multiple sclerosis
D) spina bifida

Question 46

Melania has tested positive to a pregnancy test. She is very happy and visits her doctor to find out the sex of her unborn child so that she can hold a gender reveal party for her family. Her doctor tells her that it is too early to determine the sex of the child and that it can be determined only after ________ weeks.

A) two
B) four
C) eight
D) twelve

Question 47

During which period of development is the unborn baby most at risk of developing a structural defect due to the effects of a teratogen?

A) at conception
B) during the germinal period
C) during the embryonic period
D) during the fetal period

Question 48

________ and ________ are the two birth defects that occur when the neural tube fails to close 27 days after conception.

A) Down syndrome; Tay-Sachs disease
B) Trisomy 13; trisomy 18
C) Spina bifida; anencephaly
D) ADHD; autism

Question 49

The generation of new neurons that begins to take place in the fifth prenatal week and occurs throughout pregnancy is called

A) neurogenesis.
B) neuronal migration.
C) neuronal connectivity.
D) neural revitalization.

Question 50

Which of the following is advised for pregnant women by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration?

A) Pregnant women should not consume caffeine or consume it only sparingly.
B) Pregnant women can consume as much caffeine as they want in chocolate but not in coffee.
C) Pregnant women can safely drink three cups of coffee each day after the third month of pregnancy.
D) Pregnant women should not consume caffeine in soda or tea but can consume caffeine safely through coffee.

Question 51

Mariah is at a particular stage of pregnancy where the fetus' heartbeat is audible with an ordinary stethoscope. Which prenatal developmental stage is the fetus currently in?

A) the first trimester
B) the second trimester
C) the fourth trimester
D) the conception stage

Question 52

A teratogen is any agent that can cause

A) organogenesis.
B) birth defects.
C) fetal movement.
D) maternal back pain.

Question 53

Which of the following is the U.S. Surgeon General's recommendation regarding alcohol intake during pregnancy?

A) It is wise to consume alcohol in moderation at the time of conception.
B) One or two servings of beer or wine a few days a week can have positive effects on the fetus.
C) No alcohol should be consumed during pregnancy.
D) One or two servings of hard liquor a few days a week can have positive effects on the fetus.

Question 54

Which of the following statements is true of neuronal migration?

A) It results in the closure of the neural tube 27 days after conception.
B) It causes birth defects such as anencephaly and spina bifida.
C) At its peak, close to 200,000 neurons are generated every minute.
D) It occurs 6 to 24 weeks after conception.

Question 55

Which of the following statements best distinguishes neurogenesis from neuronal migration?

A) Neurogenesis refers to the closure of the neural tube 27 days after conception, whereas neuronal migration refers to the formation of the neural tube 18 days after conception.
B) Neurogenesis is the occurrence of connections between neurons postnatally, whereas neuronal migration is the formation of the blastocyst and trophoblast.
C) Neurogenesis occurs 24-30 hours after fertilization, whereas neuronal migration occurs during the first two weeks after conception.
D) Neurogenesis refers to the formation of new neurons, whereas neuronal migration refers to the movement of cells outward to create the different levels, structures, and regions of the brain.

Question 56

Cathy is preparing for the birth of her first child. She asks her doctor when her baby may begin to assume the birth position. Which of the following would be her doctor's response?

A) 32 weeks onward
B) 24 weeks onward
C) 20 weeks onward
D) 16 weeks onward

Question 57

Cells moving outward from their original point to their appropriate locations and creating different levels, structures, and regions of the brain is called

A) neurogenesis.
B) neuronal migration.
C) neuronal connectivity.
D) neural revitalization.

Question 58

Which of the following statements is true of the impact of teratogens?

A) Very few fetuses are exposed to teratogens, so it is easy to determine which teratogen causes which defect.
B) Fetuses are safe from the effects of teratogens during the first trimester.
C) Teratogens cause anatomical defects only after organogenesis is complete.
D) Exposure to teratogens does more damage when it occurs at some points in development than at others.

Question 59

Sophia has just learned that she is pregnant. Her doctor advises a change in her diet to avoid any potential neural tube defects. Which of the following does her doctor recommend?

A) consuming food rich in vitamin C
B) consuming adequate amounts of the B vitamin folic acid
C) consuming additional calcium supplements
D) consuming additional iron supplements

Question 60

________ act on the nervous system to alter states of consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods.

A) Antiemetics
B) Biofeedback therapies
C) Antihypertensives
D) Psychoactive drugs

Question 61

Which of the following statements is true of cocaine use during pregnancy?

A) Cocaine quickly crosses the placenta to reach the fetus.
B) Cocaine is broken down in the mother's bloodstream before it can reach the fetus.
C) Cocaine molecules are too large to pass through the placenta.
D) Cocaine exposure during prenatal development has no negative effects on the fetus.

Question 62

Which of the following statements is true of the complications of Rh incompatibility?

A) If the fetus' blood is Rh-positive and the mother's is Rh-negative, the fetus' immune system may produce antibodies that will attack the mother.
B) Giving blood transfusions to babies affected by Rh incompatibility seldom reduces the complications.
C) With each subsequent pregnancy, the risk of complications for an Rh-positive baby of an Rh-negative mother is reduced.
D) The risks associated with Rh incompatibility are miscarriage, anemia, jaundice, heart defects, brain damage, or death soon after birth.

Question 63

Giovanna was found to be Rh incompatible with her first child. To prevent her body from producing antibodies that would attack any future Rh-incompatible fetuses, her doctor gave her ________.

A) Rohypnol
B) RhoGAM
C) hemoglobin
D) RhSYS

Question 64

Which of the following statements is true of the effect of substance abuse by pregnant mothers?

A) Infants whose mothers are addicted to heroin show several behavioral difficulties at birth, including withdrawal symptoms.
B) Prenatal marijuana exposure is related to higher intelligence in children.
C) Cocaine exposure during prenatal development is linked to low blood pressure of the child at nine years of age.
D) Maternal smoking is linked to enhanced ovarian functioning in female offspring.

Question 65

During delivery, which of the following diseases is transmitted to a newborn through the birth canal?

A) diabetes
B) west Nile virus
C) rubella
D) genital herpes

Question 66

Jessica is a 25-year-old woman who often drinks alcohol. Now that she is pregnant, her doctor has advised her to avoid alcohol as it has been proven to cause abnormalities in the offspring. According to recent research, which of the following is a known abnormality?

A) lower birth weight
B) withdrawal symptoms
C) lower quality of reflexes at one month of age
D) facial deformities

Question 67

Sammy is conducting a seminar on the effects of cocaine use by pregnant women. Which of the following statements, if true, would she focus on during her seminar?

A) Cocaine exposure during prenatal development is associated with increased birth weight.
B) Prenatal cocaine exposure has been linked to higher arousal.
C) Cocaine exposure during prenatal development is associated with reduced length and head circumference.
D) Children born to cocaine users exhibit higher quality of reflexes at one month of age.

Question 68

Megan and Kate are studying nursing, having chosen obstetrics as their elective. They are having a discussion on the causes and effects of genital herpes on a newborn baby. Megan thinks that the newborn will contract the virus while still in the mother's uterus. However, Kate who is more familiar with the infection, thinks otherwise. Which of the following statements supports Kate's views?

A) Newborns contract the virus during gestation across the placenta.
B) Newborns contract the virus when they are delivered through the birth canal of a mother with the infection.
C) Newborns contract the virus when they are breast-fed by a mother who has the infection.
D) Newborns have the virus in their blood, but the symptoms only show up once they are born.

Question 69

Zia is pregnant and has a disease that, if untreated, may result in eye and skin lesions in her baby. Which of the following diseases does Zia have?

A) genital warts
B) syphilis
C) rubella
D) hepatitis C

Question 70

Which of the following statements is true of the effects of marijuana exposure on one's offspring?

A) Research has concluded that marijuana use by pregnant women is associated with facial deformities in their offspring.
B) Research has indicated that mothers who use marijuana while pregnant have a higher risk of having a child who develops depression by age 10.
C) Research has shown that offspring exposed to marijuana prenatally tended to use marijuana by age 14.
D) Research has concluded that controlled doses of marijuana are associated with increased memory in the developing offspring.

Question 71

Mindy's doctor recommends a diagnostic X-ray to check her lungs for a possible respiratory infection. Since she is in her first trimester, she is concerned about the possible risks of the X-ray radiation on her baby. Which of the following precautions should the doctor take to avoid any complications in Mindy's unborn baby due to the X-ray?

A) Give Mindy a mild dose of an analgesic.
B) Give Mindy an epidural block to numb her body from the waist down.
C) Cover Mindy's abdomen with a lead apron.
D) Cover Mindy with several thick, woolen quilts.

Question 72

According to research, which of the following risks is linked to environmental tobacco smoke?

A) reduced head circumference in newborns
B) withdrawal symptoms in newborns
C) lower quality of reflexes at one month of age in newborns
D) impaired connectivity of the thalamus and prefrontal cortex in newborns

Question 73

Sylvia is almost nine months pregnant and is very close to her delivery date. The doctors have found that she has an active case of genital herpes. Which of the following is the best course of action to prevent Sylvia's baby from contracting the disease?

A) performing a cesarean section
B) terminating the pregnancy
C) delivering the baby through the birth canal
D) giving the baby blood transfusions

Question 74

Jasmine and her fetus are Rh incompatible. This means that

A) the fetus will seldom face any issues during the fetal period or after birth.
B) the fetus' immune system will attack the mother's cells during the fetal stage.
C) jasmine has type A blood, whereas her fetus has type B blood.
D) jasmine may produce antibodies that will attack the fetus.

Question 75

Rubella, also known as German measles, is a maternal disease that can cause prenatal defects. Identify the most common fetal and neonatal outcome of this disease.

A) microcephaly
B) eye lesions
C) stillbirth
D) skin lesions

Question 76

Alicia is pregnant and is a heavy smoker. Which of the following risks does her baby face?

A) facial and limb deformities
B) sudden infant death syndrome
C) cognitive defects
D) tremors and increased general irritability

Question 77

Prenatal cocaine exposure has been linked to

A) decreased blood pressure at nine years of age.
B) impaired language development and information processing.
C) increased head circumference at birth.
D) quicker motor development at two years of age.

Question 78

Kate is addicted to smoking. Even though her doctor advises her to quit smoking during her pregnancy, she continues smoking. Which of the following is a possible consequence of her action?

A) Her baby will suffer from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
B) Her baby will have higher than average birth weight.
C) Her baby will suffer from autism.
D) Her baby will suffer from schizophrenia.

Question 79

The doctor warned Selena, a 30-year-old pregnant woman, that using methadone for her treatment will result in severe consequences. Why is Selena considering methadone for her treatment, and what is the consequence of using this drug?

A) Selena is addicted to alcohol. Methadone is a common treatment for alcohol addiction but is known to cause very low birth weight in newborns.
B) Selena is addicted to heroin. Methadone is a common treatment for heroin addiction but is known to cause very severe withdrawal symptoms in newborns.
C) Selena is addicted to smoking. Methadone is a common treatment for nicotine addiction but is known to cause lower intelligence in children.
D) Selena is addicted to marijuana. Methadone is a common treatment for marijuana addiction but is known to cause lower quality of reflexes at one month of age.

Question 80

Janis, a 30-year-old woman, has been in and out of drug rehabilitation programs several times over the last few years. Recently, she gave birth to a baby girl. The doctor noticed that the infant showed symptoms of tremors, irritability, abnormal crying, disturbed sleep, and impaired motor control. The doctor diagnosed these withdrawal symptoms as the effects of a drug to which Janis was addicted. Identify the drug.

A) methamphetamine
B) nicotine
C) marijuana
D) heroin