Deck 2: Gender: Identity and Roles

Question 1

Gender concepts are taught from early elementary school __________.

A)in special classes
B)by messages in the books
C)by teachers' expectations and behaviors
D)by all of these
E)by B and C only

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Our personal,internal sense of maleness or femaleness is referred to as ______.

A)our sex
B)our gender identity
C)gender modeling
D)transgenderism

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Several studies suggest that women exposed to sexist ads:

A)judged their current body size to be too thin.
B)judged their current body size to be just right.
C)felt more negative about their actual body size; were depressed,guilty,angry.
D)felt more positive about their actual body size; experienced increased self-esteem.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

John is biologically male but often says that he "feels like a woman trapped in a man's body." He is most accurately described as:

A)transgendered
B)a transvestite
C)a hermaphrodite
D)a pseudohermaphrodite

Question 5

According to your text,people who do not conform to society's gender role norms are _________.

A)breaking the law
B)criticized
C)hermaphrodites
D)transgendered

Question 6

Which law did Congress pass to provide more opportunities for girls and women to participate in high school and college athletics?

A)Title X of the Commensurate Opportunity Act of 1972
B)Title IX of the Equal Opportunity Act of 1972
C)Title IX of the Equivalent Opportunity Act of 1975
D)Title XI of the Disparate Opportunity Act of 1975

Question 7

Transgendered people have difficulty establishing their gender identity and may experience what is termed _______.

A)gender dysphasia
B)gender dysphoria
C)gender confusion
D)sexual disorganization

Question 8

The process by which a child adopts and internalizes parental values,attitudes,behavioral traits,and personality characteristics is called:

A)parental identification and modeling
B)matriarchal identification and modeling
C)individuation and modeling
D)identity parent modeling

Question 9

Research indicates that the average person watches at least _____ hours of television each day.

A)2
B)3
C)5
D)7

Question 10

According to the text,sex is determined by __________ factors; gender identities and gender roles are influenced by __________ factors.

A)biological; environmental
B)environmental; biological
C)both biological and environmental; environmental
D)environmental; both biological and environmental

Question 11

Research findings indicate that society teaches us what is masculine and feminine through ________.

A)the way it portrays families in the media
B)the definitions it develops
C)the school system and our families
D)the images it provides

Question 12

Researchers have pointed out that the gender images portrayed by books,television,web sites,and magazines are,for the most part,_________.

A)opposite of what parents are teaching
B)reinforcing traditional and sexist attitudes
C)reflective of modern ideas of women's equality
D)becoming more tolerant of cultural differences

Question 13

Transsexuals are people who have attempted to match their gender identity to their biological sex by:

A)psychotherapy
B)cross-dressing
C)surgery and/or hormone treatment
D)gender dysphoria

Question 14

According to the definitions in the text,a woman is considered to be 'feminine' if she ______.

A)can get pregnant and give birth
B)has a uterus and ovaries
C)conforms to her society's gender role standards
D)has a gender identity and gender role that match

Question 15

According to researchers,the ideas we get from our parents about being masculine or feminine are _____.

A)largely unconsciously acquired
B)a major part of what our parents want to teach us
C)based on what their parents taught them
D)secondary in importance to what we get from the larger society

Question 16

Research suggests that men exposed to sexist ads:

A)judged their current body size to be thinner and felt positive about their body size.
B)judged their current body size to be not muscular enough and felt negative about their actual body size.
C)judged their current body size to be just right.
D)felt the same way about their bodies as did the women who were exposed to the ads.

Question 17

In her study of three primitive tribes,Margaret Mead found that gender attitudes and roles prescribed by the three tribes:

A)were similar to those in American culture.
B)were opposite of those in American culture.
C)differed from one another.
D)did not differ.

Question 18

A person's gender identity refers to his or her _________.

A)masculinity or femininity
B)beliefs about what is male or female
C)role in society as a male or female
D)personal sense of his/her own gender

Question 19

Which of the following refers to the outward manifestation and expression of one's maleness or femaleness in a social setting?

A)sex identity
B)gender identity
C)sex
D)gender role

Question 20

By definition,_______ is dependent on one's biology.

A)Sex
B)Gender
C)Gender role
D)Gender identity

Question 21

Among the cultural gender norms that women are expected to follow,the __________ mandate is primary.

A)marriage
B)lovers
C)motherhood
D)nurturer

Question 22

According to the evolutionary theory of functionalism,females' 'maternal instinct' is a result of the ________.

A)genetic desire to have children
B)inborn tendency to seek a strong,monogamous mate
C)great amount of energy required to raise children
D)impulse women have to control men

Question 23

_______ is considered a traditionally stereotypical male emotion.

A)compassion
B)patience
C)anger
D)aggression

Question 24

A gender schema is defined as a mental _______.

A)plan to become a transsexual
B)concept of what society expects
C)category that distinguishes between genders
D)stereotype

Question 25

Which theory discussed in the text suggests that gender cannot be learned until a child reaches a certain stage of intellectual maturity?

A)gender schema theory
B)social learning theory
C)cognitive developmental theory
D)evolutionary theory

Question 26

Cultural theorists argue that males and females _______.

A)are inherently unequal
B)are actually equally powerful
C)must be unequal in power for our society to exist
D)cannot physically do the same jobs

Question 27

Which theory is discussed in the chapter in relation to implications of social influences on boys and girls in developing gender identity and gender roles?

A)social learning theory
B)socialization theory
C)exchange theory
D)structural-functional theory

Question 28

Which of the following is NOT traditionally considered to be a masculine stereotype?

A)virile
B)instrumental
C)direct
D)kind

Question 29

One study found that overweight characters from top-rated television shows:

A)had fewer romantic interactions than their thinner counterparts.
B)were more likely to be younger and unemployed.
C)accurately reflected the percentage of overweight people in real life.
D)all of the above.

Question 30

Your text points out that many females today are preoccupied with weight and perfectionism.This stems from:

A)individual psychopathology.
B)their lack of logical thought processes.
C)our cultural expectations for females.
D)a biological flaw.

Question 31

Research indicates that women are traditionally expected to work _______ men.

A)in lower paying jobs than
B)at least as hard as
C)longer hours than
D)with women instead of

Question 32

If people adhere strongly to the ______,they will have very definite ideas about how males and females should look and behave.

A)gender schema theory
B)social learning theory
C)cognitive developmental theory
D)evolutionary theory

Question 33

Research indicates that many of our television programs and popular magazines teach children that:

A)boys need to be strong and in control.
B)boys need to be strong but also to look good and to please others.
C)males are more concerned with their body image than are females.
D)males feel more negatively about their body image than do females.

Question 34

Which of the following is not considered to be a feminine stereotype?

A)logical
B)tactful
C)emotional
D)affectionate

Question 35

Cognitive developmental theory explains that children do not learn gender constancy until they ______.

A)reach adolescence
B)have matured in their thinking
C)are 3 to 5 years old
D)encounter society's norms

Question 36

According to your text,when rigid gender standards are applied to all members of one sex:

A)personalities can become distorted.
B)they become androgynous.
C)intimate relationships benefit.
D)traditional women are more likely to move into male-dominated jobs.

Question 37

Researchers have pointed out that in recent years,females have become:

A)increasingly satisfied with their bodies
B)increasingly dissatisfied with their bodies.
C)less likely to employ cosmetic procedures to improve appearance.
D)less likely to develop an eating disorder.

Question 38

The biological theories of gender suggest that many gender differences are due to:

A)metabolic differences
B)chromosomal differences
C)genetics,hormones,and brain differences

Question 39

Researchers have found that gender role stereotypes can cause women to take lower paying jobs because the women _______.

A)tend to expect lower pay
B)can only take on jobs with little responsibility
C)are less committed to work because they are mothers
D)don't think they can do any better

Question 40

Gender stereotypes are defined as _______ about men and women that people in a society generally share.

A)identities and roles
B)assumed expectations
C)false beliefs
D)true beliefs

Question 41

New brain research shows that differences between male and female brains:

A)are related to hormone levels
B)are relatively minor and relate primarily to reproduction
C)become apparent only after adolescence
D)play a large part in determining gender roles

Question 42

Researchers suggest that the primary way that media influences gender roles is by _________.

A)portraying men and women in stereotypical ways
B)teaching us what life outside our own families is like
C)showing women in powerful positions
D)distorting our ideas of what is beautiful

Question 43

Analysis of researchers' findings supports the conclusion that advertisements tend to focus on ________ physical appearance.

A)men's
B)women's
C)both men's and women's
D)young women's

Question 44

When asked by researchers,in which ethnic/racial group did females rate themselves as most sexually attractive?

A)African Americans
B)Anglo-Americans
C)Hispanics
D)All three groups demonstrated little difference in their ratings.

Question 45

According to your text,women today control their bodies ______ than they used to.

A)less successfully
B)more internally
C)and how they look more
D)more successfully

Question 46

Research shows that men's attitudes about gender roles _______.

A)are constant across ethnicities and social class
B)change according to the norms of the culture
C)vary according to age and education
D)vary according to social class and ethnic group

Question 47

Some researchers contend that traditional male gender role socialization teaches men to express their vulnerable emotions as ________.

A)hostility
B)strength
C)anger
D)sexuality

Question 48

Gender role congruence means:

A)spouses agree on gender-role expectations and performance.
B)spouses live separate but parallel lives.
C)an egalitarian division of responsibilities.
D)inconsistent expressions of masculinity and femininity.

Question 49

When mothers are employed,who (according to research)takes on the primary responsibility for child care and housework?

A)the fathers
B)mothers and fathers share about equally
C)the mothers
D)an employee

Question 50

In dual-earner families,in which area of household responsibility has research found that fathers/husbands will become more involved as their spouse's work hours increase?

A)laundry
B)cooking
C)child care
D)gardening

Question 51

Researchers have pointed out that advertisements promote the idea that females' personal happiness is linked to:

A)good health.
B)positive self-esteem.
C)good character.
D)physical appearance.

Question 52

A marriage relationship characterized by social equality,mutual respect,shared power,and shared work is best described as:

A)traditional
B)egalitarian
C)congruent
D)covenant

Question 53

One study found that female adolescents from different ethnic groups ________.

A)differ in their attitudes towards gender roles.
B)show little difference in their gender role beliefs.
C)tend to favor traditional gender roles.
D)are socialized in similar ways because they share the American culture.

Question 54

Steroid use has become a significant problem for ________.

A)men
B)women
C)both men and women
D)younger and younger children

Question 55

Research shows that the portrayal of men's and women's bodies in the media has resulted in an increase of ________ for both sexes.

A)sun tanning lotion and skimpy swim suits
B)eating disorders
C)appreciation for the opposite sex
D)sexual activity

Question 56

Researchers have found that _______ tend(s)to overestimate how much time they spend doing housework.

A)Women
B)Men
C)Neither sex
D)Both sexes

Question 57

According to your text,the gender roles we choose to take in our family of procreation are determined in large part by our ________.

A)biology
B)parents
C)attitudes
D)culture

Question 58

Research shows that women think men are more attracted to ______ than they really are.

A)beauty
B)youth
C)long legs
D)thinness

Question 59

Most studies of the distribution of household labor between husbands and wives reveal that the:

A)distribution of labor is fairly equal.
B)wives do more than the husbands.
C)husbands do more than the wives.
D)distribution is fairly equal only if both are employed outside the home.

Question 60

Research shows that men think women are more attracted to ______ than they really are.

A)money
B)youth
C)muscularity
D)thin abs

Question 61

The wage gap between males and females starts with job differences such as babysitting and lawn mowing in childhood.

Question 62

Androgynous people,by definition,

A)are gender typed with respect to roles.
B)follow culturally defined roles.
C)are distinctly male and female in sex.
D)believe in keeping male and female identities separate.

Question 63

A recent study reveals that one-half of 9-year-old girls have dieted in this country.

Question 64

The social learning theory of gender identity emphasizes that boys develop "maleness" and girls "femaleness" through exposure to scores of influences,including parents,television,school,and peers.

Question 65

A woman who changes the oil in her car and a man who does the weekly grocery shopping could both be considered _________.

A)cross-gendered
B)hermaphrodites
C)androgynous
D)confused

Question 66

According to your text,which of the following is not true regarding androgyny?

A)Androgynous people are not gender typed with respect to roles.
B)They match their behavior to the situation rather than being limited by what is culturally defined as male or female.
C)Androgyny expands the range of acceptable behavior.
D)Androgyny is the condition of being biologically male and female in one.

Question 67

A study showed that early adolescent daughters of mothers who are employed hold more traditional gender-role attitudes than do daughters of women who are not employed.

Question 68

Gender schema theory suggests that gender,like other things,cannot be learned until a child reaches a certain stage of intellectual development.

Question 69

Research indicates that gender identities and roles are influenced by the environment.

Question 70

According to the text,Title IX has resulted in _________.

A)equal opportunity for girls in education
B)equal funding for boys' and girls' sports
C)equal opportunities in math and science
D)more opportunities for girls in sports

Question 71

The text points out that data collected on gender and body image are female-focused because men are not affected by the media's portrayal of them.

Question 72

According to the text,one of the results of applying rigid gender standards to all members of one sex is that individual personalities can become distorted.

Question 73

To have gender-role congruence in a marriage,it is necessary for each partner to ______.

A)fulfill the expectations of their partner
B)agree to a specific cultural gender role
C)be consistent in doing what they agreed to do
D)take on a traditional gender role

Question 74

Theories of gender role and identity disagree about the importance of gender roles in our society.

Question 75

In the Mexican-American culture,the word 'macho' refers to a man who _________.

A)is dominant and authoritarian
B)is muscular
C)protects and provides for his family
D)assumes a patriarchal role in his family

Question 76

Betsy,the woman who told the story in your text that she is often mistaken for a man because of her appearance,discovered that she was __________.

A)ostracized because she looked different
B)treated differently than women
C)not comfortable as a woman
D)actually transgendered

Question 77

One study found that the images on the covers of men's and women's magazines tend to focus on women's ______.

A)roles in society
B)appearance
C)sexuality
D)success in relationships

Question 78

The term androgyny refers to people who ________.

A)fit their gender behavior to the situation
B)reject the idea of being masculine or feminine
C)have both masculine and feminine characteristics
D)do not have a clear gender identity

Question 79

The purpose of a gender theory is to explain how we develop the ideas of 'maleness' and 'femaleness' that we have.

Question 80

According to the text,stereotypes of masculinity are still considered socially desirable by all elements in our society today.