Deck 7: Thinking and Intelligence

Question 1

Based on their evaluation of human characteristics,our forebears called our species,homo sapiens,which means

A)rational man.
B)creative man.
C)anthropomorphic man.
D)anthropocentric man.

Answer 1

rational man.

Question 2

__________ simplify and summarize information about the world so that it is manageable.

A)Concepts
B)Prototypes
C)Mental sets
D)Algorithms

Answer 2

Concepts

Question 3

On a trip to Australia,Caleb sees an ibis for the first time.Despite never having seen one before,he uses his ______________ for bird to quickly identify the ibis as a type of bird.

A)mental set
B)concept
C)algorithm
D)proposition

Answer 3

concept

Question 4

Which example of the concept chair is most likely to be a prototype?

A)beanbag chair
B)high chair
C)dining room chair
D)rocking chair

Question 5

_______________ is defined as an integrated mental network of knowledge,beliefs,and expectations concerning a particular topic.

A)Prototype
B)Mental image
C)Cognitive schema
D)Proposition

Question 6

Which of the following is most likely to be a prototype of the concept "fruit" for someone who grew up in the American Midwest?

A)pineapple
B)apple
C)star fruit
D)kiwi

Question 7

When we need to decide whether something belongs to a __________,we are likely to compare it to a(n)__________.

A)prototype;concept
B)thought;idea
C)concept;thought
D)concept;prototype

Question 8

Sandra enters a restaurant and is seated.Sandra expects that the waiter will come with a menu,she will order,she will eat,and she will pay her bill.Sandra has a mental model of how restaurants operate.This mental model is also known as a

A)mental image.
B)cognitive schema.
C)proposition.
D)concept.

Question 9

An especially representative example of a concept is called a(n)

A)mental set.
B)concept.
C)algorithm.
D)prototype.

Question 10

Which of the following is a basic concept?

A)dog
B)animal
C)golden retriever
D)Chihuahua

Question 11

A unit of meaning that is made up of concepts and expresses a single idea is called a

A)prototype.
B)mental image.
C)cognitive schema.
D)proposition.

Question 12

Frida is a young child in the process of developing concepts.Which of the following concepts is she most likely to learn first?

A)vehicle
B)Honda
C)Ford
D)car

Question 13

Cognition is a synonym for

A)perception.
B)learning.
C)thinking.
D)intelligence.

Question 14

Both propositions and mental images can be used to construct

A)cognitive schemas.
B)concepts.
C)prototypes.
D)implicit thoughts.

Question 15

Most people take longer to identify a platypus as a mammal than it takes them to identify a cat as a mammal.This is likely because a cat is closer to most people's _______________ for the concept of mammal.

A)mental set
B)prototype
C)basic concept
D)algorithm

Question 16

Some researchers are finding evidence that __________ affect concepts.

A)perceptions
B)relationships
C)vocabulary and grammar
D)experiences

Question 17

When we think

A)we passively record information.
B)we physically alter the environment.
C)we mentally manipulate internal representations of objects,activities,and situations.
D)we focus on present reality.

Question 18

A mental category that groups objects,relations,activities,abstractions,or qualities having common properties is called a(n)

A)mental set.
B)concept.
C)algorithm.
D)prototype.

Question 19

Which of the following is in the correct order from the basic building blocks of thought to complex networks of knowledge?

A)concepts $\rightarrow$ propositions $\rightarrow$ cognitive schemas
B)concepts $\rightarrow$ cognitive schemas $\rightarrow$ propositions
C)propositions $\rightarrow$ concepts $\rightarrow$ cognitive schemas
D)cognitive schemas $\rightarrow$ concepts $\rightarrow$ propositions

Question 20

Benjamin Whorf's proposition that language molds our cognition and perception

A)is generally accepted by psychologists and linguists today.
B)has fallen into disfavor among psychologists and linguists.
C)has received some support from recent research on language and perception.
D)has recently been disproved by research.

Question 21

Zelda dials her boyfriend's phone number instead of her mother's number,as she intended.Her error can be attributed to

A)prereflective reasoning.
B)stereotype threat.
C)inductive reasoning.
D)mindlessness.

Question 22

Intuition involves two stages of mental processing.The first stage is _______________ and the second stage is _______________.

A)subconscious;nonconscious
B)explicit;implicit
C)nonconscious;conscious
D)effortful;automatic

Question 23

The mental inflexibility and obliviousness to the current context of one's environment that prevents individuals from recognizing when a change in a situation requires a change in behavior is called

A)mindlessness.
B)explicit learning.
C)implicit learning.
D)subconscious processing.

Question 24

Fenton has learned a great strategy for winning a card game but he developed the strategy without being able to consciously identify what he was doing.He isn't even sure what exactly he has learned! This type of learning is called

A)implicit learning.
B)prototypical learning.
C)mindless learning.
D)algorithmic learning.

Question 25

Which of the following occurs outside of conscious awareness but is accessible to consciousness when necessary?

A)subconscious processes
B)convergent thinking
C)nonconscious processes
D)divergent thinking

Question 26

Mike approaches a long line at the grocery store.He decides to go toward the front of the line,where he says to a woman,"Excuse me,may I get in line in front of you,because I am buying some groceries?" According to research on mindlessness presented in your textbook,how is the woman in line likely to behave?

A)She will refuse Mike's request and send him to the back of the line.
B)She will allow Mike to get in line in front of her.
C)She will negotiate with Mike as to why he needs to be in front of her.
D)She will throw a fit in line,and Mike will quickly walk to the back of the line.

Question 27

To acquire knowledge of a task without awareness or intention is referred to as _____________ learning.

A)convergent
B)divergent
C)explicit
D)implicit

Question 28

Peter's mental representation of Thanksgiving includes associations about turkeys,attitudes toward the holiday,and expectations about the weight he'll gain! These are all part of his _______________ for the holiday.

A)cognitive schema
B)heuristic
C)hindsight bias
D)algorithm

Question 29

A formula is an example of a(n)

A)logarithm.
B)algorithm.
C)response set.
D)heuristic.

Question 30

Which statement is true about the mindless processing of information?

A)We would be better off if we eliminated mindlessness completely from our lives.
B)It is usually the best way to perform a task,because it allows us to operate on "automatic pilot."
C)It has little effect on behavior because the processing goes on outside of awareness.
D)It has benefits,but also can lead to mishaps and serious errors.

Question 31

Our ability to multitask is due in large part to our ability to perform ________________ cognitive tasks.

A)conscious
B)deliberate
C)subconscious
D)nonconscious

Question 32

Florence is just about to use a photocopier when Judith scurries up saying,"Excuse me,may I use the copy machine,because I have to make copies?" According to a classic study,Florence is likely to comply with Judith's request because

A)the reason given by Judith sounds like an authentic explanation even though it is meaningless.
B)people are generally polite enough to let others go ahead of them,whatever the reason.
C)Florence's cognitive schema includes the concept of politeness.
D)the strategy necessary to comply with reasonable requests is incorporated into Florence's mental network.

Question 33

Dawn and Erin can't figure out how they can fit a television,a futon,a computer,and a refrigerator into their small dorm room! Just when it seems hopeless,Erin says,"Aha,I've got it!" and begins moving the items.Erin's sudden revelation is most likely due to

A)simplifying the process by imagining a prototype of a college dorm room and then making a decision based on the prototype.
B)clues that triggered nonconscious processing about the room arrangement followed by conscious awareness of the solution.
C)subconscious processing and automatic routines that she has learned so that she can perform them without thinking.
D)the ability to multitask in an efficient manner.

Question 34

Problem-solving methods that guarantee solutions if appropriate and properly executed are called

A)prototypes.
B)algorithms.
C)heuristics.
D)noncompensatory models.

Question 35

_______________ occurs when we act,speak,and make decisions out of habit.

A)Mindlessness
B)Implicit learning
C)Insight
D)Conscious thinking

Question 36

When Mitch was learning to drive he couldn't imagine how he could ever remember to steer the wheel,flip on the turn signal,put on the gas,and still manage to turn the car! After driving for three years,Mitch's reactions have become automatic.Now,when he drives a car

A)nonconscious processes are involved.
B)convergent thinking is involved.
C)subconscious processes are involved.
D)divergent thinking is involved.

Question 37

A representation that may occur in many sensory modalities and that resembles what it represents is a

A)mental image.
B)cognitive schema.
C)proposition.
D)concept.

Question 38

Psychologists who were interested in studying visual mental images found that

A)the images occur in a mental "space" of a fixed size.
B)larger images contain less detail than do smaller images.
C)the images cannot be manipulated by the participant.
D)it is not possible to study them because the images cannot be "seen."

Question 39

As she moves quietly around the restaurant where she is a waitress,Alicia finds herself hearing "in her mind's ear" the song,"Just whistle while you work!" This would be an example of a(n)

A)proposition.
B)prototype.
C)auditory image.
D)cognitive schema.

Question 40

The drawing of conclusions or inferences from facts,observations,or assumptions is called

A)reasoning.
B)framing.
C)confirmation bias.
D)intelligence.

Question 41

_____________ is usually the best approach to problems that have several possible answers that vary in quality.

A)Formal reasoning
B)Using an algorithm
C)Informal reasoning
D)Choosing solutions randomly

Question 42

Prereflective stages of judgment involve

A)the belief that some things can never be known with certainty.
B)the belief that all opinions are created equal.
C)the belief that a correct answer always exists.
D)the belief that some judgments are more valid than others.

Question 43

When he begins deliberating with fellow jurors,DeAndre is convinced of the defendant's guilt.As he listens attentively,he rethinks his own position in order to evaluate the evidence for the perspective of innocence.This point-counterpoint method of deliberation is an example of

A)contextual intelligence.
B)dialectical reasoning.
C)formal reasoning.
D)inductive reasoning.

Question 44

Which of the following is a characteristic of formal reasoning?

A)The information needed to solve the problem may be unclear or missing.
B)There is typically one correct answer.
C)The problem typically has personal relevance.
D)It can be difficult to know when the problem is solved.

Question 45

MariAnne is eager to try her hand at making a pumpkin pie for her family's Thanksgiving dessert.The most effective way to approach this task is by means of

A)heuristics.
B)dialectical thinking.
C)an algorithm.
D)reflective judgment.

Question 46

As Bud and his sister Marilou play bridge,he whispers that she should play her high cards first.Bud wants to make sure that Marilou remembers a(n)_______________ concerning bridge.

A)heuristic
B)prototype
C)algorithm
D)deduction

Question 47

People in the quasi-reflective stages would be likely to say that

A)because knowledge is uncertain,any judgment about the evidence is purely subjective.
B)correct answers always exist and they can be obtained through the senses.
C)some judgments are more valid than others due to their coherence.
D)their conclusions are the most compelling based on current evidence.

Question 48

In __________ reasoning,a conclusion follows from certain proposition or premises,but it could be false.

A)deductive
B)implicit
C)inductive
D)dialectical

Question 49

According to Kitchener and King,there are _______________ stages on the way to achieving reflective judgment.

A)three
B)five
C)six
D)seven

Question 50

Dialectical reasoning involves

A)comparing and evaluating opposing points of view in order to resolve the difference.
B)drawing conclusions from a set of observations or premises.
C)generalizing from past experience.
D)use of an algorithm to solve a problem.

Question 51

Whereas formal problems can often be solved with a(n)_______________,informal problems often call for a(n)_______________.

A)inductive strategy;deductive strategy
B)cognitive schema;algorithm
C)heuristic;deductive strategy
D)algorithm;heuristic

Question 52

If your premises are "All dogs have paws" and "Rover is a dog," then you might reasonably reach the conclusion,"Rover has paws." This kind of reasoning is called __________ reasoning.

A)inductive
B)dialectical
C)deductive
D)implicit

Question 53

"Rules of thumb" that suggest a course of action without guaranteeing an optimal solution are called

A)biases.
B)heuristics.
C)mental sets.
D)algorithms.

Question 54

Kathryn's grandma says that if Kathryn uses the old family recipe for Irish soda bread exactly,then she is guaranteed to have delicious results.Kathryn's grandma is encouraging her granddaughter to

A)engage in dialectical thinking.
B)make use of her family's tacit knowledge.
C)use an algorithm.
D)rely upon a heuristic.

Question 55

Most individuals do not show evidence of reflective judgment until _______________,if at all.

A)their teen years
B)their middle to late twenties
C)their early to middle thirties
D)their late thirties to early forties

Question 56

If your premises are "I didn't see any cars on Mackinac Island my first day here" and "I didn't see any cars the rest of the week either," then you might reasonably reach the conclusion,"There aren't any cars on Mackinac Island." This kind of reasoning is called _______________ reasoning.

A)dialectical
B)deductive
C)algorithmic
D)inductive

Question 57

Deductive reasoning involves

A)comparing and evaluating opposing points of view in order to resolve differences.
B)drawing conclusions from a set of observations or premises.
C)generalizing from past experience.
D)use of an algorithm to solve a problem.

Question 58

Rules of thumb that do not guarantee a solution but may help bring one within reach are called

A)functional sets.
B)heuristics.
C)algorithms.
D)problem states.

Question 59

Which of the following is typical of reflective judgment?

A)paying attention only to evidence that fits what is already believed
B)the realization that all opinions are created equal
C)belief in what "feels right"
D)understanding that although some things can never be known with certainty,some judgments are more valid than others

Question 60

When John worries about getting bit by a shark when swimming at the beach,but doesn't worry about getting cancer from the cigarettes he smokes,he is

A)avoiding loss.
B)exhibiting confirmation bias.
C)exaggerating the improbable.
D)exhibiting hindsight bias.

Question 61

If individuals are asked to rate the effectiveness of condoms in preventing the transmission of HIV (the virus that causes AIDS),they would be most likely to rate a condom as effective if they were told

A)that the condom has a 95 percent success rate in protecting against the HIV virus.
B)that only 5 condom users out of every 100 are not protected against the HIV virus.
C)that the condom has a 5 percent failure rate in protecting against the HIV virus.
D)any of the options listed above because each option describes the same probability.

Question 62

When Howie's old girlfriend used to get upset with him,he could smooth things over by buying flowers or chocolates for her.He keeps trying this strategy with his current girlfriend,but she gets angry with him each time.It appears that Howie has developed a _______________ that is interfering with the development of a new relationship strategy.

A)mental set
B)fairness bias
C)hindsight bias
D)dissonance

Question 63

The tendency to look for or pay attention only to information that supports one's own belief is called

A)mental set.
B)confirmation bias.
C)stereotype threat.
D)mindlessness.

Question 64

Which of the following people is most likely to experience cognitive dissonance?

A)the draftee who hates the army
B)the smoker who knows that smoking causes lung cancer
C)the teenager who doesn't like the car a parent bought for him
D)the lawyer who worked hard to complete law school and likes working as a lawyer

Question 65

The tendency to overestimate one's ability to have predicted an event once the outcome is known is called

A)a mental set.
B)hindsight bias.
C)confirmation bias.
D)fairness bias.

Question 66

When making a decision in an emotionally charged situation,people often fail to think objectively about the choices.This is probably because they rely heavily upon the ____________ to make their decision.

A)the availability heuristic
B)objective analysis
C)confirmation bias
D)the affect heuristic

Question 67

In what way does the fairness bias make people act irrationally when playing the Ultimatum Game described in your textbook?

A)Most people follow the rules,even when it means losing money.
B)Most people feel the game is fair,even when it is not.
C)People often prefer receiving no money if they feel they are not being given a fair amount.
D)People often refuse to take more money than they feel is fair,even when it is offered.

Question 68

When Manmeet's father passed away,the will stated that the Manmeet and his brother should decide how to split the estate between them.After weeks of fighting over how to divide the inheritance,Manmeet tells his brother,"I would rather both of us get nothing than for you to get more than is right!" This somewhat irrational position is likely the result of

A)the fairness bias.
B)the hindsight bias.
C)cognitive dissonance.
D)avoiding loss.

Question 69

Representative Jansen,a U.S.congresswoman,believes in the reproductive rights and welfare of women but voted to ban late-term abortions.Jansen feels very uneasy about the conflict between her beliefs and her behavior.This sense of unease is what psychologists call

A)cognitive inconsistency.
B)a mental set.
C)cognitive dissonance.
D)factor analysis.

Question 70

When using the availability heuristic,people tend to judge the probability of an event based on

A)the need to be right,which makes it hard to listen to the available information with an open mind.
B)statistical consideration of the frequency with which the event occurs in everyday life.
C)the burden of doubt people feel about their abilities to determine probability from available information.
D)how easy it is to think of examples or instances.

Question 71

When an individual holds two thoughts that are psychologically inconsistent,or when an individual's belief is incongruent with his/her behavior,a state of tension or unease occurs.This state of tension is called

A)mental set.
B)stereotype threat.
C)cognitive inconsistency.
D)cognitive dissonance.

Question 72

A vacuum-cleaner salesperson discovers that people are more likely to buy his product if he says that it costs "four easy payments of $25" than when he says it costs $100.This is an example of

A)the availability heuristic.
B)cognitive dissonance.
C)the fairness bias.
D)the framing effect.

Question 73

The tendency to solve problems using procedures or strategies that worked in the past on similar problems is called

A)the availability heuristic.
B)metacognition.
C)mental set.
D)cognitive dissonance.

Question 74

Gertrude voted 'yes' on a ballot question about whether convicted sex offenders should be banned from being within 500 feet of a playground.Afterwards,she realized that she voted yes because she was disgusted by the thought of sex offenders near playgrounds,but did not really consider whether the ban would actually decrease the probability that a child would be harmed.Gertrude used ________________ to make her decision.

A)the affect heuristic
B)objective analysis
C)confirmation bias
D)the availability heuristic

Question 75

When reading information that challenges one's beliefs,one tends to minimize the strengths of such claims.The __________ accounts for this barrier to reasoning rationally.

A)confirmation bias
B)stereotype threat
C)unfairness bias
D)hindsight bias

Question 76

The day after the election,Josephine says that she knew all along who the winner would be.Although it is possible that she had some special insight into the election,it is more likely that Josephine is

A)avoiding loss.
B)exhibiting confirmation bias.
C)exaggerating the improbable.
D)exhibiting hindsight bias.

Question 77

Because of the availability heuristic,Jayne and her husband are most likely to exaggerate the risk to their children caused by

A)depression.
B)delinquency.
C)being kidnapped.
D)asthma.

Question 78

Nate thinks that Republicans and Democrats almost never work together in Congress.The reason he believes this is that he finds it much easier to think of examples of politicians from the two parties not working together than to think of examples of them working together.It is likely that the ______________ has caused Nate to underestimate how frequently Democrats and Republicans work together.

A)availability heuristic
B)confirmation bias
C)fairness bias
D)framing effect

Question 79

In the study described in your textbook,capuchin monkeys would not exchange a token for a slice of cucumber if they thought that:

A)the trade was unfair.
B)the cucumber was poisoned.
C)the cucumber belonged to another monkey.
D)they could receive cucumber slices from a different experimenter for free.

Question 80

When trying to make sense of something that happened,we tend to misremember our original expectations about what would happen and convince ourselves that we foresaw what was coming.This is feature of

A)confirmation bias.
B)fairness bias.
C)mental set.
D)hindsight bias.