Deck 13: Emotion, Stress, and Health

Question 1

Ekman and his associates developed a special coding system to analyze and identify each of the nearly __________ muscles of the face,as well as the combinations of muscles associated with various emotions.

A)20
B)80
C)100
D)1,000

Answer 1

80

Question 2

According to Ekman,which of the following is one of the universal facial expressions?

A)agitated
B)fear
C)embarrassed
D)shame

Answer 2

fear

Question 3

Which of the following scenarios illustrates the role of facial feedback in emotions?

A)someone smiles and says "hello" to another person passing by
B)a woman who is told to look disgusted experiences negative feelings
C)a man laughs at a coworker's off-color joke
D)when you go to a movie and cry at the sad ending

Answer 3

a woman who is told to look disgusted experiences negative feelings

Question 4

Chastity is pretending that she is feeling sad.According to research,she is probably

A)using the same facial muscles that she would use if she were really feeling sad.
B)using different facial muscles than she would use if she were really feeling sad.
C)not making eye contact.
D)speaking extremely softly while frowning.

Question 5

Research on the physiological aspect of emotion suggests that people everywhere are born with certain basic or __________ emotions.

A)initial
B)primary
C)secondary
D)intense

Question 6

According to Ekman's research on facial expressions

A)when people try to hide their feelings with an inauthentic expression,they use different groups of muscles than they do for authentic emotions.
B)authentic smiles last ten seconds or more whereas false smiles last only about two seconds.
C)when trying to feign sadness,only about 60 percent of people manage to get the eyebrows,eyelids,and forehead wrinkle exactly right.
D)there is little support for Darwin's evolutionary rationale that certain human facial expressions are innate.

Question 7

Which of the following is typically NOT considered to be a primary emotion?

A)anger
B)sadness
C)jealousy
D)fear

Question 8

Paul Ekman and his colleagues gathered abundant evidence supporting the universality of _______ basic facial expressions of emotion.

A)three
B)five
C)seven
D)nine

Question 9

_______________ is a state of arousal involving facial and bodily changes,brain activation,cognitive appraisals,subjective feelings,and tendencies toward action,all shaped by cultural rules.

A)An attribution
B)Emotion
C)Galvanic skin response
D)Body language

Question 10

Disgust and contempt would typically be considered __________ emotions.

A)primary
B)secondary
C)tertiary
D)conditioned

Question 11

Fear and anger,sadness and joy are generally considered to be _______________ emotions.

A)primary
B)secondary
C)tertiary
D)conditioned

Question 12

Emotion is defined as

A)the process by which the facial muscles send messages to the brain about bodily changes.
B)a state of arousal involving facial and bodily changes,brain activation,cognitive appraisals,subjective feelings,and tendencies toward action,all shaped by cultural rules.
C)an irrational aspect of our mammalian heritage that is distinctive from our rational abilities of cognition.
D)a set of social and cultural rules that regulate when,how,and where a person may express (or must suppress)emotions.

Question 13

Analysis of facial muscles during emotional displays has revealed that

A)most individuals are able to mimic grief accurately,getting the facial muscles just right.
B)false smiles tend to last ten seconds or more,but authentic smiles last only about two seconds.
C)false expressions use the same groups of muscles as are used in authentic expressions.
D)physiological responses ensure that facial expressions convey the emotion being felt.

Question 14

__________ emotions include blends of emotion that vary from one culture to another and develop gradually with increasing cognitive maturity.

A)Initial
B)Primary
C)Secondary
D)Intense

Question 15

The three major components that psychologists focus on when defining "emotion" are

A)facial muscles,bodily changes,and stress.
B)physiological changes,cognitive processes,and cultural influences.
C)mammalian heritage,rational abilities,and cognition.
D)social rules,cultural rules,and relationship rules.

Question 16

In order to get around the human ability to mask emotions and more clearly define facial expressions for particular emotions,Ekman and his associates

A)developed a special coding system that analyzed and identified the numerous facial muscles.
B)developed an interobserver system to make sure that observers defined expressions reliably.
C)interviewed all participants in order to assess unexpressed feelings and motivations.
D)monitored the brain waves of participants to determine which hemisphere had higher activation.

Question 17

Facial feedback is defined as

A)the process by which the facial muscles send messages to the brain about the basic emotion being expressed.
B)a state of arousal involving facial and bodily changes,brain activation,cognitive appraisals,subjective feelings,and tendencies toward action,all shaped by cultural rules.
C)an irrational aspect of our mammalian heritage that no longer has an adaptive function in human behavior.
D)a set of social and cultural rules that regulate when,how,and where a person may express (or must suppress)emotions.

Question 18

Emotions that are specific to certain cultures are considered __________ emotions.

A)primary
B)secondary
C)tertiary
D)conditioned

Question 19

Emotions considered to be universal and biologically based are called

A)primary.
B)secondary.
C)tertiary.
D)individualistic .

Question 20

In the process of __________,the facial muscles send messages to the brain about the basic emotion being expressed.

A)emotion exchange
B)facial feedback
C)primary emotions
D)secondary emotions

Question 21

According to Darwin,facial expressions probably evolved to

A)differentiate cultures.
B)help distinguish us from animals.
C)help us communicate.
D)create conflict.

Question 22

Samantha jumps with fear as she feels a hand on her shoulder while walking on a deserted path across campus.What brain structure played a key role in Samantha's swift reaction?

A)basal ganglia
B)hippocampus
C)cerebral cortex
D)amygdala

Question 23

When Noah complies with instructions to smile and look happy,it is most likely that

A)he will begin to feel annoyed.
B)he will begin to feel angry.
C)his positive feelings will increase.
D)his reaction will depend on his age.

Question 24

When 1-year-old Olivia is placed on an ambiguous visual cliff,she looks at her mom's reassuring face.Olivia is most likely to

A)smile back at mom,but refuse to cross.
B)cross the cliff.
C)begin crying.
D)lift her arms to be held.

Question 25

Many researchers believe that mirror neurons allow humans to

A)experience empathy.
B)coordinate complicated motor tasks.
C)develop facial expressions for basic emotions.
D)reverse left-right movements when performing a task in front of a mirror.

Question 26

Parts of the _______________ are involved in the regulation of emotion,that is,the ability to control our emotions.

A)prefrontal cortex
B)amygdala
C)basal ganglia
D)sympathetic nervous system

Question 27

Three-year-old Javier sees his dad dressed up as a gorilla and Javier screams in fear.What brain structure is probably involved in his reaction?

A)olfactory bulb
B)amygdala
C)occipital lobe
D)Wernicke's area

Question 28

Which of the following is true about people's ability to identify emotions in others?

A)People are best at identifying emotions expressed by others in their own ethnic group.
B)Babies cannot identify emotions based on facial expressions.
C)Facial expressions have universal meanings,even across different situations and contexts.
D)Using facial expressions to recognize emotions in others is useful,but has no survival value.

Question 29

Your textbook mentions that tiny newborns will suck longer on a pacifier if

A)it produces a happy face from an adult.
B)they like the smell and taste.
C)it also plays music to put them to sleep.
D)it produces a look of concern from an adult.

Question 30

The _______________ quickly assesses danger or threat.

A)prefrontal cortex
B)amygdala
C)right hemisphere
D)sympathetic nervous system

Question 31

In most people,the __________ is specialized for withdrawal or escape.

A)somatic nervous system
B)right prefrontal cortex
C)left prefrontal cortex
D)reticular activating system

Question 32

Lauren jumps with fear as she feels a hand on her shoulder while walking on a deserted path across campus.Her fear evaporates when she hears her boyfriend's voice saying,"What are you doing out so late,Lauren?" What brain structure played a key role when Lauren's fear evaporated?

A)medulla
B)hippocampus
C)cerebral cortex
D)amygdala

Question 33

What property of some brain cells led scientists to call them mirror neurons?

A)They only fire when a person of animal looks in a mirror.
B)Their cell membranes contain a protein that makes them reflect light.
C)Their structure perfectly mirrors the structure of a neighboring neuron.
D)They fire when a person or animal observes others carrying out an action.

Question 34

Julian is watching an old comedy film,which makes him laugh and want to watch more of them.What brain structure is probably involved in his reaction?

A)olfactory bulb
B)amygdala
C)the left prefrontal cortex
D)the right prefrontal cortex

Question 35

Simon has damage to his amygdala.It is most likely that he

A)has difficulty recognizing fear in others.
B)has lost the capacity to set aside his fear even when the danger is gone.
C)feels excessively manic and euphoric.
D)feels excessively depressed.

Question 36

If you put on an angry face then

A)your heart rate will rise faster than if you put on a happy face.
B)your heart rate will decelerate more than if you put on a happy face.
C)your parasympathetic nervous system will become active.
D)physiological change will not occur because it is a false emotion.

Question 37

When babies in an experiment were placed on an ambiguous visual cliff and saw an expression of fear on their mothers' faces,what portion of them crossed the cliff?

A)all of them
B)about three-quarters of them
C)about one-third of them
D)none of them

Question 38

When Jose complies with instructions to look angry,it is most likely that

A)he will be amused to be simulating anger.
B)he will be pleased that he does it so well.
C)his positive feelings will decrease.
D)his reaction will depend on his age.

Question 39

Dr.Cabbot is recording from a mirror neuron in a monkey's brain.When will the neuron fire?

A)only when the monkey is performing a specific action,but not when it sees someone else perform the same action
B)only when the monkey is watching someone else perform a specific action,but not when it performs the same action
C)only when the monkey is watching itself perform an action in front of a mirror
D)when the monkey is performing a specific action,and also when it watches someone else perform the same action

Question 40

In most people,the __________ appears to be specialized for the motivation to approach others.

A)somatic nervous system
B)right prefrontal cortex
C)left prefrontal cortex
D)reticular activating system

Question 41

Most people assume that success brings happiness and failure brings unhappiness.According to the Stoic philosophers of the first century A.D.-and modern psychologists-how you feel about your success or failure will often depend on

A)how your friends react.
B)how your parents react.
C)how you explain it to yourself.
D)what you expect to happen in the future.

Question 42

During an interrogation,an FBI agent tries to scare a suspect into making a confession by saying "You know,they have this new type of lie detector that can measure activity in different regions of the brain to determine whether a person is lying or telling the truth." What technology is the agent referring to?

A)fMRI
B)Computer Voice Stress Analyzer
C)polygraph
D)Two-photon imaging

Question 43

The polygraph is based on the assumption that a person who is guilty and fearful will have

A)decreased flow of epinephrine.
B)decreased flow of norepinephrine.
C)increased activity in the autonomic nervous system.
D)increased activity in the hippocampus.

Question 44

The _______________ produce(s)epinephrine and norepinephrine.

A)left prefrontal cortex
B)right prefrontal cortex
C)amygdala
D)adrenal glands

Question 45

In a series of experiments that studied the role of cognitions in all kinds of emotions,students who believed they did well because of their own efforts tended to feel

A)overconfident.
B)proud.
C)surprise.
D)guilt.

Question 46

Petra's brother was hiking in the woods and accidently came into contact with poison ivy.Now his arms are covered in a rash.As Petra watches her brother scratch his arms,her arms begin to itch and she feels compelled to scratch them too.Psychologists believe that _____________ are responsible for Petra's response to watching her brother's discomfort.

A)activity in the hippocampus
B)facial feedback
C)the firing of mirror neurons
D)activity in the amygdala

Question 47

When emotions spread from one person to another it is called

A)facial feedback.
B)mood contagion.
C)secondary emotions.
D)prototypes of emotions.

Question 48

_______________ provides the energy of an emotion,that familiar tingle,excitement,and sense of animation.

A)Melatonin
B)Epinephrine
C)Norepinephrine
D)Dopamine

Question 49

A conditioned sentimental response to a patriotic symbol requires

A)a complex thought process.
B)simple,nonconscious reactions.
C)the movement of certain facial muscles.
D)the stimulation of the amygdala.

Question 50

Carrie has her friends over for a slumber party.They watch three very frightening,suspense-filled movies that cause their hearts to race each time the focus is on an unsuspecting victim.Which two hormones cause this type of reaction?

A)serotonin and dopamine
B)epinephrine and norepinephrine
C)gamma-aminobutyric-acid (GABA)and acetylcholine
D)estrogen and melatonin

Question 51

In a series of experiments that studied the role of cognitions in all kinds of emotions,students who believed they did well because of a lucky fluke or chance tended to feel

A)gratitude or guilt.
B)proud and satisfied.
C)regretful or resigned.
D)deeply dissatisfied.

Question 52

With the polygraph

A)the voice stress analyzer is more valid than the polygraph.
B)the polygraph is more valid than the voice stress analyzer.
C)the voice stress analyzer and the polygraph used together result in valid lie detection.
D)at present there is no perfect way to detect lying.

Question 53

The _______________ directly controls the secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine by the adrenal glands.

A)prefrontal cortex
B)amygdala
C)right hemisphere
D)sympathetic nervous system

Question 54

People in different cultures often __________ what words or actions they consider to be an insult.

A)agree as to
B)remain neutral as to
C)disagree as to
D)cannot explain

Question 55

The influence of thought on emotion was studied by assessing athletes' reactions to being among the medal winners in the 1992 Olympics.The results showed that

A)third-place winners were happier than second-place winners.
B)second-place winners were happier than third-place winners.
C)there were no significant differences in happiness between third-place and second-place winners.
D)second-place winners showed an increase in positive emotions,but third-place winners showed a decrease.

Question 56

Alex is 18 months old and is beginning to use words to describe his emotions.His parents are most likely to hear Alex say that he feels

A)"anxious."
B)"scared."
C)"ecstatic."
D)"depressed."

Question 57

Certain emotions are associated with certain patterns of __________,which may explain why people all over the world use similar terms to describe basic emotions,saying they feel "hot and bothered" when they are angry or "cold and clammy" when they are afraid.

A)autonomic nervous system activity
B)visual and auditory stimulation
C)activity in the occipital lobes
D)hippocampal activity

Question 58

Emily has coffee with a classmate.Her friend expresses nervousness about an upcoming exam they will both be taking.Prior to visiting with her classmate,Emily had felt at ease regarding this exam.Upon leaving her classmate,she feels nervous and edgy.Emily is experiencing

A)facial feedback.
B)prototypes of emotions.
C)secondary emotions.
D)mood contagion.

Question 59

The difference between primary emotions and more complex cultural variations is reflected in

A)facial expression.
B)language.
C)dress.
D)music.

Question 60

As a child's cerebral cortex matures and cognitions become more complex,emotions

A)become more nonconscious and automatic.
B)maintain consistent levels.
C)become less complex.
D)become more complex.

Question 61

__________ is a series of physiological responses to stressors that occur in three phases.

A)General adaptation syndrome
B)Locus of control
C)Primary appraisal
D)Secondary control

Question 62

Which of the following would be considered a secondary emotion in Western theories of emotion?

A)surprise
B)joy
C)shame
D)disgust

Question 63

Queenie is walking home in the rain one day when she sees a girl she doesn't particularly like get splashed by a passing car.Secretly Queenie finds great joy in the other girl's misfortune.She is experiencing

A)schadenfreude.
B)hagaii.
C)mehameba.
D)fago.

Question 64

A North American man would be LESS LIKELY than a North American woman to say

A)"I'm on edge."
B)"I'm worried."
C)"I'm frustrated."
D)"I'm moody."

Question 65

Display rules involve

A)displaying an emotion that is not actually felt,often because of a role requirement.
B)social/cultural guidelines that regulate when,how,and where a person may express emotion.
C)emotions that are displayed,as a rule,only by certain cultures.
D)universal,biologically based emotional displays evoked by particular emotional situations.

Question 66

A North American man would be more likely than a North American woman to

A)control and mask negative feelings.
B)smile to smooth over conflicts.
C)use highly expressive hand gestures.
D)mask anger toward strangers.

Question 67

Which occupation would be more likely to require emotion work as a job requirement?

A)customer service representative
B)accountant
C)architect
D)computer analyst

Question 68

Which of the following outcomes would be most likely after a Japanese-American business session?

A)The Japanese will complain that the Americans are too cheerful.
B)The Japanese will complain that the Americans hide their real feelings behind a smile.
C)The Americans will complain that the Japanese smile too much to disguise embarrassment.
D)The Americans will complain that the Japanese are too aloof and cold.

Question 69

To be _______________ would be considered a prototypical emotion by most people.

A)irritable
B)scared
C)hostile
D)nostalgic

Question 70

What is the one emotion that North American men express more freely than women?

A)fear
B)sadness
C)humor
D)anger

Question 71

The modern era of stress research began

A)when Julian Rotter published a monograph reporting the ways in which an internal or external locus of control influences a person's health.
B)when Susan Staples provided research evidence documenting the human response to environmental noise.
C)when J.G.Courtney found that chronic work-related stresses were linked to colon and rectal cancers.
D)when Hans Selye published a book detailing the ways in which heat,cold,pain,toxins,and danger disrupt the body's equilibrium.

Question 72

Which of the following occurs during the alarm stage of the general adaptation syndrome?

A)The body mobilizes the sympathetic nervous system to meet the threat.
B)The body becomes vulnerable to other stressors.
C)The body becomes depleted of energy.
D)The body develops physical problems that may lead to illness.

Question 73

Expression of an emotion that the person does not really feel is called

A)facial feedback.
B)secondary emotion.
C)emotion work.
D)body language.

Question 74

Which of the following outcomes would be most likely after a German-American business session?

A)The Germans will complain that the Americans are too cold and aloof.
B)The Germans will complain that the Americans hide their real feelings behind a smile.
C)The Americans will complain that the Germans smile too much when hiding embarrassment.
D)The Americans will complain that the Germans are excessively cheerful.

Question 75

Shame and loss of face would be considered _______________ emotions in many Asian cultures.

A)primary
B)secondary
C)tertiary
D)attributional

Question 76

When researchers showed students a series of computer-generated,fairly sex-neutral faces with a range of expressions morphing from angry to happy,the students consistently rated the angry faces as

A)male.
B)female.
C)the opposite of the student's own gender.
D)the same as the student's own gender.

Question 77

A person is in the _______________ when the muscles tense,blood pressure rises,and digestion shuts down.

A)chronic stress phase
B)alarm phase
C)exhaustion phase
D)resistance phase

Question 78

_______________ would be considered a primary emotion in most Western theories of emotion.

A)Compassion
B)Anger
C)Shame
D)Jealousy

Question 79

What has research shown about the stereotype that women are "more emotional" than men?

A)Women feel everyday emotions more often than men.
B)The opposite is true because men feel everyday emotions more often than women.
C)The gender difference is more about how emotions are expressed than how they are felt.
D)Men are more likely to show sadness and guilt,whereas women are more likely to show fear and shame.

Question 80

Sandra is a vice president at a large company.As a woman,what dilemma is she likely to face?

A)If she smiles at employees the way her male colleagues do,they are likely to begin disliking her.
B)She is more likely to make "emotional" and illogical decisions than her male colleagues.
C)When women express anger like their male colleagues,they are more likely to be seen as "out of control."
D)Crying in front of male employees will make them like her more,but will prevent her from being promoted.