Deck 5: Body Rhythms and Mental States

Question 1

Although the most common biological rhythms people experience are circadian

A)humans also have some longer cycles that are about a month in length.
B)humans also have some shorter cycles that are about 90 minutes in length.
C)humans also experience both longer and shorter cycles.
D)humans experience some shorter cycles,but don't experience seasonal rhythms like some animals do.

Answer 1

humans also experience both longer and shorter cycles.

Question 2

What is the primary stimulus that informs the biological clock,which controls circadian rhythms?

A)light
B)taste
C)smell
D)touch

Answer 2

light

Question 3

When researchers have tested the accuracy of biorhythm charts,which are supposed to forecast daily fluctuations in mood,alertness,and physical performance based on a person's birthdate,they have found the charts

A)to be useful only for those working in outdoor occupations.
B)to be useful only for women and not for men.
C)to be useful only for healthy individuals with no chronic illnesses.
D)to be useless.

Answer 3

to be useless.

Question 4

Circadian rhythms are controlled by a biological clock,located in a small cluster of cells in the

A)hypothalamus.
B)thalamus.
C)corpus callosum.
D)occipital lobe.

Question 5

A researcher is studying biological rhythms such as the waxing and waning of hormone levels,urine volume,blood pressure,and responsiveness of brain cells to stimulation.In particular,she is interested in the endogenous nature of these rhythms,or to put it another way,the researcher is interested in understanding how these biological rhythms are

A)generated by an internal biological clock.
B)influenced by our environment.
C)produced by our heart's rhythm.
D)determined by an individual's experience and therefore vary from person to person.

Question 6

When we say that biological rhythms are endogenous,we mean that

A)they are generated by an internal biological clock.
B)they are influenced by our environment.
C)they are produced by our heart's rhythm.
D)they are determined by an individual's experience and therefore vary from person to person.

Question 7

When a scientist uses the term "biological rhythm," they are referring to

A)a periodic,more or less regular,fluctuation in a biological system.
B)an awareness of oneself and the environment.
C)a biological fluctuation that occurs less frequently than once a day.
D)a biological fluctuation that is about 24 hours from peak to peak.

Question 8

Melatonin is

A)a hormone that fluctuates on about a 90-minute cycle.
B)a hormone that is secreted largely during hours of darkness.
C)a hormone that is secreted largely during hours of daylight.
D)a hormone that increases alertness and wakefulness.

Question 9

When people live in an environment free of any time cues and are allowed to sleep,eat,and work whenever they want,they typically follow a

A)22.8-hour cycle.
B)24.3-hour cycle.
C)26.0-hour cycle.
D)28.0-hour cycle.

Question 10

The experience of "jet lag" is the result of a phenomenon called

A)internal desynchronization.
B)time-zone desynchronization.
C)hormonal rhythms.
D)external desynchronization.

Question 11

Our awareness of various mental processes such as making decisions,daydreaming,reflecting,and concentrating is called

A)intelligence.
B)consciousness.
C)self-awareness.
D)creativity.

Question 12

Which of the following is a research method designed to identify endogenous circadian rhythms?

A)studies of identical twins raised apart
B)experiments in open spaces
C)isolation in caves,mines,or specially prepared rooms
D)statistical comparisons between groups with and without endogenous body rhythms

Question 13

The word "circadian" indicates that a circadian rhythm

A)is generated from within.
B)occurs more frequently than once a day..
C)occurs less frequently than once a day.
D)is about 24 hours in length.

Question 14

Our sleeping-waking cycle follows a(n)__________ rhythm.

A)infradian
B)circadian
C)diurnal
D)ultradian

Question 15

Melatonin treatments have been useful in the treatment of

A)adolescents showing extreme delays in the onset of puberty.
B)survivors of trauma that experience persistent flashbacks of the terror.
C)depressed individuals who are in need of increased blood-sugar levels.
D)disturbed sleep-wake cycles in blind people who lack light perception.

Question 16

Which of the following is true of circadian rhythms?

A)They are artificial inventions of timekeepers.
B)They are internally generated cycles.
C)They are sequences of events that occur once a month.
D)They occur on the same schedule regardless of the changes from day to night.

Question 17

____________ is a state in which biological rhythms are out of phase with one another.

A)Internal desynchronization
B)Menstruation
C)Nonseasonal depression
D)Sleep apnea

Question 18

The structure that serves as our biological clock that controls circadian rhythms is

A)the heart with its pace-maker cells.
B)the pituitary gland.
C)the pineal gland.
D)the suprachiasmatic nucleus.

Question 19

Professor Frohardt is interested in studying endogenous circadian rhythms.Which of the following is a research design that would allow him to conduct his study most effectively?

A)Force subjects to follow a strict sleeping-working-eating schedule.
B)Conduct an experiment in open spaces with many external cues.
C)Have participants live in caves,mines,or specially prepared rooms.
D)Use statistical comparisons between groups with and without endogenous body rhythms.

Question 20

____________ rhythms reflect the adaptation of organisms to the many changes associated with the rotation of the earth on its axis.

A)Infradian
B)Desynchronized
C)Circadian
D)External

Question 21

What is the role of progesterone in the menstrual cycle?

A)It causes the lining of the uterus to prepare for pregnancy.
B)It causes an egg to be released from the ovary.
C)It facilitates conception.
D)It helps prepare the uterine lining to receive the egg.

Question 22

_______________ is a controversial disorder in which a person experiences depression during the winter and an improvement of mood in the spring.

A)Entrainment
B)Internal desynchronization
C)Seasonal affective disorder
D)Dissociation

Question 23

Which of the following statements is accurate,according to studies of internal desynchronization?

A)When people fly across several time zones,sleep and wake patterns take several days to return to normal.
B)When people fly across several time zones,temperature and hormone cycles can take several days to return to normal.
C)Melatonin pills have been shown to be effective in treating desynchronization.
D)When an occupation requires a rotating work schedule,then workers should be switched as frequently as possible.

Question 24

Periods of REM sleep alternate with periods of non-REM sleep in a cycle that recurs about every _______________ minutes or so.

A)30
B)90
C)150
D)210

Question 25

Brain activity during sleep

A)is relatively uniform,and does not change throughout the night.
B)is very similar to activity during the waking state.
C)is almost nonexistent.
D)is correlated with changes in muscle tension,breathing,and other physiological responses.

Question 26

According to a recent survey of the prevalence of seasonal affective disorder,about what percentage of the U.S.population will ever suffer from SAD?

A)Less than 1 percent
B)25 to 30 percent
C)40 to 60 percent
D)Up to 85 percent

Question 27

The treatment of ___________ with the hormone melatonin has had mixed results.

A)blind people with insomnia
B)blind people who cannot see light
C)blind people with melatonin cycle abnormalities
D)sighted people with insomnia

Question 28

The low-voltage brain waves produced during relaxed wakefulness or the twilight stage between waking and sleeping are called __________ waves.

A)alpha
B)beta
C)delta
D)theta

Question 29

In a study of mood changes in men and women discussed in the textbook,researchers found that

A)women had twice the number of mood swings as did men over the course of a month.
B)no relation exists between stage of the menstrual cycle and emotional symptoms.
C)women and men differ in the emotional symptoms that they report.
D)women's work efficiency dropped during the premenstrual period.

Question 30

Dennis just started working at a factory where he will be expected to work varying shifts.What recommendation should you make to him about shift choices?

A)He should change shifts as seldom as possible once he makes his choice.
B)He should try to get a set routine of morning,afternoon,and night shifts.
C)He should alternate between the night and morning shifts but avoid the afternoon.
D)He should rotate shifts every few weeks to make sure he never settles into one.

Question 31

Ernestine is currently undergoing treatment because she becomes depressed every winter.However,her mood seems to improve each spring.Ernestine is most likely diagnosed with

A)seasonal affective disorder.
B)premenstrual syndrome.
C)sleep apnea.
D)narcolepsy.

Question 32

What element of premenstrual syndrome is the most questionable?

A)the physical symptoms
B)the emotional symptoms
C)whether hormones are involved
D)both the emotional and physical symptoms

Question 33

_______________,a hormone involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms,is secreted by the pineal gland.

A)Norepinephrine
B)Testosterone
C)Estrogen
D)Melatonin

Question 34

Your cousin Brenda says she is suffering from the following symptoms and claims it is due to premenstrual syndrome (PMS).Which of the following symptoms that she cites is the most questionable?

A)breast tenderness
B)cramps
C)irritability and depression
D)water retention

Question 35

Gloria's doctor has prescribed expensive sunlamp treatments for her seasonal affective disorder.If Gloria asks for your advice about whether to try them,what should you tell her?

A)SAD is due to cold weather,not lack of light.
B)Light therapy is only an effective treatment for nonseasonal therapy.
C)Light therapy has been effective in alleviating many cases of SAD.
D)Light therapy is not effective in alleviating symptoms of SAD.

Question 36

Omar is a "night owl" who prefers to work at night and to sleep late.This frustrates his early-bird roommate,who prefers to get up early.Research suggests that the difference between their sleep schedules is due to

A)the habits they formed in childhood.
B)Omar's internal desynchronization.
C)cultural differences.
D)different versions of a single gene.

Question 37

Research has found __________ between phase of menstrual cycle and work efficiency,problem solving,college exam scores,and creativity.

A)a significant relationship
B)no relationship
C)a slight relationship
D)a negative correlation

Question 38

The two hormones that appear to be the most influential in the menstrual cycle are

A)estrogen and testosterone.
B)estrogen and progesterone.
C)progesterone and testosterone.
D)progesterone and leptin.

Question 39

Controlled studies indicate that

A)phototherapy is effective in alleviating cases of SAD.
B)low levels of negative ions are effective in most cases of SAD.
C)phototherapy is not effective in alleviating symptoms of SAD.
D)20 percent of the population or more suffer from SAD.

Question 40

Research on premenstrual syndrome indicates that _______________ of women have PMS symptoms predictably over their cycles.

A)fewer than 5 percent
B)about 25 percent
C)about 50 percent
D)about 75 percent

Question 41

The stage of sleep marked by the production of very slow delta waves is __________ sleep.

A)Stage 1
B)Stage 2
C)Stage 3
D)Stage 4

Question 42

During which part of sleep are you most likely to dream?

A)Stage 1
B)Stage 2
C)Stage 3
D)REM sleep

Question 43

James has been sleeping for about 90 minutes when his brain shows rapid,irregular waves.His blood pressure rises,his heart rate increases,and his skeletal muscles go limp.Which of the following is the most likely conclusion?

A)James is chronically sleep deprived and his sleep,like his daytime activities,is abnormal.
B)James is experiencing physiological changes that are normal for the third stage of sleep.
C)James is experiencing unusual sleep because earlier he engaged in strenuous physical activities.
D)James is experiencing physiological changes that are normal during REM sleep.

Question 44

Emilio is currently in Stage 2 sleep.This means his EEG is showing __________ waves.

A)only delta
B)occasional delta
C)occasional bursts of rapid,high-peaking
D)only small,irregular

Question 45

Judith is startled when her 6-year-old daughter,Laura,sleepwalks into the family room and begins to talk.It is most likely that Laura is experiencing the _______________ stage of the sleep cycle.

A)REM
B)first
C)third
D)fourth

Question 46

Which is the stage of sleep from which you would be most easily awakened?

A)Stage 1
B)Stage 2
C)Stage 3
D)Stage 4

Question 47

REM sleep has been called "paradoxical sleep" because

A)the brain is very active,yet the body is entirely inactive.
B)the body is very active and restless,but the brain is very inactive.
C)the eyes are open,though the person remains asleep.
D)colorful dreams occur,in contrast to the black-and-white dreams of NREM sleep.

Question 48

On average,REM sleep periods last about

A)5 minutes.
B)20 minutes.
C)30 minutes.
D)90 minutes.

Question 49

If Alice's strange adventures in Wonderland were actually the dreams of a young girl,they probably occurred when she was in __________ sleep.

A)Stage 1
B)Stage 2
C)Stage 4
D)REM

Question 50

When researchers studied whether dreaming occurs in non-REM sleep they found that

A)it does,but the dreams are shorter and less vivid than in REM sleep.
B)it does,but the dreams are longer and more fantastical than in REM sleep.
C)it does not,unless the person has been chronically sleep deprived.
D)it does not,unless the person is a patient with a severed corpus callosum.

Question 51

The sleep stage characterized by long bursts of rapid,irregular brain waves and relaxed skeletal muscles is also associated with

A)rapid eye movement.
B)slowing of the heart rate.
C)a drop in blood pressure.
D)sleepwalking.

Question 52

On a typical night,REM sleep occurs for the first time

A)within 1 minute of falling asleep.
B)after about 10 minutes of sleep.
C)about 70 to 90 minutes after sleep onset.
D)after about 3-4 hours of sleep.

Question 53

During which sleep stage do sleep spindles first occur?

A)Stage 1
B)Stage 2
C)Stage 3
D)Stage 4

Question 54

Emily is currently in Stage 1 sleep.This means she is

A)experiencing irregular brain waves and light sleep.
B)experiencing delta waves and walking in her sleep.
C)relaxed but awake.
D)hard to rouse and her muscles are completely relaxed.

Question 55

You wake up your friend Ernesto with a phone call late at night,and he describes the dream from which he awoke.He describes in great detail the colorful adventure he experienced.What stage of sleep was Ernesto most likely in when you woke him?

A)Stage 3
B)Stage 2
C)REM
D)Stage 1

Question 56

The reason that REM sleep occurs is

A)to allow the mind to solve the day's problems during sleep.
B)to allow memories to form.
C)to release tensions from the previous day.
D)unknown.

Question 57

What brain waves are probably dominant in the brain of someone who is sleepwalking?

A)alpha
B)beta
C)spindles
D)delta

Question 58

The deepest stage of sleep is __________ sleep.

A)Stage 1
B)Stage 2
C)REM
D)Stage 4

Question 59

During the night

A)REM sleep periods become longer.
B)delta waves increase.
C)dreaming decreases in frequency.
D)NREM sleep periods involve a more and more active EEG.

Question 60

Maxine is currently sleeping.Her breathing and pulse have slowed down,her muscles are relaxed,and she is very hard to rouse.Maxine is in __________ sleep.

A)Stage 1
B)Stage 2
C)Stage 3 or 4
D)REM

Question 61

During _______________ dreams,people are aware that they are dreaming and feel as though they are conscious.

A)REM sleep
B)slow-wave sleep
C)lucid
D)latent

Question 62

When Larry was a teenager,he began experiencing periods when he had a lot of trouble staying awake during the day,even though he was getting enough sleep each night.He also would experience sudden sleep "attacks" where he would collapse to the floor in the middle of an activity.Larry suffers from

A)sleep apnea.
B)insomnia.
C)narcolepsy.
D)REM behavior disorder.

Question 63

Sleep apnea is a disorder in which

A)a person suddenly falls asleep without warning during the day.
B)a person has difficulty waking from sleep in the morning.
C)a person periodically stops breathing during sleep.
D)a person experiences bursts of aggressive behavior during sleep.

Question 64

_______________ is a sleep disorder involving sudden and unpredictable daytime attacks of sleepiness or lapses into REM sleep.

A)Sleep apnea
B)Insomnia
C)Narcolepsy
D)REM behavior disorder

Question 65

Ernie muscles are not paralyzed when he is dreaming.As a result,he literally acts out his dreams,sometimes injuring himself in the process.Ernie appears to suffer from

A)severe sleepwalking.
B)sleep apnea.
C)narcolepsy.
D)REM behavior disorder.

Question 66

Kyle and Yoko spent the same amount of time studying for a big exam.Kyle slept between studying and taking the exam,while Yoko did not.All other things being equal,which of the following is most likely to be true?

A)Kyle has an advantage because sleeping after learning is believed to strengthen the memories.
B)Yoko has an advantage because sleeping after learning leads to an increased risk of forgetting.
C)Neither has an advantage as long as they both got a decent night of sleep at some point.
D)Neither has an advantage because sleep is only related to memory for motor and perceptual skills.

Question 67

Chronic insomnia affects about _______________ of all adults.

A)5 percent
B)10 percent
C)25 percent
D)35 percent

Question 68

Why might studying all night for an exam the next day be a bad approach?

A)Memories are weaker if they are formed during the night.
B)New information requires at least 24 hours to be processed by the brain.
C)Staying awake for 24 hours is likely to cause hallucinations during the exam.
D)Studies indicate that a good night's sleep after learning can improve memory performance.

Question 69

Mitch emphatically states that he never dreams.If Mitch spent the night in a sleep laboratory,it would be most likely that

A)Mitch would report a dream if awakened during a period of rapid,irregular brain activity.
B)instead of dreaming,Mitch would engage in sleepwalking during REM sleep.
C)Mitch's sleep cycle would include four stages of non-REM sleep but no stage of REM sleep.
D)Mitch's electroencephalogram would show only slow,rolling eye movements.

Question 70

Narcolepsy involves

A)unpredictable daytime attacks of REM sleep.
B)inability to breathe while sleeping.
C)a need for 12 to 14 hours of sleep each night.
D)a need for only 5 to 6 hours of sleep each night.

Question 71

If the theory that sleep plays a role in the process of consolidation,then sleep deprivation would be expected to cause

A)an increased risk of infection.
B)forgetting and poor memory performance.
C)irritability.
D)hallucinations.

Question 72

Dr.Sanchez is a psychoanalyst who is interested in analyzing dreams using Freud's perspective.As a psychoanalyst,he focuses on interpreting the __________ content of his clients' dreams in an attempt to understand their unconscious wishes and thoughts that may be expressed symbolically in their dreams.

A)latent
B)patent
C)manifest
D)marginal

Question 73

Jennifer has been studying day and night for so many weeks that she is chronically sleep deprived.She is now at risk of developing

A)a total loss of the REM period when she does sleep.
B)narcolepsy.
C)increased levels of the hormone cortisol,which may damage or impair brain cells.
D)sleep apnea.

Question 74

Many researchers believe that sleep is necessary for _______________,a process by which recently stored memories become durable and stable.

A)consolidation
B)reinforcement
C)encoding
D)preservation

Question 75

Carl reports to his therapist that he had a dream in which he was aware that he was dreaming and felt as though he was conscious.He says he was able to control the action occurring in his dream much like a scriptwriter decides what will happen in a movie.The therapist nods her head and tells Carl that he experienced

A)REM behavior disorder.
B)paradoxical sleep.
C)lucid dreaming.
D)latent dreaming.

Question 76

When sleep researchers have studied humans and other species they found that

A)only the higher mammals,such as humans,the great apes,and bottlenose dolphins experience REM sleep.
B)moles,because they can hardly move their eyes at all,are unable to experience REM sleep.
C)only humans experience REM sleep.
D)nearly all mammals,with perhaps the exception of bottlenose dolphins and the porpoises,experience REM sleep.

Question 77

Naomi's breathing stops briefly during sleep,causing her to choke and gasp.What problem does Naomi most likely have?

A)sleep apnea
B)insomnia
C)narcolepsy
D)REM behavior disorder

Question 78

Who said that dreams are "the royal road to the unconscious"?

A)Allan Hobson
B)William Shakespeare
C)Sigmund Freud
D)Rosalind Cartwright

Question 79

What can sleep scientists say about people who do not get enough sleep?

A)Their cortisol levels increase.
B)Contrary to popular belief,they do not suffer from hallucinations.
C)They become prone to narcolepsy.
D)Their creativity often increases.

Question 80

Many adolescent needs about _____ hours of sleep a night for optimal performance.

A)6
B)8
C)10
D)12