Deck 3: Development Over the Life Span

Question 1

Eve touches the cheek of her two-month-old daughter,Elise.In response,Elise turns her head toward the touch in search of something to suck.Elise is demonstrating the __________ reflex.

A)sucking
B)contact comfort
C)rooting
D)Babinski

Answer 1

rooting

Question 2

_______________,the pleasure of being touched and held,is important throughout life.

A)Socialization
B)Contact comfort
C)Synchrony
D)Maturation

Answer 2

Contact comfort

Question 3

Which of the following outcomes may occur when the mother has German measles (rubella)early in pregnancy?

A)defects in the eye,ear,and heart
B)attention problems and lower IQ
C)increased likelihood of prematurity and low birth weight
D)mental retardation,blindness,and other physical disorders

Answer 3

defects in the eye,ear,and heart

Question 4

During the fetal stage of development,which begins at _______________,further development of the organs and systems occurs.

A)conception
B)14 days
C)eight weeks
D)40 weeks

Question 5

A child who never underwent the process of _______________ would not know how they are expected to behave and would not understand the rules that they are expected to follow.

A)socialization
B)maturation
C)development
D)acculturation

Question 6

After implantation of the zygote is completed,the __________ stage of prenatal development begins.

A)embryonic
B)structural
C)germinal
D)fetal

Question 7

Which of the following outcomes is associated with maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy?

A)defects in the eye,ear,and heart
B)smaller brain,facial deformities,lack of coordination
C)increased likelihood of miscarriage,premature birth,and low birth weight
D)mental retardation,blindness,and other physical disorders

Question 8

Margaret and Harry Harlow demonstrated the importance of __________ in their experiments with rhesus monkeys.

A)contact comfort
B)safety
C)food access
D)proximity control

Question 9

The newborn infant has a number of _______________ such as sucking,grasping,and rooting that aid in his or her survival.

A)instincts
B)traits
C)motor reflexes
D)innate perceptual abilities

Question 10

For genetic males,the hormone testosterone begins to be secreted by a set of rudimentary testes during the __________ stage of prenatal development.

A)embryonic
B)structural
C)germinal
D)fetal

Question 11

The sensory abilities of newborn infants

A)are poor,resulting in a confused picture of the world.
B)include the ability to see and hear,but not to discriminate tastes and smells.
C)include visual abilities that are much like that of an adult.
D)include the ability to discriminate smells,tastes,and sounds almost immediately.

Question 12

A reflex crucial to an infant's survival is

A)cooing.
B)grasping.
C)sucking.
D)stepping.

Question 13

Which of the following outcomes is caused by sexually transmitted diseases during pregnancy?

A)defects in the eye,ear,and heart
B)smaller brain,facial deformities,and lack of coordination
C)a 50 percent chance of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
D)mental retardation,blindness,and other physical disorders

Question 14

Dr.McKenzie decides to perform a Cesarean section in order to avoid potential harm to a baby during birth.She is most likely concerned about the mother's

A)exposure to lead during the last weeks of pregnancy.
B)outbreak of genital herpes.
C)cigarette smoking just before the onset of labor.
D)consumption of more than two alcoholic drinks per day.

Question 15

A psychologist spends her entire career studying how and why changes occur in people as they get older.This psychologist is most likely a(n)__________ psychologist.

A)evolutionary
B)personality
C)health
D)developmental

Question 16

The germinal stage of prenatal development begins with

A)the maturation of the female ovum and its entry into the fallopian tube.
B)the uniting of the female ovum and the male sperm.
C)the entry of the zygote into the uterus.
D)the attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall.

Question 17

Which of the following is one of the functions of the placenta during pregnancy?

A)triggering the division of the zygote
B)preventing nutrients from reaching the embryo
C)secreting testosterone when the embryo is male
D)screening out some,but not all harmful substances

Question 18

Which of the following is true regarding risk factors related to fathers?

A)Babies of men exposed to workplace chemicals are more likely to be miscarried.
B)Babies of young fathers have an increased probability of autism.
C)Fathers under the age of 25 have three times the risk of conceiving a child who develops schizophrenia as do fathers over the age of 50.
D)There is an increased risk that the babies of teenaged fathers will be bipolar.

Question 19

Which of the following outcomes is associated with maternal exposure to lead during pregnancy?

A)defects in the eye,ear,and heart
B)attention problems and lower IQ
C)facial deformities,lack of coordination,and mental retardation
D)mental retardation,blindness,and other physical disorders

Question 20

Which of the following developmental sequences is in correct order?

A)embryo,zygote,fetus,infant
B)ovum,embryo,fetus,infant
C)fetus,embryo,ovum,infant
D)ovum,fetus,embryo,infant

Question 21

A toddler smacks her lips to let her parents know that she wants food.This is an example of:

A)telegraphic speech.
B)parentese.
C)a language acquisition device.
D)a symbolic gesture.

Question 22

Mary Ainsworth observed that securely attached infants

A)do not seem to care when the mother leaves the room and do not seek her out on her return.
B)protest loudly when the mother leaves but resist contact with her when she returns.
C)cry or protest if the mother leaves the room and welcome her back when she returns.
D)are not concerned upon separation,but cry to be picked up and held on her return.

Question 23

After greeting her relatives at the airport,Joey's mother leaves him with his grandma and gets the luggage.Eight-month-old Joey becomes fearful of the stranger holding him and he begins to wail.This distress would be an example of

A)insecure attachment.
B)separation anxiety.
C)avoidant attachment.
D)sensorimotor thinking.

Question 24

Mary Ainsworth devised an experimental method called the Strange Situation in order to determine

A)the nature of gestural communication between mothers and babies.
B)aspects of purposeful exploration as the baby investigates a strange environment.
C)parental discipline styles in the first year of life.
D)the nature of attachment between mothers and babies.

Question 25

When Larry's mother leaves a room,he does not care,and upon her return he makes little effort to seek contact with her.Larry's attachment style is

A)avoidant.
B)securely attached.
C)aloof.
D)anxious or ambivalent.

Question 26

Emily calls her husband into the living room saying,"I'm just sure that the baby recognized the word 'Mommy'!" If Emily is right,then her baby is most likely

A)1 to 3 months of age.
B)4 to 6 months of age.
C)9 to 12 months of age.
D)18 to 20 months of age.

Question 27

Between the ages of _______________,children begin to show separation anxiety.

A)1 to 2 months
B)3 to 5 months
C)6 to 8 months
D)10 to 12 months

Question 28

Which sentence sums up the current understanding about infant attachment?

A)Healthy attachment is becoming increasingly rare.
B)Maternal sensitivity is critical to developing healthy attachment.
C)Normal,healthy attachment will occur within a wide range of cultural,family,and individual variations in child-rearing customs.
D)Parents have no effect on the type of attachment their children form.

Question 29

Mary Ainsworth believed that insecure attachment results primarily from the way mothers treat their children during the

A)first week of life.
B)first month of life.
C)first year of life.
D)first three years of life.

Question 30

In Harlow's studies with young monkeys,the monkeys were exposed to a wire mother with a bottle and a cloth mother without a bottle.The young monkeys spent their nonfeeding time

A)with the wire mother.
B)with both mothers equally.
C)with the cloth mother.
D)away from both mothers.

Question 31

Anatolie was raised in a substandard orphanage where he was given little attention.He wasn't adopted until he was 6 years old.Anatolie is ________________ to become securely attached to his adoptive parents compared to a child who did not experience the same level of abandonment and deprivation.

A)no more or less likely
B)slightly more likely
C)much more likely
D)less likely

Question 32

Psychologists studying the acquisition of language have found that

A)at 12 months of age,babies begin to recognize their own names.
B)the process begins when babies recognize the sound structure of their native language.
C)it may begin in the womb.
D)at 6 months of age,babies begin to respond to the pitch and sound of language.

Question 33

Researchers have found that "baby talk" by parents

A)helps babies learn the melody and the rhythm of their native language.
B)holds children back from learning real language faster.
C)promotes telegraphic speech,especially if overused.
D)teaches children the correct grammar of their native language.

Question 34

How did infant rhesus monkeys that were raised with both an artificial "wire mother" and an artificial "cloth mother" respond to these objects?

A)They became attached to the artificial mother that supplied milk.
B)They avoided both mothers except when they were hungry.
C)They would not eat or drink,and soon died.
D)They would cling to the "cloth mother," especially when they were frightened or startled.

Question 35

When researchers compared infants who were in child care for varying hours each week,they found that

A)day care has no effect on the security of a child's attachment.
B)day care significantly impacts the security of a child's attachment.
C)thirty or more hours per week in day care decreases secure attachment.
D)fifteen or more hours per week in day care decreases secure attachment.

Question 36

Which of the following is true about language?

A)Any type of communication is a language.
B)All languages involve the making of sounds.
C)Language allows a near infinite number of novel ideas to be communicated.
D)Scientists are surprised humans evolved to use language,because it probably wasn't very beneficial for our prehistoric ancestors.

Question 37

Which of the following appears to have a large effect on the security of a child's attachment?

A)the child's own genetically influenced temperament
B)time spent in daycare
C)the mother's sensitivity
D)cultural differences in parenting

Question 38

The two types of insecure attachment,according to Mary Ainsworth,are

A)avoidant attachment and anxious-ambivalent attachment.
B)hostile attachment and withdrawn attachment.
C)anxious attachment and withdrawn attachment.
D)resistant attachment and hostile attachment.

Question 39

Which of the following is an example of telegraphic speech?

A)a toddler at the laundromat saying,"Mama dress"
B)a toddler pointing to an object that is out of her reach
C)a baby endlessly repeating,"ba-ba-ba-ba"
D)a baby absorbing a new word spoken by her father

Question 40

If a child throws a tantrum when his or her mother leaves but resists contact with her when she returns,the child's attachment style would be identified as

A)avoidant.
B)securely attached.
C)resistant.
D)anxious or ambivalent.

Question 41

A researcher who believes that experience,and not universal grammar,is responsible for the development of language in children is likely to argue that children develop grammar rules by

A)learning the probability that any given word or syllable will follow another.
B)comparing spoken language to written language.
C)counting the number of nouns,adjectives,and verbs in the sentences they hear.
D)listening to their parents explain how each grammar rule works.

Question 42

The mother of a young child who didn't like to drink milk was trying to coax him to drink some.Taking the glass of milk,she poured it all into a smaller cup and said,"There! Now you won't have to drink so much." She would never have fooled the child if he had not been in the __________ stage.

A)preconventional
B)preoperational
C)concrete operations
D)formal operations

Question 43

According to Piaget,_______________represents the beginning of the child's capacity to use mental imagery and other symbolic systems.

A)egocentric thinking
B)accommodation
C)object permanence
D)assimilation

Question 44

Janis sees a bat flying over the lake and says,"Birdie"! Her mother says,"That flies like a bird,Janis,but that is a bat." Janis begins pointing saying,"Bat! Bat! Bat!" Piaget would say that this is an example of

A)accommodation.
B)preoperational thought.
C)assimilation.
D)egocentric thinking.

Question 45

The surface structure of a sentence is

A)evident in the overregularizations in a child's early speech.
B)demonstrated by the implicit knowledge of grammatical rules.
C)the meaning of the sentence despite different phrases used.
D)the way a sentence is actually spoken or signed.

Question 46

Rakeish was kept locked in a basement for most of his childhood.During this period,he almost never heard a human voice.Finally,he was rescued from this abusive situation.It is likely that Rakeish will

A)very quickly acquire the ability to speak normally.
B)learn to speak normally after many years.
C)eventually understand speech,but will never be able to talk.
D)never learn to speak normally.

Question 47

Piaget's great insight regarding children was that

A)children say illogical things because they are trying to get attention.
B)it is difficult to predict when children will develop specific cognitive skills.
C)if children make illogical statements after the age of 5 or 6,they most likely have a cognitive disability.
D)errors of logic reflect a predictable interaction between a child's maturational stage and the child's experience in the world.

Question 48

In Piaget's theory,the process of modifying existing cognitive structures in response to experience and new information is called

A)operations.
B)accommodation.
C)conservation.
D)assimilation.

Question 49

In which stage of cognitive development does the conservation concept first appear?

A)formal operations
B)concrete operations
C)preoperational
D)sensorimotor

Question 50

Over time,researchers have gathered many types of evidence that support the theory that all children have an innate mental module that allows them to develop language if they are exposed to conversation.Which one of the following is an example of such evidence?

A)Children in different cultures go through the same stages of linguistic development.
B)Young infants show no ability to understand linguistic rules.
C)Adults must consistently correct their children's syntax or else their children will not learn to speak correctly.
D)Deaf children who are not exposed to adult language cannot communicate at all.

Question 51

Jean Piaget is noted for his theory of

A)cognitive development.
B)language development.
C)perceptual development.
D)attachment.

Question 52

The belief that one is the center of the world is called by Piaget

A)animism.
B)egocentrism.
C)self-centering.
D)centrismic thinking.

Question 53

Noam Chomsky viewed language acquisition in children as the result of

A)utilitarian learning in which children learn that correct language produces desirable results.
B)reinforcement by adults of correct language production.
C)an innate mental module that allows young children to develop language.
D)imitating adults.

Question 54

A child's first word combinations,which omit unnecessary words,are called

A)telegraphic speech.
B)language acquisition device.
C)assimilation.
D)accommodation.

Question 55

Laytoya is trying to convince her friend that Noam Chomsky's theory of language development is correct.Which piece of evidence is she likely to cite to support her claim?

A)Children in different cultures go through very different stages of linguistic development.
B)Infants as young as 7 months can derive simple linguistic rules from a string of sounds.
C)Many languages sound very different.
D)Deaf children who are not exposed to adult language cannot communicate at all.

Question 56

The adage,"Out of sight,out of mind," is most accurately applied to the early part of the _______ stage of development.

A)formal operations
B)concrete operations
C)preoperational
D)sensorimotor

Question 57

What reason might Noam Chomsky give to explain why it is so difficult to teach language to animals?

A)Most animals do not live long enough to acquire language.
B)Animals are not born with a universal grammar.
C)Only humans are capable of communication.
D)Animals have their own languages and do not want to learn ours.

Question 58

In Piaget's theory,the process of absorbing new information into existing cognitive structures is called

A)operations.
B)assimilation.
C)conservation.
D)accommodation.

Question 59

Peter is 10 months old.He likes to touch objects,put things in his mouth,suck,and grasp.In addition,Peter is beginning to understand that his toys still exist even though they are in his toy box.Peter is in Piaget's __________ stage.

A)preoperational
B)formal operations
C)sensorimotor
D)concrete operations

Question 60

Layla understands that "Daddy" is her father but does not yet understand that she is Daddy's daughter.Piaget would say that Layla is in the

A)preoperational stage.
B)formal operations stage.
C)sensorimotor stage.
D)concrete operations stage.

Question 61

Which of the following research findings regarding cognitive development is a challenge to Piaget's theory?

A)Children actively interpret their worlds,using their developing abilities to assimilate new information and figure things out.
B)Abstract reasoning is one of the last cognitive skills to develop fully.
C)New reasoning abilities depend on the emergence of previous abilities.
D)Cognitive abilities develop in overlapping waves rather than in discrete steps.

Question 62

According to Piaget,at what stage would a child come to understand conservation,reversibility,and cause and effect?

A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)concrete operations
D)formal operations

Question 63

According to Piaget,children begin to develop concepts and the ability to think in terms of abstractions in the __________ stage.

A)preoperational
B)formal operations
C)concrete operations
D)sensorimotor

Question 64

Theory of __________ is the ability to think about how one's own and other people's thought processes work and how cognitions and feelings affect behaviors.

A)cognition
B)perception
C)brain
D)mind

Question 65

Piaget mistakenly believed that

A)children began to grasp the concept of object permanence during the sensorimotor stage.
B)during the stage of concrete operations,children have the ability to compare and classify ideas.
C)an understanding of serial ordering does not emerge until the stage of formal operations.
D)preoperational children cannot take another person's point of view.

Question 66

Based on Piaget's theory,which of the following relationships is correct?

A)concrete operations = abstract reasoning
B)preoperational = conservation
C)formal operations = egocentrism
D)sensorimotor = developing object permanence

Question 67

Kohlberg's theory of moral development is based on _______ theory.

A)Piaget's
B)Erikson's
C)Freud's
D)social-learning

Question 68

According to Piaget,what are the ages for the formal operations stage?

A)birth to age 2
B)age 2 to 7
C)age 7 to 11
D)beyond age 12 or 13

Question 69

According to Piaget,__________ is the understanding that the physical properties of objects do not change when their form or appearance changes.

A)egocentric thinking
B)conservation
C)accommodation
D)reversibility

Question 70

Which of the following is a valid challenge to Piaget's theory?

A)Cognitive abilities develop in discrete steps or stages rather than continuous,overlapping waves.
B)Young children do not understand as much as Piaget gave them credit for.
C)Preschoolers are not as egocentric as Piaget thought.
D)Cognitive development around the world is more consistent than Piaget thought.

Question 71

In the concrete operations stage,children come to understand all of the following EXCEPT:

A)principles of conservation.
B)abstract thought.
C)reversibility of mental operations.
D)cause and effect.

Question 72

Tyrel is only 5 years old.He is angry at his brother and is about to hit him when he stops.According to Kohlberg,it is most likely that Tyrel did not hit his brother because he

A)respects the rules of the house.
B)does not want to get into trouble.
C)realizes that all human beings deserve to live without violence.
D)wants to conform to the rules of the house.

Question 73

Lawrence Kohlberg is noted for his theories of __________ development.

A)cognitive
B)social
C)moral
D)emotional

Question 74

A characteristic that first shows up in the formal operations stage is

A)irreversibility.
B)abstract thinking.
C)egocentrism.
D)logical thinking.

Question 75

Suzanne is sitting at a table in school with several of her classmates.The teacher spreads out a pile of pennies in front of them and asks the children to put the pennies into a stack.Suzanne is the only child in her class who realizes that the number of pennies remains the same whether they are spread out on the table or in a stack.According to Piaget,Suzanne has already entered the __________ stage of development.

A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)concrete operations
D)formal operations

Question 76

If a child can tell you what "Y" is equal to when you give her the equation X = Y + 10,then she is in the _______ stage of cognitive development.

A)formal operations
B)concrete operations
C)preoperational
D)sensorimotor

Question 77

Today,a developmental psychologists studying moral development is likely to emphasize

A)how children learn to regulate their own emotions and behavior.
B)the distinct stages of moral development.
C)the development of the universal human rights orientation.
D)how young children lack a moral sense.

Question 78

Which of the following is the correct order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

A)Preoperational $\rightarrow$ concrete operations $\rightarrow$ sensorimotor $\rightarrow$ formal operations
B)Concrete operations $\rightarrow$ sensorimotor $\rightarrow$ preoperational $\rightarrow$ formal operations
C)Sensorimotor $\rightarrow$ preoperational $\rightarrow$ concrete operations $\rightarrow$ formal operations
D)Preoperational $\rightarrow$ sensorimotor $\rightarrow$ concrete operations $\rightarrow$ formal operations

Question 79

In the 1960s,which theorist proposed that children's ability to understand right and wrong developed right along with the rest of their cognitive abilities,and progressed through three levels?

A)Lawrence Kohlberg
B)Carl Jung
C)Carl Rogers
D)Jerome Kagan

Question 80

When asked about whether the death penalty is morally defensible,Mandi argued that it is never acceptable to take a life.According to Kohlberg,Mandi is at the phase of moral development where moral judgments are based upon

A)conformity and loyalty to others.
B)what is in her own interest.
C)universal human rights.
D)the rule of law.