Deck 19: Socioemotional Development in Late Adulthood

Question 1

According to Erik Erikson, which of the following stages of development does an individual experience in late adulthood?

A) generativity versus stagnation
B) autonomy versus shame
C) industry versus inferiority
D) integrity versus despair

Answer 1

D

Question 2

According to Erikson, who among the following is most likely to face a conflict between identity and confusion?

A) Teena, a 14-year-old who joins a new school after her family's relocation from California to Texas
B) Trevor, a 68-year-old retired military policeman who decides to spend the rest of his life as a pilgrim
C) Anjali, a 25-year-old who receives admission into her desired college for a postgraduate program
D) Lee, an 8-year-old who wins the spelling bee competition in his school

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following is a positive resolution of the psychological conflict of identity vs. confusion?

A) fidelity
B) wisdom
C) care
D) love

Answer 3

A

Question 4

According to Erikson, which of the following stages of development does an individual experience in infancy?

A) autonomy vs. shame
B) industry vs. inferiority
C) basic trust vs. mistrust
D) intimacy vs. isolation

Question 5

According to Erikson, which of the following stages of development does an individual experience in middle adulthood?

A) generativity vs. stagnation
B) autonomy vs. shame
C) industry vs. inferiority
D) integrity vs. despair

Question 6

Which of the following is a positive resolution of the psychological conflict of intimacy vs. isolation?

A) infidelity
B) wisdom
C) care
D) love

Question 7

According to Erikson, the ________ stage of development involves reflecting on the past and either piecing together a positive review or concluding that one's life has not been well spent.

A) integrity versus despair
B) autonomy versus shame
C) industry versus inferiority
D) generativity versus stagnation

Question 8

According to Erikson, which of the following stages of development does an individual experience in toddlerhood?

A) autonomy vs. shame
B) industry vs. inferiority
C) basic trust vs. mistrust
D) intimacy vs. isolation

Question 9

Identify Erikson's developmental stage that individuals experience in adolescence.

A) generativity vs. stagnation
B) autonomy vs. shame
C) identity vs. confusion
D) intimacy vs. isolation

Question 10

Identify Erikson's developmental stage that individuals experience in school age.

A) generativity vs. stagnation
B) industry vs. inferiority
C) identity vs. confusion
D) intimacy vs. isolation

Question 11

Which of the following of Erikson's developmental stages do individuals experience in early childhood?

A) initiative vs. guilt
B) industry vs. inferiority
C) identity vs. confusion
D) intimacy vs. isolation

Question 12

According to Erik Erikson, what is the last stage of development in life?

A) death versus dying
B) integrity versus despair
C) immortality versus death
D) independence versus dependence

Question 13

Erik Erikson believed that people who experience isolation in early adulthood and stagnation in middle adulthood are more likely to experience ________ in late adulthood.

A) despair
B) inferiority
C) shame and doubt
D) identity diffusion

Question 14

Which of the following is Erikson's eighth stage of development?

A) generativity versus stagnation
B) integrity versus despair
C) industry versus inferiority
D) autonomy versus shame

Question 15

Which of the following is a positive resolution of the psychological conflict of generativity vs. stagnation?

A) infidelity
B) wisdom
C) care
D) will

Question 16

In the context of socioemotional development in late adulthood, which of the following is true of life review?

A) It is the same for every individual.
B) It is used to avoid the revival of negative thoughts.
C) It is set in motion by looking forward to death.
D) It is independent of interpersonal, relationship dimensions.

Question 17

Kendall was a kind and empathetic woman who actively participated in fund-raising events for charity organizations even when she was 87 years old. During her middle adulthood, she began caring for others and empathizing with people who were socially disadvantaged. Which of the following psychosocial conflicts did Kendall most likely experience that resulted in the resolution mentioned in the scenario?

A) generativity vs. stagnation
B) autonomy vs. shame
C) industry vs. inferiority
D) initiative vs. guilt

Question 18

Robert Butler states that life review is set in motion by

A) retrospective glances on life's worth.
B) looking forward to death.
C) handing over the legacy to the next generation.
D) conflicting views of wisdom against integrity.

Question 19

According to Erik Erikson's developmental stages, which of the following is the resolution an individual is most likely to experience if he or she is in the last stage of human development?

A) care
B) fidelity
C) wisdom
D) hope

Question 20

Which of the following is prominent in Erikson's final stage of integrity versus despair?

A) life review
B) identity resolution
C) integrity formation
D) struggle for independence

Question 21

According to Erikson, in old age, the positive resolution of the conflict of intimacy vs. isolation culminates in

A) acceptance of the cycle of life.
B) a merger of sensory, logical, and aesthetic perception.
C) acceptance of the course of one's life and unfulfilled hopes.
D) a sense of complexity of relationships.

Question 22

According to Erikson, the positive resolution of the conflict of generativity vs. stagnation culminates in ________ in old age.

A) caring for others, and empathy and concern
B) existential identity
C) a sense of complexity of relationships
D) humor and resilience

Question 23

Sara is 17 years old. After being confused about her sexual orientation for a long time, Sara is finally able to identify herself as bisexual. According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, which of the following is most likely to be true of Sara when she reaches old age?

A) She will have a strong sense of humor.
B) She will believe that heterosexual relationships are immoral.
C) She will appreciate the complexity of life.
D) She will develop a sense of inferiority.

Question 24

Voletta believes that older adults become more selective about their social networks as they age. She is a proponent of

A) socioemotional selectivity theory.
B) selective optimization with compensation theory.
C) activity theory.
D) social discontinuity theory.

Question 25

Olivia believes that the more dynamic and involved older adults are, the more likely they are to be satisfied with their lives. Thus, she believes in

A) activity theory.
B) Erikson's theory of integrity versus despair.
C) socioemotional selectivity theory.
D) selective optimization with compensation theory.

Question 26

Ramya is an 80-year-old woman who suffers from dementia. She attends therapy sessions in which the clinician uses photographs and video recordings to encourage discussions about Ramya's past activities and experiences. The therapy sessions help reduce Ramya's depressive symptoms and improve her self-acceptance. Based on this information, it can be inferred that the clinician uses ________ therapy.

A) gestalt
B) reminiscence
C) schema
D) drama

Question 27

Which of the following is a positive resolution of the psychological conflict of initiative vs. guilt?

A) fidelity
B) purpose
C) competence
D) love

Question 28

Which of the following is a positive resolution of the psychological conflict of basic trust vs. mistrust?

A) hope
B) purpose
C) competence
D) will

Question 29

Jeremy is 84 years old. Since the age of 78, Jeremy deliberately reduced contact with his distant relatives and former work colleagues. He now maintains contact only with close family members and friends. In the context of Laura Carstensen's socioemotional selectivity theory, which of the following was most likely the reason for Jeremy's decision to withdraw from social contact?

A) He developed negative feelings toward them.
B) He suffered from social anxiety disorder.
C) He was unable to talk loudly or write clearly.
D) He placed a high value on emotional satisfaction.

Question 30

Which of the following theories explains why older adults spend most of their time with familiar individuals and family?

A) activity theory
B) socioemotional selectivity theory
C) social discontinuity theory
D) disengagement theory

Question 31

According to Erikson, the positive resolution of which developmental stage culminates in appreciation of interdependence and relatedness in old age?

A) generativity vs. stagnation
B) basic trust vs. mistrust
C) integrity vs. despair
D) intimacy vs. isolation

Question 32

Which of the following is likely to be an outcome of reminiscence therapy?

A) improved motor skills
B) financial independence
C) physical well-being
D) increased self-esteem

Question 33

Which of the following is a positive resolution of the psychological conflict of autonomy vs. shame?

A) fidelity
B) purpose
C) competence
D) will

Question 34

Which of the following is true of socioemotional selectivity theory?

A) It was proposed by Paul Baltes and his colleagues.
B) It emphasizes that the trajectory of motivation for knowledge-related goals declines in adolescence and early adulthood and then peaks during middle and late adulthood.
C) It challenges the stereotype that the majority of older adults are in emotional despair because of their social isolation.
D) It states that adults become less selective about their social networks as they grow older.

Question 35

According to Erikson, the positive resolution of which developmental stage culminates in acceptance of the course of one's life and unfulfilled hopes in old age?

A) generativity vs. stagnation
B) basic trust vs. mistrust
C) industry vs. inferiority
D) intimacy vs. isolation

Question 36

According to Erikson, in old age, the positive resolution of the conflict of identity vs. confusion culminates in

A) a sense of complexity of life.
B) a merger of sensory, logical, and aesthetic perception.
C) acceptance of the course of one's life and unfulfilled hopes.
D) a sense of humor and resilience.

Question 37

Clayton is a psychologist who runs a counseling center for older adults. In his center, the clients meet every week and form groups in which each individual narrates his or her past activities and events. Clayton encourages the members of the groups to share old photographs related to their life events and tell anecdotes about their experiences. This scenario illustrates the use of ________ therapy.

A) cognitive behavioral
B) past life regression
C) reminiscence
D) rational emotive

Question 38

Which of the following is true of activity theory?

A) It states that successful aging depends on three main factors: selection, optimization, and compensation.
B) It states that adults become more selective about their social networks as they grow older and place a high value on emotional satisfaction.
C) It suggests that older adults should identify and reflect on the positive and negative aspects of their lives.
D) It states that adults who cannot carry on their middle-adulthood roles into late adulthood should find substitute roles that keep them engaged.

Question 39

Which of the following is a positive resolution of the psychological conflict of industry vs. inferiority?

A) fidelity
B) wisdom
C) competence
D) love

Question 40

Life review

A) suggests that many individuals will achieve greater life satisfaction if they continue their middle-adulthood roles into late adulthood.
B) might result in increased meaning in life and mastery, but it also might revive bitterness and negative thoughts.
C) revealed that those who were more physically active had higher life satisfaction and greater social interaction than their physically inactive counterparts.
D) fails to consider sociocultural dimensions, such as culture, ethnicity, and gender.

Question 41

According to Baltes, in which of the following scenarios is the need for compensation for older adults the most obvious?

A) reminiscing on life's regrets
B) watching soaps on TV
C) being bedridden because of an illness
D) narrating bedtime stories to grandchildren

Question 42

According to socioemotional selectivity theory, which of the following is true of the trajectory of motivation for knowledge-related goals?

A) It declines during middle and late adulthood.
B) It starts in adolescence.
C) It peaks in early childhood.
D) It is relatively low in the early years of life.

Question 43

According to socioemotional selectivity theory, the trajectory of motivation for knowledge-related goals peaks in

A) middle and late adulthood.
B) adolescence and early adulthood.
C) early childhood.
D) infancy.

Question 44

According to Baltes, ________ becomes relevant when life tasks require a level of capacity beyond the current level of the older adult's performance potential.

A) selection
B) organization
C) optimization
D) compensation

Question 45

Selective optimization with compensation theory states that successful aging is related to three main factors:

A) assortment, enhancement, and remuneration.
B) reorganization, compensation, and optimization.
C) selection, optimization, and compensation.
D) remuneration, selection, and enhancement.

Question 46

________ theory focuses on the types of goals that individuals are motivated to achieve as they approach the end of life.

A) Selective optimization with compensation
B) Activity
C) Socioemotional selectivity
D) Disengagement

Question 47

According to socioemotional selectivity theory, when does the emotional trajectory increase?

A) in adolescence
B) in early adulthood
C) in middle childhood
D) in late adulthood

Question 48

According to socioemotional selectivity theory, individuals are motivated by two types of goals-emotional and

A) spiritual.
B) practical.
C) relational.
D) knowledge-related.

Question 49

According to socioemotional selectivity theory, when time is perceived as ________, as it is when individuals are younger, people are more strongly motivated to pursue information, even at the cost of emotional satisfaction.

A) fluid
B) limited
C) open-ended
D) created, not given

Question 50

Now that Benita is in late adulthood, socioemotional selectivity theory predicts that she will

A) become more socially withdrawn as she prepares for death.
B) continue to actively make new friends.
C) spend most of her time with familiar friends.
D) emotionally invest in peripheral relationships.

Question 51

________ theory describes how people can produce new resources and allocate them effectively to the tasks they want to master.

A) Activity
B) Selective optimization with compensation
C) Socioemotional selectivity
D) Psychoanalytical

Question 52

According to Baltes, which of the following factors suggests that it is possible to maintain performance in some areas through continued practice and the use of new technologies?

A) selection
B) compensation
C) optimization
D) reorganization

Question 53

According to socioemotional selectivity theory, which of the following is cited as one of the main reasons for the changing trajectories in knowledge-related and emotion-related goals of older adults compared with younger adults?

A) perception of time
B) state of health
C) self-esteem and self-respect
D) social support or the lack of it

Question 54

According to the socioemotional selectivity theory, which of the following is true of the emotion trajectory?

A) It increases during early adulthood.
B) It is low during early childhood.
C) It peaks during middle childhood.
D) It is high during infancy.

Question 55

Selective optimization with compensation theory proposes that successful aging is related to three main factors. Which of these factors is based on the concept that older adults have a reduced capacity and loss of functioning, which require a reduction in performance in most life domains?

A) selection
B) optimization
C) compensation
D) remuneration

Question 56

According to socioemotional selectivity theory, selective narrowing of social interaction ________ as individuals get older.

A) minimizes health-related complications
B) minimizes emotional risks
C) maximizes social isolation
D) maximizes financial freedom

Question 57

Joaquin believes that older adults deliberately withdraw from social contact with individuals who are peripheral to their lives while maintaining or increasing contact with close friends and family members with whom they have had enjoyable relationships. He is a proponent of

A) activity theory.
B) selective optimization with compensation theory.
C) socioemotional selectivity theory.
D) social discontinuity theory.

Question 58

The late Arthur Rubinstein, during his old age, maintained his status as an admired pianist by a few simple strategies. One of those was reducing the scope of his performances and playing fewer pieces. Which aspect of Baltes's theory does this reflect?

A) selection
B) organization
C) optimization
D) compensation

Question 59

Which of the following theories challenges the stereotype that older adults are in despair because of social isolation?

A) socioemotional selectivity theory
B) activity theory
C) disengagement theory
D) social breakdown theory

Question 60

In the context of socioemotional selectivity theory, which of the following statements is true according to studies on the emotional life of older adults?

A) Emotional experiences are less positive in the lives of older adults than in the lives of younger adults.
B) Older adults focus less on negative events in their past than younger adults do.
C) Older adults show less engagement with highly positive contexts than younger adults.
D) Compared with younger adults, older adults react more strongly to negative circumstances.

Question 61

In the context of a cross-sectional study of self-esteem by Robins and others in 2002 involving a diverse sample of more than 300,000 individuals, which of the following statements is true of the research findings?

A) Self-esteem was low in the 20s.
B) The self-esteem of males was lower than the self-esteem of females during adulthood.
C) Self-esteem dropped significantly in the ages between 50 and 60.
D) The self-esteem of males and females converged in their 70s and 80s.

Question 62

Identify the personality traits in the Big Five factors of personality that are associated with severe depression in older adults.

A) low conscientiousness and extraversion and high neuroticism
B) low religiosity and high materialism and humanism
C) high agreeableness and low neuroticism and introversion
D) high extroversion and low openness and materialism

Question 63

According to Paul Baltes and his colleagues, which of the following is an effective selection strategy?

A) If things don't go well for you, be willing to let others help you.
B) Persevere and keep trying until you reach your goal.
C) Focus on the most important goal at a particular time.
D) When things do not go the way they used to, search for other ways to achieve what you want.

Question 64

When he was interviewed at 80 years of age, Arthur Rubinstein said that he spent more time at practice than earlier in his life. This helped maintain his status as an admired concert pianist. Which aspect of Baltes's theory does this reflect?

A) selection
B) organization
C) optimization
D) compensation

Question 65

Studies on the Big Five factors of personality found that transition into late adulthood was characterized by increases in the aspects of impulse control, reliability, and conventionality. To which Big Five personality factor do these aspects belong?

A) openness to experience
B) neuroticism
C) agreeableness
D) conscientiousness

Question 66

Which of the following is a compensation strategy suggested by Baltes and his colleagues?

A) Focus on the most important goal at a particular time.
B) To reach a particular goal, you may need to abandon other goals.
C) Persevere and keep trying until you reach your goal.
D) If things do not go well for you, be willing to let others help you.

Question 67

Which of the following is true of selective optimization with compensation theory?

A) It states that older adults can continue to lead satisfying lives, although in a more restricted manner.
B) It emphasizes that the trajectory of motivation for knowledge-related goals peaks in early adulthood.
C) It challenges the stereotype that the majority of older adults are in emotional despair because of their social isolation.
D) It states that the more active older adults are, the more likely they are to be satisfied with their lives.

Question 68

According to a cross-sectional study by Ursula Staudinger, which of the following is the most important investment for adults between 25 and 34 years of age?

A) work
B) family
C) friends
D) leisure activities

Question 69

According to a cross-sectional study on self-esteem conducted by Robins and others (2002), who among the following have the highest self-esteem?

A) adolescents
B) young adults
C) middle-aged adults
D) the elderly

Question 70

A cross-sectional study by Ursula Staudinger found that for participants from 85 to 105 years old, ________ became the most important personal investment.

A) work
B) health
C) family
D) friends

Question 71

A longitudinal study of more than 1,200 individuals across seven decades revealed that a higher score on the Big Five personality factor of ________ predicted a lower risk of earlier death from childhood through late adulthood.

A) agreeableness
B) conscientiousness
C) neuroticism
D) extraversion

Question 72

According to new studies, which of the Big Five factors of personality was linked to an increased risk of older adults' developing Alzheimer disease across a 6-year time frame?

A) high level of openness to experience
B) moderate to high level of conscientiousness
C) low to moderate level of agreeableness
D) high level of neuroticism

Question 73

According to a cross-sectional study by Ursula Staudinger, ________ showed up for the first time on the most important list for those who were 85 to 105 years old.

A) spending time with friends
B) concerns about work
C) thinking about cognitive fitness
D) thinking about life

Question 74

In order to maintain his status as an admired pianist, the late Arthur Rubinstein during his old age used special strategies, such as slowing down before fast segments, thus creating a perception of faster playing. Which factor of Baltes's theory does this reflect?

A) selection
B) optimization
C) organization
D) compensation

Question 75

A cross-sectional study by Ursula Staudinger found that for adults from 55 to 65 years of age, ________ became most important in terms of personal investment.

A) work
B) independence
C) family
D) friends

Question 76

According to Paul Baltes and his colleagues, which of the following is an effective optimization strategy?

A) To reach a particular goal, you may need to abandon other goals.
B) Persevere and keep trying until you reach your goal.
C) When things do not go as well as in the past, keep trying other ways until you can achieve results that are similar to what you accomplished earlier in your life.
D) Think about what you want in life and commit yourself to one or two major goals.

Question 77

Older adults characterized by ________ do not live as long as those who display ________.

A) empathy; sympathy
B) materialism; spiritualism
C) negative affect; positive affect
D) generosity; frugality

Question 78

According to a cross-sectional study by Ursula Staudinger, which of the following is the least important investment for adults between 25 and 34 years of age?

A) independence
B) family
C) friends
D) work

Question 79

A cross-sectional study by Ursula Staudinger found that for adults from 35 to 54 years of age, ________ became most important in terms of personal investment.

A) work
B) independence
C) friends
D) family

Question 80

Which of the following factors has been associated with low self-esteem in late adulthood?

A) lower cognitive skills
B) empty nest syndrome
C) fear of retirement
D) deteriorating physical health