Deck 14: Socioemotional Development in Early Adulthood

Question 1

In one longitudinal study, when 3-year-old children showed good control of their emotions and were resilient in the face of stress, they were

A) likely to continue to handle emotions effectively as adults.
B) less likely as adults to be assertive.
C) likely to be aggressive in their relationships in later adulthood.
D) more likely to engage in compulsive gambling in early adulthood.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following is true of the preferences of adults regarding the attachment styles of their partners?

A) Securely attached adults show a preference for individuals with an anxious attachment style.
B) Individuals with an anxious attachment style mostly seem to prefer a partner with an anxious attachment style.
C) Adults prefer to have an avoidant adult as a partner.
D) Adults prefer having a securely attached partner.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Theodore Wachs proposed ways that linkages between temperament in childhood and personality in adulthood might vary depending on the

A) genetic makeup of the individual.
B) intervening contexts in individuals' experience.
C) age at which the child exhibited the personality trait.
D) brain development of the individual.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

On an assessment of attachment styles modeled on Hazan and Shaver's questionnaire, Alicia described herself thus: "I find it relatively easy to get close to others and I am comfortable depending on them and having them depend on me. I don't worry about being abandoned or about someone getting too close to me." Alicia seems to have a(n) ________ attachment style.

A) avoidant
B) secure
C) anxious
D) gregarious

Question 5

________ individuals are hesitant about getting involved in romantic relationships and once in a relationship tend to distance themselves from their partner.

A) Disorganized
B) Anxious
C) Securely attached
D) Avoidant

Question 6

Research relating to individual temperaments has indicated that children with an easy temperament at ages 3 to 5

A) are more likely to have learning disabilities in adolescence.
B) largely do not carry that temperament into adulthood.
C) are less likely than other adults to be assertive.
D) are more likely to be well adjusted as young adults.

Question 7

Secure attachment to parents during childhood correlates with

A) higher academic achievement in college.
B) stronger sibling relationships in adulthood.
C) secure attachment to romantic partners in adulthood.
D) an easy temperament in adulthood.

Question 8

If researchers measure an individual's self-esteem at ages 10, 20, 30, and 40 years, where are they likely to find the most stability?

A) when measured at the age of 10 and then again at the age of 30
B) when measured at the age of 20 and then again at the age of 30
C) when measured at the age of 20 and then again at the age of 40
D) when measured at the age of 10 and then again at the age of 40

Question 9

Amy is not overly stressed out about her relationship with her boyfriend Danny. She trusts him and is sure that if there are any problems, they can talk it through and come to an understanding. Which of the following best describes Amy's attachment style?

A) disorganized
B) anxious
C) avoidant
D) secure

Question 10

In his meeting with a counsellor, Dalton revealed that he was uncomfortable being close to others. He finds it difficult to trust people completely and doesn't allow himself to depend completely on them. He gets nervous if someone tries to get too intimate with him. It seems likely that Dalton has a(n) ________ attachment style.

A) secure
B) anxious
C) conflicted
D) avoidant

Question 11

Which of the following is a characteristic of attachment-anxious individuals?

A) They show strong ambivalence toward a romantic partner.
B) They tend to have low levels of health anxiety.
C) They tend to distance themselves from their partner.
D) They are unlikely to be characterized by higher negative affect.

Question 12

________ adults have positive views of relationships, find it easy to get close to others, and are not overly concerned with or stressed out about their romantic relationships.

A) Securely attached
B) Attachment-anxious
C) Attachment-avoidant
D) Securely detached

Question 13

Which of the following statements is true about the role of temperament among children and adults?

A) Children are likely to be well adjusted as adults regardless of their temperament during childhood.
B) Individuals who had an inhibited temperament in childhood are more likely than other adults to delay entering a stable job track.
C) Children with an easy temperament are less likely to be well adjusted as young adults.
D) Individuals who had an inhibited temperament in childhood are more likely than other adults to be assertive or experience social support.

Question 14

Rose's ex-boyfriend, Peter, describes her as clingy and dependent. During their relationship, she always told him that she loved him and wanted to rush into marriage. She also kept tabs on Peter and was jealous of all his female friends and colleagues. Rose seems to have a(n) ________ attachment style.

A) secure
B) anxious
C) conflicted
D) avoidant

Question 15

Which of the following scenarios will most likely aid an inhibited child in being outgoing, sociable, and emotionally stable as an adult?

A) peer groups with other inhibited children with common interests, so the child feels accepted
B) the child continuously encountering noisy, chaotic environments that allow no escape from stimulation
C) caregivers using inappropriate "low-level control" and attempting to force the child into new situations
D) the school being "overmanned," so inhibited children are less likely to be tolerated and more likely to feel undervalued

Question 16

Research indicates that links between early attachment styles and later attachment styles were ________ by stressful and disruptive experiences.

A) not impacted
B) lessened
C) facilitated
D) enhanced

Question 17

Individuals with an anxious attachment style

A) are hesitant about getting involved in romantic relationships but are committed once they are in one.
B) demand closeness in relationships and are less trusting and more emotional.
C) are less likely than others to have one-night stands.
D) tend to distance themselves from their partner.

Question 18

Securely attached adults

A) are hesitant about getting involved in romantic relationships but are committed once they are in one.
B) demand closeness in relationships and are more emotional.
C) are less likely than others to have one-night stands.
D) tend to distance themselves from their partner.

Question 19

Which of the following scenarios will most likely increase the tendency of a child to become an introvert and create more emotional problems as an adult?

A) admitting the child to peer groups with other inhibited children with common interests
B) having caregivers who are sensitive and accepting and allowing the child to set his own pace
C) presence of "defensible shelters" that the child can retreat to when there is too much stimulation in the physical environment
D) enrolling the child in a school that is overmanned

Question 20

________ is an individual's behavioral style and characteristic emotional responses.

A) Attitude
B) Temper
C) Disposition
D) Temperament

Question 21

The ________ attachment style is more likely to be characterized by trust, commitment, and longevity.

A) disorganized
B) avoidant
C) anxious
D) secure

Question 22

According to Buss and Barnes (1986) and Eastwick and Finkel (2008), which of the following is one of the most important characteristics men look for in their partner?

A) honesty
B) dependability
C) frugality
D) understanding

Question 23

According to research, which of the following is the least important characteristic that women look for in men?

A) kindness
B) good looks
C) earning prospects
D) considerateness

Question 24

In the context of adult attachment styles, attachment-anxious individuals are characterized by

A) an overall higher level of satisfaction in close relationships than their securely attached counterparts.
B) a need to distance themselves from their partner.
C) higher negative affect and perceived social rejection than their securely attached counterparts.
D) a well-integrated sense of self-acceptance, self-esteem, and self-efficacy.

Question 25

In the context of online dating, a national study of more than 19,000 individuals by Cacioppo and others (2013) found that

A) less than one-third of marriages began online.
B) marriages that began online were slightly more likely to break up than those that started in traditional offline contexts.
C) marriages that began online were characterized by slightly higher marital satisfaction than those that started in traditional offline contexts.
D) women lied online most about their height, income, and age.

Question 26

A national survey indicated that ________ in adults was associated with the development of disease and chronic illness, especially cardiovascular system problems such as high blood pressure, heart attack, and stroke.

A) secure attachment
B) easy temperament
C) insecure attachment
D) assertive personality

Question 27

Compared to relationships established in person, what is a significant finding about romantic relationships initiated on the Internet?

A) Romantic relationships initiated on the Internet are more likely than relationships established in person to last for more than two years.
B) Contrary to popular belief, intentional misrepresentation of the self over the Internet is very rare.
C) Women were found to be more dishonest than men.
D) Romantic relationships established in person have been found to last longer than those established over the Internet.

Question 28

Recent studies confirmed that ________ individuals showed strong ambivalence toward a romantic partner.

A) attachment-anxious
B) securely attached
C) attachment-avoidant
D) attachment-disorganized

Question 29

According to recent studies, which of the following adults had higher levels of sexual satisfaction?

A) attachment-secure adults
B) attachment-avoidant adults
C) attachment-anxious adults
D) attachment-disorganized adults

Question 30

Maria recently got married. In the context of adult attachment styles, she is more likely to engage in infidelity if she or her partner has a

A) highly anxious attachment style.
B) highly avoidant attachment style.
C) secure attachment style.
D) disorganized attachment style.

Question 31

Latrell is very intelligent but only of average physical attractiveness. The matching hypothesis states that he will choose a partner who

A) is also intelligent but very attractive.
B) is bright but unattractive.
C) is of average physical attraction.
D) is very attractive but not very intelligent.

Question 32

Apart from consensual validation, what is the other reason that similarity matters in relationships?

A) Similar attitudes tend to negatively influence relationships in the long run.
B) It is more socially acceptable to have a partner who is similar.
C) People tend to shy away from the unknown.
D) Evolutionary forces act toward integration of similar types.

Question 33

According to Mario Mikulincer and Phillip Shaver, when adults who are ________ face stress and adversity, they activate cognitive representations of security, are mindful of what is happening around them, and mobilize effective coping strategies.

A) avoidant
B) securely detached
C) insecurely attached
D) securely attached

Question 34

According to leading experts Mario Mikulincer and Phillip Shaver, individuals who ________ have a well-integrated sense of self-acceptance, self-esteem, and self-efficacy.

A) have an attachment-avoidant style
B) are insecurely attached
C) are securely attached
D) have an anxious-attachment style

Question 35

Which of the following is a potential benefit of romantic relationships over the Internet?

A) The chance of potential partners misrepresenting themselves is low.
B) The lack of interpersonal connection benefits the relationship in the long term.
C) It benefits shy and anxious people who find it difficult to meet potential partners in person.
D) It is especially beneficial to attachment-secure, gregarious people who want to form close relationships.

Question 36

According to recent studies, which of the following individuals showed lower levels of depressive symptoms?

A) attachment-anxious adults
B) attachment-secure adults
C) attachment-avoidant adults
D) attachment-repellant adults

Question 37

According to Mario Mikulincer and Phillip Shaver, ________ individuals have the ability to control their emotions, are optimistic, and are resilient.

A) avoidant
B) securely attached
C) insecurely attached
D) anxious-ambivalent

Question 38

Which of the following best exemplifies the psychological concept of consensual validation?

A) complimenting someone on the positive changes made in his or her life
B) being curious about someone whose native culture differs considerably from your own
C) being comfortable with someone who values the same things that you do
D) agreeing with someone that a proposed compromise is valid and acceptable

Question 39

The matching hypothesis says that we choose partners

A) who have similar values.
B) who are close to our level of physical attractiveness.
C) on the basis of proximity.
D) who have opposing personality traits.

Question 40

"Amelia's all excited about this new guy she met," says Julie. "I guess it makes sense because he's really a geek." Based on the concept of consensual validation, we can expect that Julie

A) thinks that Amelia is also a geek.
B) is an intellectual and charitable person.
C) believes that Amelia is not influenced by her friend's opinions.
D) is providing consensual validation for Amelia's taste in men.

Question 41

________ love is also called eros.

A) Companionate
B) Affectionate
C) Romantic
D) Consummate

Question 42

Penelope is describing her marriage of 15 years: "My husband and I were eating breakfast the other day. Neither of us was talking, both of us just reading and thinking our own thoughts. But it was a very comfortable, companionable silence, and I loved it!" What aspect of their relationship does this illustrate?

A) passion
B) infatuation
C) romantic love
D) affectionate love

Question 43

After 3 years of being in an intimate relationship with her boyfriend, Susan realizes that although she still feels passion for her boyfriend, she now desires to simply have him close to her. She cares for him a lot and has deep feelings for him. In this scenario, Susan is most likely experiencing

A) passionate love.
B) affectionate love.
C) fatuous love.
D) romantic love.

Question 44

________ love is the type of love that occurs when someone desires to have the other person near and has a deep, caring affection for the person.

A) Passionate
B) Fatuous
C) Companionate
D) Romantic

Question 45

According to Erik Erikson, which of the following is the sixth developmental stage?

A) intimacy versus isolation
B) identity versus identity confusion
C) autonomy versus shame and doubt
D) integrity versus despair

Question 46

According to Erik Erikson, which of the following is true of individuals who do not develop an intimate relationship in early adulthood?

A) They suffer from low self-esteem.
B) They have insecure attachment.
C) They become narcissistic.
D) They face isolation.

Question 47

Which of the following characteristics do men rate in women as most important?

A) good looks
B) honesty
C) understanding
D) kindness

Question 48

A meta-analysis revealed a positive link between ________ and intimacy, with the connection being stronger for men than women.

A) identity development
B) insecure attachment
C) postformal thought
D) postconventional reasoning

Question 49

Which of the following is another name for romantic love?

A) passionate love
B) affectionate love
C) companionate love
D) consummate love

Question 50

The early stages of love have more ________ love ingredients.

A) romantic
B) companionate
C) passionate
D) consummate

Question 51

Which of the following is true about gender differences in adult friendships?

A) Compared with women, men have more close friends.
B) Adult male friendships are more competitive than those of women.
C) Compared with women, men's friendships involve more self-disclosure and exchange of mutual support.
D) The adult female pattern of friendship often involves keeping one's distance while sharing useful information.

Question 52

According to Ellen Berscheid, the most important ingredient of romantic love is

A) friendship.
B) sexual desire.
C) long-term commitment.
D) spontaneity in behavior.

Question 53

Which of the following statements about romantic love is true?

A) Males show lower anxiety about romantic love than females.
B) Females show higher avoidance of romantic love than males.
C) Males show higher anxiety about romantic love than females.
D) Males and females show the same level of avoidance and anxiety about romantic love.

Question 54

According to Erik Erikson, which of the following is a precursor to intimacy in romantic relationships during emerging adulthood?

A) identity development in adolescence
B) insecure attachment in childhood
C) postconventional reasoning in childhood
D) postformal thought in adulthood

Question 55

Which of the following is a problem that can plague cross-gender friendships?

A) unclear sexual boundaries
B) lack of intimacy
C) lack of trust
D) learning about shared characteristics

Question 56

Tiara and Evan, who are classmates, have fallen in love with each other. Tiara feels intense passion for Evan and gets extremely jealous when she sees him talk to other girls in their class. She also has a strong sexual desire for him. In this early part of their relationship, Tiara is most likely experiencing

A) companionate love.
B) affectionate love.
C) consummate love.
D) romantic love.

Question 57

According to Erik Erikson, which of the following stages is the most important issue to be negotiated in adolescence?

A) identity versus identity confusion
B) industry versus inferiority
C) intimacy versus isolation
D) autonomy versus shame

Question 58

Erikson describes ________ as finding oneself while losing oneself in another person, and it requires a commitment to another person.

A) friendship
B) intimacy
C) attachment
D) temperament

Question 59

Female friendships involve more ________ than male friendships.

A) competition
B) outdoor activities
C) self-disclosure
D) sharing of useful information

Question 60

According to Erik Erikson, which of the following stages occurs during early adulthood, after individuals are well on their way to establishing stable and successful identities?

A) identity versus identity confusion
B) generativity versus stagnation
C) integrity versus despair
D) intimacy versus isolation

Question 61

Sara is in an intimate love relationship with Ren. She has a strong commitment toward her relationship with Ren. However, the intimacy in her relationship is diffused as she also places strong emphasis on connections with her family members. According to the cross-cultural variations observed in romantic relationships, Sara's relationship is most likely characteristic of a(n)

A) narcissistic country.
B) totalitarian country.
C) collectivist country.
D) individualistic country.

Question 62

Naina and Samir, who are a couple, are passionate about each other. They are physically and sexually attracted to one another. They know that they can count on each other during the ups and downs of life, and they intend to maintain their relationship in the face of problems. However, they lack feelings of warmth or closeness toward each other and avoid sharing their thoughts. According to Robert J. Sternberg's triarchic theory of love, Naina and Samir are most likely experiencing

A) romantic love.
B) fatuous love.
C) affectionate love.
D) consummate love.

Question 63

Nicole and Matthew, a couple, are passionately in love with each other. They are attracted to each other and also share their thoughts and emotions. They are thinking of a future together and know that they can depend on each other even in the face of problems. According to Robert J. Sternberg's triarchic theory of love, Nicole and Matthew are most likely experiencing

A) affectionate love.
B) consummate love.
C) fatuous love.
D) passionate love.

Question 64

Gary and Nina, who are colleagues, are attracted to each other and have an affair with each other. However, they do not have feelings for each other and do not intend to maintain or appraise the relationship. According to Robert J. Sternberg's triarchic theory of love, Gary and Nina's love relationship is mostly likely categorized as

A) fatuous love.
B) romance.
C) infatuation.
D) companionate love.

Question 65

According to Robert Sternberg's triangular theory of love, love is characterized by the dimensions of

A) role exchanges, exclusivity, and commitment.
B) shared activities, self-disclosure, and commitment.
C) passion, commitment, and intimacy.
D) transference, companionship, and self-disclosure.

Question 66

According to Robert J. Sternberg's triangular theory of love, ________ relates to the emotional feelings of warmth, closeness, and sharing in a relationship.

A) attachment
B) intimacy
C) commitment
D) passion

Question 67

Martin and Suzy, who are classmates, have an affair with each other. They are in a relationship that has an ingredient of passion. However, they do not have feelings of warmth or closeness toward each other and do not intend to appraise the relationship. According to Robert J. Sternberg's triarchic theory of love, Martin and Suzy's love relationship is mostly likely categorized as

A) infatuation.
B) intimacy.
C) fatuous love.
D) companionate love.

Question 68

Jenny is hurt following a breakup with her boyfriend. However, a few months later, she gets over the breakup and shares her thoughts about the breakup with her best friend and uses such phrases as "We should have communicated better," "I have learned the importance of saying sorry," and "I will not jump into a relationship too quickly." This scenario indicates that Jenny is most likely experiencing a(n) ________ growth following the breakup.

A) personal positive
B) relational positive
C) environmental positive
D) organizational positive

Question 69

Tina and Danny have been married for 12 years. Both are working and have busy schedules, but at the end of the day, they sit together and tell each other about their day. They have had their share of ups and downs in life, and their love for each other has grown steadily. However, Tina, although very happy in her marriage, reminisces about and wishes to have the passion they had in the early days of their marriage. According to Robert J. Sternberg's triarchic theory of love, Tina and Danny's relationship is mostly likely categorized as

A) romantic love.
B) consummate love.
C) affectionate love.
D) fatuous love.

Question 70

In the context of cross-cultural variations in romantic relationships, in contrast to individualistic countries, individuals in collectivist countries are more likely to

A) have a smaller social network.
B) have a strong tendency for self-disclosure.
C) be less group-oriented.
D) have stronger feelings of commitment.

Question 71

Which of the following is a component of Robert J. Sternberg's triarchic theory of love?

A) passion
B) exchange
C) jealousy
D) good looks

Question 72

Belinda breaks up with her boyfriend. Although she is extremely upset and heartbroken, she realizes that when she was with her boyfriend, she had completely ignored her friends. She now understands the importance of her friends and apologizes to them. She also realizes that she has more time now and takes up the dance classes that she was always interested in. In this scenario, Belinda is most likely experiencing a(n) ________ change following the breakup.

A) personal positive
B) relational positive
C) environmental positive
D) emotional positive

Question 73

Carla and Steve are in a love relationship. Carla has appraised their relationship and fully intends to maintain it even when faced with problems. Carla believes that Steve also loves her and will stand by her through life's ups and downs. According to Robert J. Sternberg's triarchic theory of love, which of the following dimensions of love is emphasized in this scenario?

A) commitment
B) intimacy
C) attachment
D) passion

Question 74

According to Robert J. Sternberg, ________ love is the strongest and fullest form of love.

A) passionate
B) fatuous
C) affectionate
D) consummate

Question 75

Tina is in a romantic love relationship with John. She is very intimate with him and does not place emphasis on connections outside of her relationship with him. She also has a very small social network. In the context of cross-cultural variations in romantic relationships, Tina's relationship is most likely characteristic of a(n)

A) communist country.
B) Marxist country.
C) collectivist country.
D) individualistic country.

Question 76

Julie describes how she feels about Mark: "I'm very physically attracted to him, but we aren't what you would call emotionally close. I love being with him, but I don't know that this will be a long-lasting relationship." According to Robert Sternberg's triangular theory of love, which type of love is Julie experiencing?

A) affectionate love
B) infatuation
C) consummate
D) companionate love

Question 77

Brenda and Jonathan have been married for 15 years. When Brenda develops a potentially fatal lung disease, Jonathan retires in order to care for Brenda. This shows that Brenda and Jonathan's relationship has a high level of

A) infatuation.
B) commitment.
C) fatuous love.
D) passion.

Question 78

According to Robert Sternberg's triangular theory of love, consummate love is characterized by

A) passion, intimacy, and commitment.
B) romance, shared disclosure, and sexual desire.
C) commitment and exclusiveness.
D) eroticism and companionship.

Question 79

Following a breakup with her boyfriend, Sherry is devastated and cries herself to sleep every night. Eventually, she starts taking control of her life. She accepts the breakup and her feelings and decides to move on. She becomes self-confident and realizes that the breakup has made her stronger. In this scenario, Sherry is most likely experiencing a(n) ________ change following the breakup.

A) personal positive
B) relational positive
C) environmental positive
D) organizational positive

Question 80

According to Robert J. Sternberg's triangular theory of love, ________ is physical and sexual attraction to another.

A) attachment
B) commitment
C) intimacy
D) passion