Deck 24: Chemical Communications: Neurotransmitters and Hormones

Question 1

Secondary messengers perform which of the following functions?

A) amplification of a message
B) transmission of a message from the cell surface to its interior
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following are discrete bodies within cells?

A) nuclei
B) mitochondria
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Answer 2

C

Question 3

What name is used from the gap between the tip of a nerve cell and its target?

A) axon
B) dendrite
C) synapse
D) vesicle

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following blocks the receptor sites for acetylcholine?

A) curare
B) nicotine
C) opiate
D) none of these

Question 5

Ligand is a term which can be used to describe which of the following?

A) a chemical messenger
B) a neuron
C) a receptor
D) none of these

Question 6

Secondary messengers perform which of the following functions?

A) transmission of a message from one cell to another
B) transmission of a message from the cell surface to its interior
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 7

Which of the following can be the target of a neurotransmitter?

A) a muscle cell
B) the cell of a gland
C) a neuron
D) all of these

Question 8

Which of the following blocks a receptor and prevents its stimulation?

A) an agonist
B) an antagonist
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 9

Where are neurotransmitters stored in a nerve cell?

A) the axon
B) a dendrite
C) the synapse
D) the vesicle

Question 10

Which of the following is the hair-like part of a nerve cell?

A) the axon
B) a dendrite
C) the synapse
D) the vesicle

Question 11

Where are receptors found?

A) inside the cell nucleus
B) in the cytoplasm
C) inside the mitochondria
D) on the cell surface

Question 12

Which of the following is the long fiber-like part of a nerve cell?

A) the axon
B) a dendrite
C) the synapse
D) the vesicle

Question 13

Which of the following activates the receptor sites for enkephalins?

A) curare
B) opiates
C) nicotine
D) none of these

Question 14

Which of the following is true of a hormone?

A) It is produced at the site of its action.
B) It is produced at one location and then transported to its site of action.
C) Either a or b is true, depending on the hormone.
D) Neither a nor b is true.

Question 15

Which of the following functions are performed by secondary messengers?

A) amplification of a message
B) transmission of a message one cell to another
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 16

Which of the following is used to characterize a material as either a neurotransmitter or a hormone?

A) its chemical composition
B) its physiological behavior
C) both a and b
D) either a or b

Question 17

Which of the following blocks the receptor sites for enkephalins?

A) curare
B) morphine
C) opiates
D) none of these

Question 18

Which of the following competes with a natural messenger and stimulates a receptor?

A) an agonist
B) an antagonist
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 19

Which of the following carry messages from the receptor to the inside of the cell?

A) primary messengers
B) secondary messengers
C) both (a) and (b)
D) neither (a) nor (b)

Question 20

Which of the following activates the receptor sites for acetylcholine?

A) curare
B) nicotine
C) opiates
D) none of these

Question 21

Which of the following functions by affecting the permeability of membranes?

A) acetylcholine
B) epinephrine
C) estradiol
D) none of these

Question 22

Hormones can belong to which of the following classes of chemical messengers?

A) adrenergic
B) peptidergic
C) steroid
D) all of these

Question 23

Broadly speaking, based on their chemical nature, how many different classes of chemical messengers are there?

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5

Question 24

How many different kinds of receptors are there for acetylcholine?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 25

Which of the following is a secondary messenger?

A) cAMP
B) estradiol
C) vasopressin
D) none of these

Question 26

Which of the following is a secondary messenger associated with acetylcholine?

A) Ca²⁺
B) Cl^-
C) Mg²⁺
D) H⁺

Question 27

Which of the following acts through a secondary messenger?

A) epinephrine
B) glucagon
C) luteinizing hormone
D) all of these

Question 28

Which of the following functions by activating an enzyme?

A) acetylcholine
B) epinephrine
C) estradiol
D) insulin

Question 29

Which of the following ions can pass through the open channel of the acetylcholine receptor?

A) Ca²⁺
B) K⁺
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 30

Which of the following functions by affecting the synthesis of proteins?

A) acetylcholine
B) epinephrine
C) estradiol
D) insulin

Question 31

Which of the following is true of epinephrine?

A) It is a hormone but not a neurotransmitter.
B) It is a neurotransmitter but not a hormone.
C) It is both a hormone and a neurotransmitter.
D) It is neither a hormone nor a neurotransmitter.

Question 32

Which of the following ions can pass through the open channel of the acetylcholine receptor?

A) K⁺
B) Na⁺
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 33

Which of the following is true of succinylcholine?

A) In small doses it causes muscles to relax.
B) In small doses it causes muscles to become tense.
C) It is an irreversible inhibitor.
D) None of the above is true.

Question 34

How many different subunits are present in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor?

A) 4
B) 5
C) 6
D) 7

Question 35

What concentration of Ca²⁺ ion is required to trigger the release of acetylcholine?

A) 1 × 10−⁶ M
B) 1 × 10−⁷ M
C) 1 × 10−⁸ M
D) 1 × 10−⁹ M

Question 36

Which of the following hormones is not produced in the pancreas?

A) insulin
B) glucagon
C) renin
D) None, they are all produced in the pancreas.

Question 37

Which of the following functions by affecting the permeability of membranes?

A) acetylcholine
B) glucagon
C) insulin
D) all of these

Question 38

Which of the following hormones is produced in the kidney?

A) insulin
B) glucagon
C) renin
D) vasopressin

Question 39

Hormones cannot belong to which of the following classes of chemical messengers?

A) adrenergic
B) cholinergic
C) peptidergic
D) steroid

Question 40

Which of the following messengers acts directly?

A) epinephrine
B) estradiol
C) vasopressin
D) none of these

Question 41

Which of the following is an excitatory neurotransmitter?

A) β-alanine
B) cysteine
C) taurine
D) none of these

Question 42

Which of the following is an inhibitory neurotransmitter?

A) aspartic acid
B) cysteine
C) taurine
D) none of these

Question 43

Which of the following in an adrenergic messenger?

A) acetylcholine
B) dopamine
C) taurine
D) all of these

Question 44

Which of the following is an antagonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) site?

A) γ-aminobutyric acid
B) phenylcyclidine
C) taurine
D) none of these

Question 45

Which of the following is an adrenergic messenger?

A) dopamine
B) histamine
C) serotonin
D) all of these

Question 46

Botulism toxin acts by doing which of the following?

A) inhibiting the synthesis of acetylcholine
B) irreversibly inhibiting acetylcholinesterase
C) reversibly inhibiting acetylcholinesterase
D) preventing the release acetylcholine from vesicles

Question 47

N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) is a receptor for which of the following amino acids?

A) aspartic acid
B) asparagine
C) glutamic acid
D) glutamine

Question 48

Which of the following is not an adrenergic messenger?

A) dopamine
B) histamine
C) serotonin
D) None of these, they are all adrenergic messengers.

Question 49

Adenylate cyclase produces cAMP by acting on which of the following?

A) adenosine
B) ADP
C) AMP
D) ATP

Question 50

Adrenergic messengers belong to which class of compounds?

A) amides
B) amines
C) amino acids
D) polypeptides

Question 51

Which of the following is produced by the reaction of phosphodiesterase with cAMP?

A) adenosine
B) ADP
C) AMP
D) ATP

Question 52

Which of the following is associated with botulism poisoning?

A) improper functioning of the acetylcholine receptor
B) improper release of the acetylcholine messenger
C) improper synthesis of acetylcholine
D) improper synthesis of the acetylcholine messenger

Question 53

Which of the following is associated with Alzheimer's disease?

A) improper functioning of the acetylcholine receptor
B) improper release of the acetylcholine messenger
C) improper synthesis of acetylcholine
D) improper synthesis of the acetylcholine messenger

Question 54

Which of the following is associated with signal transduction?

A) amplification of a signal
B) modification of a signal
C) modulation of a signal
D) none of these

Question 55

Which of the following is true of the receptor site for amino acid neurotransmitters?

A) All amino acids have a common receptor site.
B) Each amino acid has a single unique receptor site.
C) There are four different types of receptor sites corresponding to the four different types of side chains on the amino acids.
D) None of the above is true.

Question 56

How many distinct mechanisms are there for the control of neurotransmission by acetylcholine?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 57

Which of the following is the time frame for amplification of a signal by cAMP?

A) 1 to 10 milliseconds
B) 10 to 100 milliseconds
C) 0.1 second to a few minutes
D) more than 5 minutes

Question 58

Which of the following is true of nicotine?

A) It is an agonist at all doses.
B) It is an antagonist at all doses.
C) It is an agonist at low doses but an antagonist at high doses.
D) It is an agonist at high doses but an antagonist at low doses.

Question 59

Which of the following won a Nobel Prize for studies of signal transduction?

A) K. Mullis
B) M. Nirenberg
C) M. Rodbell
D) R. Roberts

Question 60

Which of the following is true of the receptor site for amino acid neurotransmitters?

A) All amino acids have a common receptor site.
B) Each amino acid has its own receptor sites.
C) There are four different types of receptor sites corresponding to the four different types of side chains on the amino acids.
D) None of the above is true.

Question 61

Which portion of an enkephalin is believed to fit the receptor site?

A) the C-terminus
B) the entire molecule
C) the middle amino acid
D) the N-terminus

Question 62

How many amino acids make up substance P?

A) 5
B) 7
C) 9
D) 11

Question 63

Which of the following diseases is associated with insufficient dopamine?

A) Alzheimer's
B) cholera
C) Parkinson's
D) none of these

Question 64

The reaction which deactivates monoamines by converting them to aldehydes is which of the following?

A) condensation
B) hydrolysis
C) oxidation
D) reduction

Question 65

Which of the following is true of the receptors for steroid hormones?

A) They are hydrophilic.
B) They are proteins.
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 66

Antidepressants such as Marplan do which of the following?

A) increase the activity of monoamine oxidases
B) suppress the activity of monoamine oxidases
C) suppress the G-protein−adenylate cyclase cascade
D) suppress the synthesis of monoamine messengers

Question 67

Neuropeptide Y does which of the following?

A) stimulate appetite
B) suppress appetite
C) suppress pain
D) transmit pain signals

Question 68

Substance P does which of the following?

A) stimulate appetite
B) suppress appetite
C) suppress pain
D) transmit pain signals

Question 69

Which of the following reactions is involved in the deactivation of phosphatidylinositol secondary messengers?

A) dephosphorylation
B) phosphorylation
C) reduction
D) oxidation

Question 70

A steroid hormone might act by doing which of the following?

A) activating enzymes
B) affecting gene transcription
C) changing membrane permeability
D) any one of these

Question 71

Which of the following gaseous molecules functions as a secondary messenger?

A) NH₃
B) N₂O
C) NO
D) NO₂

Question 72

By which of the following mechanisms do steroid hormones cross plasma membranes?

A) active transport
B) diffusion
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 73

Which of the following is true of the G-protein−adenylate cyclase cascade?

A) It is only associated with monoamine messengers.
B) It is only associated with peptidergic messengers.
C) It is associated with both monoamine and peptidergic messengers.
D) It is associated with neither monoamine nor peptidergic messengers.

Question 74

Which small molecule is produced when histamine is synthesized from histidine?

A) CO₂
B) HCl
C) H₂O
D) NO

Question 75

The anti-ulcer drug cimetidine blocks which of the following receptors?

A) only H₁
B) only H₂
C) both H₁ and H₂
D) neither H₁ nor H₂

Question 76

Which of the following types of drugs currently under study for the treatment of Alzeheimer's disease does not involve amyloid-beta?

A) enzyme inhibitors
B) vaccines
C) antibodies
D) neuroprotective agents.
E) all involve amyloid-beta

Question 77

Which of the following is true of peptidergic messengers?

A) None act directly, they all require a secondary messenger.
B) They all utilize G-protein-adenylate cyclase in a second messenger system.
C) They all use derivatives of phosphatidylinositol in a second messenger system.
D) None of the above is true.

Question 78

Which of the following diseases is associated with the overproduction of cAMP?

A) Alzheimer's
B) cholera
C) Parkinson's
D) none of these

Question 79

Which of the following reactions is involved in the activation of phosphatidylinositol secondary messengers?

A) dephosphorylation
B) phosphorylation
C) reduction
D) oxidation

Question 80

Which of the following is true of the receptors for steroid hormones?

A) They are hydrophobic.
B) They are proteins.
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b