Deck 2: Models of Development: Nature and Nurture in Adulthood

Question 1

Sociocultural example- choice In the Whitehall II study,the fact that social class was related to physical functioning provided a demonstration of which type of influence on development in Bronfrenbrenner's model?

A)Sociocultural
B)Proximal
C)Adaptational
D)Reciprocal.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Microsystem- choice In the Bronfenbrenner ecological model of development,which type of system has the most direct impact on the individual?

A)mesosystem
B)exosystem
C)macrosystem
D)microsystem

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Life course example- choice A 35-year-old woman feels concerned about her career because she believes that,by this age,she should have advanced further than she has by now.Her concern would be best explained by which theoretical approach to understanding development?

A)life span
B)life course
C)life expectancy
D)life clock

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Prenatal stress and development Research on genetic explanations of behavior suggests that stress during a mother's pregnancy can lead to changes in the _______ of the developing child's body.

A)proteins
B)eye color
C)blood type
D)sex.

Question 5

Disengagement theory- choice The idea that older adults are much more satisfied with their lives when they are able to leave behind their former social roles and involvements is consistent with which role adjustment theory?

A)Activity
B)Disengagement
C)Mechanistic
D)Ecological

Question 6

Niche-Picking example- choice A young woman joins her college's intramural tennis team because it's a sport she always wanted to try but had no opportunities to do so.It turns out that she's virtually a natural and soon advances to the top of the varsity team's roster.This example illustrates which process in in individual-environment interactions?

A)multidimensionality
B)epigenesis
C)niche-picking
D)accommodation

Question 7

Developmental science- choice To indicate a broadening of our understanding of changes in individuals over time,the term developmental _____________ is increasingly becoming used in the field.

A)psychology
B)sociology
C)science
D)programming.

Question 8

Chronosystem definition- choice The changes that take place over time,according to the ecological model of development,fall into the realm of the:

A)social clock
B)chronosystem
C)age strata
D)macrosystem

Question 9

Organismic model- stem Organismic models of development are most likely to include which types of aging theories?

A)Sociological
B)Behavioral
C)Social-psychological
D)Biological

Question 10

Life span perspective- choice The view that development is best viewed as continuous throughout life is referred to as the __________ perspective.

A)gerontological
B)life span
C)contextual
D)sociocultural

Question 11

Organismic model example- choice A research lab that focuses on studying the aging process is attempting to find the specific set of genes that control aging at the cellular level.It is likely that the researchers in this lab are operating from the ____________ model of development.

A)psychosocial
B)organismic
C)existential
D)mechanistic

Question 12

Ageism from WHO According to the World Health Organization,which is one of the stereotypes about aging?

A)Older men have less value than younger men
B)Older adults are selfish and wish to use up society's resources.
C)Older women lack interest in providing care for others.
D)Older people are helpless and unable to care for themselves.

Question 13

Social clock definition- choice The idea of being "on-time" or "off-time" in achieving major life goals is considered an important element of adjustment in the __________ model.

A)role fulfillment
B)disengagement
C)social clock
D)identity process

Question 14

Ageism example from WHO The ageist stereotype that older adults are "past their sell-by date," according to the World Health Organization,is refuted by the fact that:

A)an Olympic gymnast performed a record-setting high jump at the age of 42.
B)a 100-year-old Canadian woman completed a marathon in Toronto.
C)the majority of women in sub-Saharan Africa care for their grandchildren.
D)most Nobel prize winners in Medicine or Physiology are scientists in their 60s and 70s.

Question 15

Ecological perspective model- stem In the Bronfenbrenner ecological model of development,which type of system has the most direct impact on the individual?

A)mesosystem
B)exosystem
C)macrosystem
D)microsystem

Question 16

Reciprocity model- choice Which model of development emphasizes the influence you have on the other people in your home,school,and community?

A)Reciprocal
B)Mechanistic
C)Organismic
D)Contextual

Question 17

Continuity theory example- stem An older adult couple in your neighborhood retired from their jobs as teachers but continue to work in the community as school volunteers.It seems as if they enjoy maintaining similar roles that they had when they were working.They would be a good example of which role satisfaction theory of aging?

A)Social clock
B)Disengagement
C)Continuity
D)Organismic

Question 18

Mechanistic model- choice The greatest emphasis on the environment is associated with which model of development?

A)Mechanistic.
B)Organismic.
C)Reciprocal.
D)Interactionist.

Question 19

Macrosystem definition- stem In Bronfenbrenner's ecological model of development,the macrosystem includes:

A)friends,family,and others who the individual knows.
B)culture,nationality,and the economic structure.
C)the community and healthcare agencies.
D)changes that occur in systems over time.

Question 20

Plasticity example- stem According to the plasticity principle in development,individuals can alter the course of their own development by:

A)seeking genetic therapy.
B)accelerating the rate of the social clock.
C)describing the changes that occur in their bodies.
D)engaging in physical and mental exercise.

Question 21

Gompertz curve- stem The Gompertz curve shows the relationship between:

A)calories and rate of aging.
B)free radicals and cancer.
C)death rate and age.
D)exercise and life span.

Question 22

Gompertz Curve- choice The ________ curve illustrates the relationship between death rate and age for different species.

A)Gompertz
B)Telomere
C)Mitochondrial
D)Resveratrol

Question 23

Identity assimilation example- choice A 70-year-old who refuses to think of herself as hearing impaired even though she truly has difficulty hearing conversations at ordinary levels,would be considered to show which identity process?

A)Secondary aging
B)Identity assimilation
C)Ego integrity
D)Identity accommodation

Question 24

Isolation concept- choice People who find it difficult to establish long-lasting,mutually satisfying,close relationships would be considered,in Erikson's theory,to be high on which specific quality?

A)Stagnation
B)Mistrust
C)Despair
D)Isolation

Question 25

Genome-wide linkage study- choice The behavioral genetics method in which genetic researchers study the entire genomes of family members who seem to have a higher risk of developing a particular disorder is known as what type of study?

A)genome-wide linkage
B)selective optimization
C)genome-wide association
D)multiple threshold

Question 26

Modernization hypothesis- stem The modernization hypothesis of ageism proposes that attitudes toward older adults will be most negative in societies that:

A)emphasize oral traditions in which families hand down collective wisdom.
B)do not believe in an afterlife in which people can come back from the dead.
C)value people for the amount they can produce and contribute to society.
D)insist that older adults try to "fit in" by looking as young as possible.

Question 27

Terror management theory- choice As proposed by terror management theory,the cause of ageism can be traced to:

A)lack of familiarity about the aging process.
B)loss of contact with older adults in the family.
C)greater urbanization and industrialization in society.
D)the anxiety that people feel about their own deaths.

Question 28

Autonomy in older adult example- stem An older adult faced with issues pertaining to autonomy vs.shame and doubt,in Erikson's theory,might be confronting which situation?

A)Trying to meet new friends after having recently become widowed.
B)Having to move to a nursing home instead of being able to live independently.
C)Recovering from having been mugged after getting off the bus.
D)Becoming concerned about an illness that is likely to be terminal.

Question 29

Piagetian Assimilation- choice When people are first confronted with new ideas or approaches,they often resist accepting them and instead use their existing schemas or ways of responding.According to Piaget,this process is called:

A)equilibrium
B)assimilation
C)epigenesis
D)accommodation

Question 30

Selective optimization with compensation model The selective optimization with compensation model proposes that older adults engage in what type of behavior when faced with loss?

A)Seek help from younger adults to do those tasks for them.
B)Try to put more energy into the abilities which they care about the most.
C)Continue to try to achieve their goals,even if they seem out of reach.
D)Disengage from as many social roles and obligations as they can.

Question 31

Multiple jeopardy- stem The multiple jeopardy hypothesis proposes that ageism will be most severe for people who have which characteristic?

A)Being from more than one category of minority status.
B)Only being over the age of 75 years old.
C)Frequent involvement with younger adults.
D)Unable to live independently in the community.

Question 32

Identity balance example- choice A person using the process of identity balance would have which reaction to age-related changes in physical functioning?

A)Maintaining a stable view of self despite the change.
B)Becoming upset and disturbed over any sign of loss or decline.
C)Pretending that the change has not occurred.
D)Giving up entirely on any form of physical exercise.

Question 33

Initiative example- choice A man in his 50s finds that he does his best work when he allows himself to daydream or even take a break and play a video game.According to Erikson,this man would be high in the quality of:

A)initiative
B)identity
C)industry
D)inferiority

Question 34

Genome-wide Association study- choice The behavioral genetics method in which genetic researchers scan the entire genome looking for signs of genetic disorders is known as what type of study?

A)genome-wide linkage
B)mutation analysis
C)genome-wide association
D)random error investigation

Question 35

Multiple threshold model- stem The multiple threshold model of aging predicts that people will experience challenges to their identities as they get older in a ______________ manner.

A)clocklike
B)stepwise
C)sudden
D)selective.

Question 36

Industry vs.inferiority example- stem People who resolve the industry vs.inferiority issue associated with Erikson's psychosocial theory unfavorably are likely to have difficulty in which area of development?

A)Identifying with the work ethic.
B)Getting close to a romantic partner.
C)Being able to accept death.
D)Having a strong sense of self.

Question 37

Self-efficacy- choice The feeling that a person is able to succeed at a specific type of task is referred to as ______________

A)selective optimization.
B)identity accommodation.
C)self-efficacy.
D)ego integrity

Question 38

Selective optimization with compensation model- Choice In the Selective Optimization with ____________ model,older adults are proposed to cut down on the abilities they are weak and make up with the abilities on which they show greater potential for improvement.

A)Cognition
B)Compensation
C)Complexity
D)Coping

Question 39

Identity accommodation- choice In the process called identity ______________,people are able to accept negative information about themselves as part of their sense of self without feeling unduly disturbed or devastated.

A)assimilation
B)reflection
C)balance
D)accommodation

Question 40

Generativity example- stem In Erikson's theory,which of the following behaviors would be considered specific to a person high in generativity?

A)Becoming independent from one's parents.
B)Mentoring a younger colleague.
C)Investing in a risky new financial venture.
D)Appreciating a beautiful work of art.

Question 41

Free radicals- choice According to one random error theory of aging,the _________ are unstable molecules that bond to other molecules,causing cells to misfuntion.

A)cross links
B)free radicals
C)genetic alleles
D)amino acids

Question 42

Resveratrol- choice Some research evidence suggests that drinking red wine can slow the aging because it contains:

A)protein.
B)resveratrol.
C)alleles.
D)mitochondria.

Question 43

Error catastrophe theory- stem According to the biological theory known as error catastrophe,the most significant effects of aging involve which structure in the cell?

A)Chromosome
B)Mitochondrial DNA
C)Microfibril
D)Collagen

Question 44

Mitochondrial DNA and aging- stem [As discussed in class],mice with mitochondrial DNA defects show what effects on aging?

A)faster running speeds in lab treadmills.
B)longer ability to reproduce sexually.
C)loss of muscle and spine strength.
D)increased appetites for high caloric food.

Question 45

Telomere theory- stem The telomere theory proposes that the cause of aging is due to:

A)release of free radicals.
B)destruction of the ends of chromosomes.
C)deterioration of the mitochondria.
D)cross-linking of long ends of proteins.

Question 46

Caloric restriction- stem Researchers studying caloric restriction find that rats fed on diets low in total calories:

A)have longer lifespans
B)experience more stress
C)mate less frequently
D)become more hostile.

Question 47

FOXO gene- choice Researchers are identifying a possible genetic candidate for determining longevity known as the _________ gene.

A)BOXY
B)GWAS
C)SNPP
D)FOXO

Question 48

Telomere theory- choice The ends of the chromosome lost with repeating cell replications that are thought to underlie the aging process are called the:

A)telomeres.
B)cross-links.
C)mutations.
D)Mitochondria.

Question 49

SNPs- choice In genome-wide association studies on genetic causes of aging,researchers are seeking to identify genetic variations in sequences of amino acids known as:

A)single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP).
B)cytosine replacement molecules (CRM).
C)mutation linkage abnormalities (MLA).
D)glycolization end-product units (GEP).