Deck 13: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood

Question 1

Just as the transition from elementary school to middle or junior high school involves change and possible stress, so does the transition from high school to college. The two transitions have many parallels. Which of the following is one of them?

A) movement to a more personal school structure
B) increased parental monitoring
C) the top-dog phenomenon
D) decreased interaction with peers

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Most of us reach our peak physical performance

A) before the age of 30, often between the ages of 19 and 26.
B) often between the ages of 15 and 22.
C) before the age of 20.
D) before the age of 22, often between the ages of 14 and 19.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The transition from adolescence to adulthood has been referred to as emerging adulthood, which occurs from approximately ________ years of age.

A) 12 to 18
B) 18 to 25
C) 21 to 26
D) 20 to 30

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Examples of Dana Torres (Olympic swimmer) and Tom Watson (golfer) have been used to illustrate that

A) there have been instances of highly conditioned athletes stretching the upper age limits of winning performances.
B) peaking of physical performance occurs later than previously thought.
C) peaking of winning performances occurs earlier than previously thought.
D) the lessening of physical abilities is a common complaint, even among highly conditioned athletes, past a certain age.

Question 5

Which of the following is a positive feature of the transition from high school to college?

A) decreased focus on achievement and its assessment
B) opportunities to explore different lifestyles and values
C) reduced peer pressure
D) movement to a smaller, more personal school structure

Question 6

The concept of emerging adulthood has been criticized as applying mainly to

A) individuals with a master's degree.
B) young adults who engage in unhealthy behaviors.
C) adolescents who are privileged.
D) individuals living in limiting economic conditions.

Question 7

In a study conducted by Nelson and others (2007), both parents and college students agreed that taking responsibility for one's actions and ________ are important aspects of becoming an adult.

A) physical maturity
B) spiritual maturity
C) developing emotional control
D) community service

Question 8

"Many emerging adults are optimistic about their future, and for emerging adults who have experienced difficult times while growing up, emerging adulthood presents an opportunity to direct their lives in a more positive direction." These are the two ways described by Jeffrey Arnett in which emerging adulthood can be viewed as

A) a period of stability.
B) the period of social responsibilities.
C) the age of possibilities.
D) a time of feeling "in-between."

Question 9

Ajith was able to pursue gymnastics with the support and encouragement from his family. During his career as a sportsperson, he represented his country at several international gymnastic competitions. In the context of physical performance and development, which of the following is most likely true of Ajith?

A) He reached his peak performance in his early thirties.
B) He became a gymnast during his late twenties.
C) He was 42 years old when he participated in his first international event.
D) He won most of his medals during his late teens.

Question 10

In the United States, the most widely recognized marker of entry into adulthood is

A) holding a more or less permanent, full-time job.
B) moving into one's own home.
C) getting married.
D) having a child.

Question 11

Which of the following athletes would be most likely to peak the earliest?

A) a golfer
B) a swimmer
C) a marathon runner
D) a baseball player

Question 12

In nonindustrialized countries, marriage-the marker for entry into adulthood-usually occurs ________ the adulthood markers in the United States.

A) much earlier than
B) much later than
C) around the same time as
D) immediately after

Question 13

James, an American, will be most likely considered as an adult by his peers and community when he ________, whereas Nirmal, who lives in Bangladesh, will be most likely considered as an adult by his community when he ________.

A) moves out of the house; graduates from college
B) gets a full-time job; gets married
C) turns 21; becomes financially independent
D) gets married; buys his first home

Question 14

Which of the following statements is true about the various markers of adulthood?

A) In developing countries, marriage is hardly a significant marker for entry into adulthood.
B) Economic independence is one of the key markers of adult status, but achieving it has been considered a long process.
C) Marriage is the most widely recognized marker of entry into adulthood among industrialized countries such as America.
D) The criteria for adulthood remain the same across different types of economies.

Question 15

According to the surveys conducted by the Higher Education Research Institute at UCLA, which of the following is true of college students?

A) Among U.S. college freshmen, the interest in developing a meaningful philosophy of life has decreased.
B) Concern for the well-being of others has remained the same among college students over the years.
C) In recent years, traditional-aged college students have shown a decreased concern for personal well-being.
D) An increasing number of first-year college students report having higher levels of stress and depression.

Question 16

Derek is a young adult who recently graduated from college. Despite excelling at academics, he is unable to find a meaningful job. Derek has maturity fears, which he has been experiencing since his early adolescent years. He continues to live with his parents and relies on them for financial support. According to Joseph and Claudia Allen, which of the following should Derek's parents have done to launch him adequately into the adult years?

A) They should have protected him from constructive and negative criticism.
B) They should have showered him with praise and material things.
C) They should have created service learning opportunities for him.
D) They should have assigned him tasks that match his level of ability.

Question 17

According to the national survey conducted by the Higher Education Research Institute at UCLA, today's college students are ________ than students in previous generations.

A) more depressed
B) less depressed
C) less mentally exhausted
D) less stressed

Question 18

According to Jeffrey Arnett, which of the following statements accurately describes emerging adulthood as a time during which individuals are self-focused?

A) Emerging adults have little in the way of social obligations, which leaves them with a great deal of autonomy in running their own lives.
B) Many emerging adults don't consider themselves adolescents or full-fledged adults.
C) Emerging adults experience residential changes during early adulthood, which commonly leads to instability in love, work, and education.
D) Many individuals experience key changes in identity during emerging adulthood.

Question 19

Muscle tone and strength usually begin to show signs of decline around the age of ________.

A) 25
B) 30
C) 40
D) 20

Question 20

Which of the following statements is true about the various aspects of emerging adulthood?

A) Increased freedom that is available to emerging adults in Western society places a premium on the capacity to plan ahead and make positive choices.
B) For many individuals, identity exploration in love and work remains stable during this period.
C) It usually characterizes development in all cultures.
D) Most people have little or no autonomy in running their own lives in this period.

Question 21

According to experts, how many hours of sleep do adults require per night for optimal performance the next day?

A) 12
B) 8
C) 5
D) 11

Question 22

According to the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society, which of the following statements is true about an individual's sleep?

A) The level of stress is independent of the quality or amount of sleep.
B) Family and social obligations predominantly lead to long hours of sleep in an individual's life.
C) Usually five hours of sleep a day is necessary for the optimal performance of an individual.
D) Chronic sleep deprivation may contribute to cardiovascular disease and a shortened life span.

Question 23

Emerging adults fail to develop health-promoting habits because they

A) believe that good genes will override any unhealthy behaviors.
B) lack knowledge about which behaviors are healthy and unhealthy.
C) are reluctant to be seen as health-conscious.
D) do not consider how their lifestyle will affect them later in life.

Question 24

A recent study conducted by VanKim and Laska revealed that college students from low-SES backgrounds ________ than their higher-SES counterparts.

A) ate less fast food
B) ate more fruits and vegetables
C) controlled their weight better
D) engaged in lower levels of physical activity

Question 25

In the context of health, which of the following statements is true of emerging adults?

A) They have more than twice the mortality rate of adolescents.
B) They are less likely to engage in health-compromising behaviors than adolescents.
C) They are less likely to be obese or have a mental disorder than adolescents.
D) They eat regular meals and avoid consuming snacks during the day.

Question 26

Which of the following is true of binge eating disorder (BED)?

A) Adolescents with BED are more likely to live in families that function effectively.
B) BED involves frequent binge eating with compensatory behavior like purging.
C) BED is far more common in females than males.
D) Individuals with BED are frequently underweight.

Question 27

A longitudinal study by Harris and others revealed that most bad health habits that were engaged in during adolescence ________ in emerging adulthood.

A) receded
B) did not continue
C) remained unchanged
D) increased

Question 28

According to Donatelle and Ketcham, which of the following has become an obsession with many Americans as obesity is on the rise?

A) dieting
B) exercising
C) sleeping
D) smoking

Question 29

Being overweight or obese is linked to increased risk of

A) cancer.
B) Down syndrome.
C) anemia.
D) hypertension.

Question 30

Which of the following statements is true of obesity among the general population of the United States?

A) The number of obese people in the United States is predicted to decrease by 2030.
B) Greater reliance on energy-saving devices has reduced obesity in the United States.
C) Obesity is more prevalent among American women with low income than among women with high income.
D) Studies in the United States have found that increasing the consumption of fat-rich foods can help people fight obesity.

Question 31

Mark, a 21-year-old, is a college student who plays basketball. He has represented his college in several nationwide basketball competitions. Mark has a healthy body mass index and is popular among his peers for his sturdy, muscular physique. What does Mark most likely do to improve and maintain his health profile?

A) He follows a strict vegan diet.
B) He engages in binge drinking.
C) He gets adequate sleep.
D) He has multiple sex partners.

Question 32

According to a recent international comparison of 33 developed countries conducted by the OECD, which of the following countries was found to have the highest percentage of obese adults?

A) the United States
B) Italy
C) Norway
D) Japan

Question 33

According to a recent study conducted by VanKim and Laska, college students from low-SES backgrounds ________ than their higher-SES counterparts did.

A) engaged in higher levels of physical activity
B) used unhealthy weight control methods
C) ate more fruits and vegetables
D) ate less fast food

Question 34

According to recent studies, the most effective programs for losing weight include

A) music.
B) exercise.
C) reading.
D) dieting.

Question 35

Identical human twins have similar weights, even when they are reared apart. This indicates

A) the important role nutrition plays in obesity.
B) how lifestyle is instrumental in determining an individual's weight.
C) the genetic component of a person's weight.
D) how a person's weight cannot be traced to genetic factors.

Question 36

One of the most strongly supported interventions for binge eating disorder (BED) is ________.

A) coherence therapy
B) social therapy
C) interpersonal therapy
D) gene therapy

Question 37

A recent study of college students from low-SES backgrounds and high-SES backgrounds conducted by VanKim and Laska showed that college students from low-SES backgrounds ________ than their higher-SES counterparts.

A) ate more fast food and fewer fruits and vegetables
B) showed more healthy weight control
C) engaged in higher levels of physical activity
D) had a more balanced diet

Question 38

A study conducted by Grant, Wardle, and Steptoe explored links between health behavior and life satisfaction in more than 17,000 individuals between 17 and 30 years of age in 21 countries. The young adults' life satisfaction was found to be positively related to

A) exercising regularly.
B) alcohol consumption.
C) fiber intake.
D) increasing fat intake.

Question 39

Which of the following reflects a key finding of the research conducted by Park and others (2006) on the mortality rates of emerging adults?

A) Among males, suicide is the highest cause of mortality than unintentional injuries.
B) The mortality rate among male adolescents is higher than emerging adults.
C) The mortality rates of emerging adults are more than twice the mortality rates of adolescents.
D) Usually, females are chiefly responsible for the higher mortality rates of emerging adults.

Question 40

The human genome has not changed markedly in the last century, yet obesity has noticeably increased. This indicates that

A) environmental factors play an important role in obesity.
B) obesity is primarily a product of a person's genes.
C) environmental factors have little impact on obesity.
D) there is reduced reliance on energy-saving devices.

Question 41

________ refers to a behavior pattern characterized by an overwhelming involvement with a drug and a preoccupation with securing its supply.

A) Abuse
B) Dependence
C) Attachment
D) Addiction

Question 42

Which of the following statements is true about the relationship between exercise and screen time?

A) Linking obesity with heavy TV viewing is a popular myth and lacks scientific proof.
B) Heavy screen time spent only on the Internet is usually harmless to the individual.
C) Viewing six hours of TV in a day is most likely to reduce life expectancy by almost 5 years.
D) Only people who watch TV and browse the Internet remain obese regardless of the time they spend exercising.

Question 43

Kendra has a few shots of vodka before going out to attend her annual college party. Kendra has engaged in

A) boot and rally.
B) high-risk drinking.
C) extreme binge drinking.
D) pregaming.

Question 44

Which of the following statements is true about nicotine?

A) It is a depressant that stimulates neurotransmitters that have a calming or pain-reducing effect.
B) It increases the smoker's energy and alertness.
C) It deprives the smoker of a pleasurable and reinforcing experience.
D) It is a passive drug in cigarettes that reduces the dopamine levels of the smoker.

Question 45

Sustained exercises such as jogging or swimming that stimulate heart and lung activity are known as

A) calisthenics.
B) strength training.
C) flexibility exercises.
D) aerobic exercises.

Question 46

Which of the following statements is true about alcoholism?

A) There is an absence of any genetic influence on alcoholism.
B) Family studies reveal a low frequency of alcoholism in the first-degree relatives of alcoholics.
C) One in nine individuals who drink will develop alcoholism.
D) Research indicates that about two-thirds of alcoholics recover regardless of them ever being in a treatment program.

Question 47

There is a "one-third rule'' for alcoholism: By age 65, one-third are dead or in terrible shape, one-third are abstinent or drinking socially, and one-third are

A) holding out against treatment.
B) still trying to beat their addiction.
C) resigned to alcoholism.
D) hopeless about recovery.

Question 48

Rhett is looking for the most effective way to lose his excess weight and keep it off. You would tell him that the most effective weight-loss programs invariably include

A) a calorie-reducing diet.
B) daily weigh-ins.
C) exercise.
D) counseling.

Question 49

Brian was of average weight throughout his childhood and in college. However, he has gained more than 30 pounds over the past 18 months and has become obese. Which of the following is most likely to be the cause of his obesity?

A) the decline in food prices in his region
B) the absence of physical activity in his daily routine
C) the lower availability of energy-saving devices
D) the decline in his mental health problems

Question 50

Higher levels of alcohol use have been consistently linked to

A) having sex with contraception.
B) committing sexual assaults.
C) avoiding casual sex.
D) refraining from sexual risk taking.

Question 51

Fathima frequently experiences feelings of sadness and hopelessness. She constantly feels tired and has also developed insomnia. Upon consulting a doctor, she is diagnosed with major depressive disorder. Fathima's doctor is most likely to recommend she

A) increase her screen time.
B) spend less time socializing.
C) increase her intake of fast food.
D) cycle for 30 minutes daily.

Question 52

Which of the following describes extreme binge drinking?

A) about eight drinks a week
B) about five drinks a week
C) ten or more drinks in a row
D) eight or more drinks in a row

Question 53

Orthodox Jews and Mormons have especially low rates of alcohol use, underscoring the

A) environment's role in alcoholism.
B) role of genes in alcoholism.
C) fact that alcoholism is largely inherited.
D) fact that cultural variations do not impact alcoholism.

Question 54

Which of the following statements about the benefits of exercise is true?

A) About 50 percent of adults get the recommended levels of physical activity.
B) Exercise can be as effective in reducing depression as psychotherapy.
C) Only intense physical activities will produce important physical gains.
D) Exercise has little impact on self-concept and in reducing anxiety.

Question 55

Which of the following statements is true about drinking?

A) Pregaming is most rare among college students.
B) Binge drinking usually peaks at about 28 to 29 years of age.
C) Chronic binge drinking is less common among college students who live in fraternity houses.
D) Higher levels of alcohol are usually linked with higher rates of sexual assaults and sexual risk taking.

Question 56

Which of the following is an example of aerobic exercise?

A) weight lifting
B) cycling
C) bodybuilding
D) sprinting

Question 57

Regular binge drinking can change blood flow, and it can be a precursor for developing ________, which refers to hardening of the arteries.

A) hypoplastic left heart syndrome
B) atherosclerosis
C) arteriosclerosis
D) hypertension

Question 58

According to a longitudinal study by John Schulenberg and his colleagues, by the time individuals reach their late twenties, ________ the use of alcohol and drugs.

A) many would have reduced
B) most of them would have increased
C) almost all would have ceased
D) most of them would have been addicted to

Question 59

Binge drinking peaks at about

A) 16 to 18 years of age.
B) 21 to 22 years of age.
C) 17 to 19 years of age.
D) 24 to 26 years of age.

Question 60

Which of the following statements is true of binge drinking?

A) Extreme binge drinking describes individuals who had five or more drinks in a row in the last 1 week.
B) Chronic binge drinking is common among college men, especially those who live in fraternity houses.
C) Overall levels of binge drinking among college students in the United States have risen in recent years.
D) Studies show that college students who binge-drink rarely miss classes, contrary to general perception.

Question 61

Clara has been recently diagnosed with a sexually transmitted infection. She has fevers frequently and has chronic fatigue. She is also losing weight at an alarming rate. There is no cure for her condition. Given this information, it can be said that Clara has been diagnosed with ________.

A) syphilis
B) chlamydia
C) AIDS
D) genital warts

Question 62

In 1994, Robert Michael and his colleagues conducted a comprehensive survey of American sexual patterns. Results from this "Sex in America" survey suggested that Americans' sexual lives are ________ than previously believed.

A) more conservative
B) less conservative
C) more active
D) less active

Question 63

Marie is reluctant to marry because she is worried that her husband might cheat on her. You would tell her that adultery is

A) widespread in the United States.
B) a problem in almost half the marriages in the United States.
C) clearly the exception rather than the rule.
D) a problem most married couples in the United States have faced at some point or the other.

Question 64

In the context of bisexuality, which of the following statements is true?

A) There is a lack of evidence to support that bisexuality is a stable orientation, which involves attraction to both sexes.
B) Women are usually more likely than men to identify themselves as bisexuals.
C) Physiological responses for bisexuals during sexual arousals vastly differ from those who are heterosexuals.
D) Bisexuality is predominantly viewed as sexual attraction to males than to females.

Question 65

Nicotine is a

A) depressant.
B) stimulant.
C) narcotic.
D) sedative.

Question 66

________ stimulates neurotransmitters (especially dopamine) that have a calming or pain-reducing effect.

A) A barbiturate
B) Amphetamine
C) Leptin
D) Nicotine

Question 67

Which of the following is true about cigarette smoking?

A) Children of smokers are at special risk of developing several health problems, including asthma.
B) More people smoke today than in the past.
C) A small percentage of all living adults who have ever smoked have quit.
D) Most adult smokers are unwilling to quit because they are unaware of the dangers of cigarette smoking.

Question 68

Manny has contracted a virus that is destroying his body's immune system. Manny most likely has

A) AIDS.
B) herpes.
C) syphilis.
D) gonorrhea.

Question 69

Results from the "Sex in America" survey suggest that adult sexual behavior is ruled by ________ and ________ for most Americans.

A) abstinence; marriage
B) kinkiness; infidelity
C) marriage; monogamy
D) noncohabitation; polygamy

Question 70

The critical-period hypothesis could explain

A) why homosexuals seem to be aroused by the same types of tactile stimulation as heterosexuals.
B) how sexual orientation is mostly a product of culture and life experiences.
C) why some clinicians consider homosexuality the product of an abnormality of the brain.
D) why sexual orientation is difficult, if not impossible, to modify.

Question 71

Which of the following is the active drug in cigarettes?

A) leptin
B) barbiturate
C) nicotine
D) amphetamine

Question 72

Which of the following statements accurately reflects a key finding from the 1994 "Sex in America" survey?

A) Most Americans have sex twice a week or more.
B) Married and cohabiting couples have sex more often than noncohabiting couples.
C) Most men and women have always remained faithful to their partners and have avoided any adulterous relationship.
D) Women think about sex far more than men do.

Question 73

Dylan was recently diagnosed with a sexually transmitted infection. The infection led to sores developing on his anus. Eventually, a skin rash broke out on the bottom of his feet. Given this information, it can be said that Dylan was diagnosed with

A) genital herpes.
B) genital warts.
C) syphilis.
D) chlamydia.

Question 74

According to Petersen and Hyde, which of the following statements is true about sexual attitudes and behavior among men and women?

A) Men usually hold stronger permissive attitudes about casual sex than their female counterparts.
B) Women usually engage more in pornography use and casual sex than men.
C) Women have slightly more sexual experience than men for most aspects of sexuality.
D) Latino and Asian males have more permissive sexual attitudes than African males.

Question 75

Which of the following statements is true about sexual activity in emerging adulthood?

A) Surveys usually indicate that slightly less than 10 percent of individuals have experienced sexual intercourse at the beginning of emerging adulthood (age 18).
B) According to Lefkowitz and Gillen, emerging adulthood is a time frame during which most individuals are unmarried but are hardly sexually active.
C) Most individuals have had sexual intercourse by the end of emerging adulthood (age 25).
D) Casual sex is more common in the late twenties than in emerging adulthood.

Question 76

Which of the following statements about sexual orientation is considered true today?

A) Most individuals have a bisexual orientation.
B) Sexual orientation is an either/or proposition where individuals are either heterosexual or homosexual.
C) Sexual orientation is a continuum from exclusive male-female relations to exclusive same-sex relations.
D) Individuals of different sexual orientations have different physiological responses during sexual arousal.

Question 77

Which of the following is included in the patterns of heterosexual behavior for males and females in emerging adulthood?

A) Emerging adults are less likely than young adults to have had sexual intercourse with two or more individuals.
B) Males report being more selective about their sexual partners than females.
C) Casual sex is more common in emerging adulthood than in the late twenties.
D) Emerging adults have sex more frequently than young adults.

Question 78

Which of the following is the average age of marriage for males in the United States?

A) 30.2
B) 29.5
C) 26.8
D) 25.4

Question 79

Emerging adulthood is a time frame during which most individuals are

A) in exclusive relationships and married.
B) abstaining from sex and unmarried.
C) sexually active and unmarried.
D) sexually active and married.

Question 80

Which of the following statements is true about genital herpes?

A) It is caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum.
B) It is a very rare infection affecting only one in 100,000 cases.
C) It is commonly called the drip or clap.
D) It involves an eruption of sores and blisters.