Deck 9: Global Stratification

Question 1

At least theoretically, the Internet allows for participation by anyone anywhere in the global, digital economy, but not everyone has real and practical access. This is called:

A) the global digital divide
B) the Internet vacuum
C) digital stratification
D) the global Internet ladder

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Stratification on the global level is often seen as a divide of __________ and _____________.

A) East; West
B) Global North; Global South
C) First World; Second World
D) core; periphery

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The recent Ebola outbreak illustrated global health issues in what way?

A) Low-income countries with low population density were less likely to be affected
B) Once someone contracted the disease, they were likely to die regardless of where they were treated
C) Those treated in the Global North recovered at much higher rates than those in the Global South
D) Diseases like Ebola, which spreads through casual contact, can quickly be spread around the world in the current global age

Answer 3

C

Question 4

How many countries in the world are categorized as "high-income countries"?

A) 59
B) 12
C) 75
D) 36

Question 5

What development has helped to narrow the digital divide?

A) The introduction of laptops with long battery times
B) The introduction of more solar power options
C) The spread in the use of "smart" mobile phones
D) The social philanthropy of technology billionaires, who are building the necessary infrastructure in the Global South

Question 6

There have been some improvements in health in the Global South. Most of these improvements tend to be found:

A) in countries that are best connected to the global economy
B) in countries that have the best sanitation practices
C) in countries with the most tourism from high-income countries
D) in countries that were once a part of the USSR

Question 7

Arlie Hochschild named the networks of immigrants who migrate to complete domestic work in the global economy "_____________".

A) global care chains
B) globalized domestics
C) underground economy networks
D) the apron economy

Question 8

Which income category contains the largest number of countries according to the ranking by the World Bank?

A) High-income economies
B) Middle-income economies
C) Low-income economies
D) The World Bank divided countries equally among these categories

Question 9

When nations or firms progressively undertake more complex, higher-value production activities, it is called:

A) winning the race to the bottom
B) industrial upgrading
C) technologizing
D) manufacturing the economy

Question 10

In what sector of the global paid-labor market are women most heavily employed?

A) Teaching
B) Secretarial work
C) Agriculture
D) Customer support operations

Question 11

The industrial upgrading process is always threatened in any nation by:

A) the uncertainty of the temporary labor force
B) the fluctuations of the global market
C) the ability to acquire the necessary raw materials
D) the race to the bottom

Question 12

In Mexico, the maquiladora manufacturing operations is an example of ______________.

A) global care chains
B) outsourcing
C) industrial upgrading
D) colonialism

Question 13

In global stratification, the __________ has dominated, controlled, exploited, and oppressed the ________________.

A) West; East
B) bigger continents; smaller continents
C) Global South; Global North
D) Global North; Global South

Question 14

Economic assistance given by countries or global institutions to foreign countries in order to promote development or social welfare is also known as:

A) outsourcing
B) foreign aid
C) World Systems theory
D) globalization loans

Question 15

According to the text, what is the main barrier to global equality in Internet access?

A) The ability to afford a computer
B) Individuals cannot afford the power to operate a computer
C) The lack of infrastructure to connect to electricity or internet cables
D) The lack of educational opportunities

Question 16

Maria is a domestic worker for a household where she has no secure contract, worker benefits, or wage agreement. Maria's job is considered part of:

A) the Global South economy
B) the informal economy
C) the domicile economy
D) the guest-worker economy

Question 17

What is the "race to the bottom"?

A) When countries near the bottom of the global hierarchy lower their prices to outbid other similar competitors for work
B) This is a spiral that begins to happen when countries stay near the bottom of the hierarchy too long-they begin to lose their national infrastructure
C) This is when countries want to appear to be the most needy in order to receive the most attention from the Global North in order to receive more aid

Question 18

The text suggests that those in the Global South suffer from a "double nutritional burden." What makes the burden double?

A) Farmers cannot afford to maintain crops and therefore they don't have enough to eat
B) Starvation and being underweight from lack of food is a problem; so is obesity from eating too much and in an imbalanced way
C) The nutrition of the parents is not good so they have more difficulty delivering healthy children
D) There are problems with getting access to enough vegetables and with getting enough protein

Question 19

In Pietra Rivoli's study of the global market for T-shirts, she found:

A) the T-shirt market did not conform to "race to the bottom" tactics
B) that countries that bid the lowest will eventually collapse
C) countries that won the "race to the bottom" centuries ago now have the most successful economies
D) global textiles are a market that has had a strong monopoly in China for centuries

Question 20

The term ______________________ refers to people who live in extreme poverty and are more likely to live in the least industrialized nations, such as Africa, Bolivia, and Laos.

A) bottom billion
B) underdeveloped
C) trapped
D) underprivileged

Question 21

When did foreign aid begin in its contemporary form?

A) After World War I
B) After World War II
C) After the Korean War
D) After the Vietnam War

Question 22

____________ is the country that gives the most foreign aid in terms of dollars, but _____________ routinely give more in terms of the percentage of its gross national income.

A) The United Kingdom; the Nordic countries
B) The United States; the Nordic countries
C) The United Arab Emirates; Western European countries
D) The United States; Western European countries

Question 23

World-systems theory is a _______________ theory that was strongly influenced by _________.

A) conflict/critical; Marx
B) conflict/critical; Merton
C) structural/functionalist; Durkheim
D) historical/comparative; Weber

Question 24

When control is established without the creation of colonies or formal methods of control, it is called:

A) postcolonialism
B) neomodernization
C) modernization
D) imperialism

Question 25

The idea of reorganizing unequal global trade in a way that minimizes inequalities is called:

A) equal trade
B) honest consumption
C) fair trade
D) neoconsumption

Question 26

Theories from the _________________ approach examine the relationship of dependency between wealthy countries and their transnational corporations that exploit poor countries.

A) structural/functionalist
B) conflict/critical
C) interactionist
D) ethnomethodological

Question 27

One of the most common products in the fair trade system is:

A) coffee
B) T-shirts
C) vegetables
D) tobacco

Question 28

Much of the world's coffee is produced by small farmers in the Global South. When services like Coffee CSA work with these farmers, they agree to lock in a price paid by the Global North for the coffee so long as the producer meets the production criteria set by the CSA. This is an example of:

A) fair trade
B) postcolonialism
C) neomodernization
D) globalized equity

Question 29

Mark has a large house, a big car, and multiple television sets. These are consumption markers for development according to which theory?

A) neomodernization theory
B) world-systems theory
C) postcolonialism theory
D) modernization theory

Question 30

World-systems theory divides the world into two parts: the _________ and the ________.

A) Global North; Global South
B) colonizers; colonized
C) core; periphery
D) capitalist; noncapitalist

Question 31

According to _____________________, some areas, such as the Mediterranean countries, lack strong central governments and export raw materials to the core.

A) neocolonialism
B) imperialism
C) colonialism
D) world-systems theory

Question 32

__________________ is the theorist associated with World Systems Theory.

A) Walter Rostow
B) Pierre Bourdieu
C) Arlie Hochschild
D) Immanuel Wallerstein

Question 33

One key difference between colonialism and postcolonialism is:

A) the presence of settlers in colonies
B) the creation of an administrative apparatus
C) colonialism is from before 1900; postcolonialism is after 1900
D) postcolonialism is liberated from exploitive actions through colonialism

Question 34

One theory of global stratification by the ____________ approach is the modernization theory, which explains unequal economic differences based on structural and cultural differences between countries.

A) structural/functionalist
B) conflict/critical
C) interactionist
D) ethnomethodological

Question 35

Critics of modernization theory feel that it focuses too narrowly on what?

A) Consumption
B) Politics
C) Technology
D) The economy

Question 36

The purpose of _____________________ is to exploit the weaker nation's people and resources for the benefit of the stronger country.

A) neocolonialism
B) colonialism
C) capitalism
D) communism

Question 37

Stratification at the global level is a divide of Global North and South. What do North and South indicate?

A) The North and South poles of the globe as indicators of top and bottom
B) North and South America
C) Northern and Southern Hemispheres
D) Core and periphery

Question 38

Walt Rostow was an adviser to President John F. Kennedy. Rostow's use of modernization theory had a major influence on U.S. foreign policy during the Cold War. This theory is derived from the __________________ school of thought.

A) structural/functionalist
B) conflict/critical
C) interactionist
D) ethnomethodological

Question 39

What is the primary goal of foreign aid?

A) To affect the politics in the recipient country
B) To improve the infrastructure of the recipient country
C) To generate economic growth in the recipient country
D) To spread democracy around the world

Question 40

According to world-systems theory, the current world system has its roots in:

A) slavery
B) the process of colonization
C) modernization
D) neomodernization

Question 41

According to the text, only developed countries produce garbage that is dangerous to others, but they are mostly able to force less developed countries to process it.

Question 42

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. The bottom billion face the following problems at higher rates than other countries:

A) lower life expectancy
B) higher infant mortality rates
C) higher crime rates
D) higher rates of malnutrition

Question 43

What are the major areas of global inequality according to the text?

A) The digital divide in Internet access
B) Global health inequalities
C) Global transportation inequalities
D) The global stratification of garbage disposal

Question 44

One of the reasons that women accept work in the informal economy, despite its insecurity and low wages, is to be able to work at home and complete their family obligations.

Question 45

Many people, especially in the least industrialized nations, have no access to computers, phones, and the Internet, and in those places where the Internet is available, it is very expensive. This reflects the concept of the:

A) computer revolution
B) global digital divide
C) cyberspace phenomenon
D) technological process

Question 46

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Of these options, select the items that are true for health in the Global South:

A) the Global South carries a disproportionate share of the disease burden
B) It would be very expensive to treat the diseases of the Global South
C) The United States dedicates about 25% of total research funds to health problems of the Global South
D) There is a 19-year gap in life expectancy between high- and low-income countries

Question 47

According to the text, women are as involved as men in the labor force in some areas, such as Southeast Asia and China.

Question 48

Which of the following are stages in the process of industrial upgrading?

A) Original innovation
B) Assembly
C) Original equipment
D) Original design manufacturing

Question 49

Countries that industrialized relatively recently are commonly found in the middle-income category range.

Question 50

Women make less than men in the formal economy, but men and women make the same amount in the informal economy-they both make equally low wages.

Question 51

Men are twice as likely as women to have full-time jobs in the global workforce.

Question 52

There is a wide variation of economies between and within the countries that are part of the Global North.

Question 53

China and Japan are part of the Global South.

Question 54

Countries in the low-income category are largely agrarian with low levels of industry.

Question 55

Cultural theorists Horkheimer and Adorno argue which of the following about consumerism?

A) All people are seduced into passivity through consumption
B) Certain companies know how to read the cultural tastes of the elite
C) No one intentionally creates products that are marketed to the poor
D) People want consumer items because they believe they cannot be cool or happy without them

Question 56

According to the text, globalization is associated with narrowed global disparities in life span and health outcomes.

Question 57

A society's position in the larger global stratification system has an effect on the stratification that is found within that society.

Question 58

the OECD specifies that foreign aid must meet which of these standards?

A) It must be unilateral, coming from one source and given directly to another country
B) It must have an interest rate that is at least 25% below market rates
C) Some acceptable purposes for the loan include education, health, or debt relief
D) Any balance can be transferred to neighboring countries who also meet the loan criteria

Question 59

Horkheimer and Adorno would likely criticize fair trade programs for the following reasons:

A) They only trade from the Global South to the Global North
B) These changes only further encourage overconsumption in cultures already dominated by consumption
C) Rather than correcting inequalities, this reinforces inequalities by exploiting a new market segment for profit
D) This type of policy does not address poor environmental standards

Question 60

Which of the following are stages in Rostow's modernization theory?

A) The traditional stage
B) The production stage
C) The takeoff stage
D) The high mass consumption stage

Question 61

What is industrial upgrading, and which types of countries do it? List the four stages associated with industrial upgrading. In each of the four stages, be sure to provide more than a phrase-give specific examples of how industrial upgrading occurs in that stage. What is the overall effect of industrial upgrading on wages and working conditions?

Question 62

Consumer culture goes beyond consumption as a means to an end and creates the sense that consumption is a value in and of itself.

Question 63

Rostow's version of modernization theory was used during the Cold War to describe what progression? What are the four stages of modernization theory that countries must go through according to Rostow's model?

Question 64

As women in the Global North seek out full-time professional careers, many choose to outsource domestic labor, and even reproductive labor, to female immigrants who have migrated from the Global South in search of work. How does this affect gender inequality according to the text? What, if anything, is new about this trend?

Question 65

Discuss one trend and one criticism related to the use of foreign aid as a way to address global economic inequality.

Question 66

One of the purposes of colonialism is to establish economic colonies which exploit the colonized nation's people and resources for the benefit of the more powerful country.

Question 67

Discuss the similarities and differences between colonialism, imperialism, and postcolonialism. Are these categories exclusive?

Question 68

How does world-systems theory view the world? Describe the categories that the world-systems theory uses to divide up the world, including examples that fit into each category. What is the dimension that separates these two categories from one another? How does one benefit from the other? What consequences does WST suggest for understanding the world?

Question 69

Name two of the serious problems faced by people who live in the bottom billion.

Question 70

The Global North produces a disproportionate amount of garbage in the world and passes it along to countries in the Global South. Briefly explain why countries in the Global South would accept the electronic waste of the Global North.

Question 71

The world-systems theory focuses on the fact that many countries are dependent upon the United States for basic supplies such as food and clothing, as well as financial support, whereas the United States exploits these countries for cheap labor.

Question 72

What was the purpose of the first foreign aid given in the contemporary era of foreign aid? Who gave foreign aid, under what plan, and to whom?

Question 73

The world relations theory focuses on the relationship between the core and periphery nations.