Deck 15: Nutrition From Infancy to Adolescence

Question 1

Which statement about type 2 diabetes is FALSE?

A)Type 2 diabetes never occurs in people under 40.
B)Type 2 diabetes progresses in severity the longer an individual has it.
C)Little is known about type 2 diabetes in children.
D)The risk of type 2 diabetes is reduced by keeping weight in the normal range and maintaining an active lifestyle.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which statement about the diets of American children is correct?

A)Most do not get enough sodium.
B)Most do not get enough essential fats.
C)Most get too much saturated fat.
D)Most get too much calcium.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which statement about heart disease risk in children is true?

A)Elevated cholesterol during childhood is associated with higher death rates from heart disease in adulthood.
B)The recommended level for blood cholesterol in children is 100 mg/100 ml.
C)Children's blood cholesterol is not considered high until it is 240 mg/ 100 ml.
D)To avoid heart diseases,most fats in the diet should come from dairy products.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

From a nutritional perspective,as the typical American child gets older,the quality of the diet:

A)improves.
B)improves by consuming fewer sugars,but worsens by consuming more fat.
C)worsens as they eat less fruit and drink less milk.
D)worsens as they eat less meat.

Question 5

___________________ should not be served to children less than a year old because it/they may contain spores of Clostridium botulinum?

A)Eggs
B)Fresh fruits such as cherries and apricots
C)Whole cow's milk
D)Honey

Question 6

Which of the following is a TRUE statement?

A)The rate of growth in the second year of infant life is greater than the rate of growth during the first year of life.
B)Growth charts are used to determine an infant's energy requirements.
C)Growth charts are used to predict ultimate adult weight and height of infants.
D)Clinicians use growth charts to compare an infant's growth to standard growth patterns.

Question 7

Over the last 25 years child and adolescent obesity rates have:

A)increased to ~32%.
B)increased to ~17%.
C)declined.
D)stayed the same.

Question 8

An "elimination diet" can be used to detect:

A)foods that children like and dislike.
B)foods that cause weight gain in children.
C)the cause of a food allergy.
D)foods that cause children to wake up during the night.

Question 9

Food allergies:

A)are more common in breastfed babies than formula fed babies.
B)can result when incompletely digested proteins are absorbed through the intestine and enters the lymph and/or bloodstream.
C)tend to be more common in older children than in infants.
D)are not serious unless they occur in children over the age of 6.

Question 10

As children grow,their energy and protein requirements per unit of body weight:

A)increase.
B)decrease.
C)stays about the same.
D)This requirement is independent of growth.

Question 11

A food allergy involves a reaction between an allergen and:

A)digestive enzymes.
B)the endocrine system.
C)the immune system.
D)the respiratory system.

Question 12

Which statement about lactose intolerance is correct?

A)It is a food allergy.
B)It is an allergic reaction to milk proteins.
C)It as classified as a food intolerance.
D)All of these are correct.

Question 13

Which statement about childhood eating patterns is FALSE?

A)Much of what we choose to eat as adults depends on what we learned to eat as children.
B)Children's eating habits will mirror those of their caregivers.
C)Since children are sensitive to strong flavors,it is better to wait until they are 8 or 9 years old to try and establish good eating habits.
D)Childhood eating habits can affect how healthy people will be as they age.

Question 14

All of the following contribute to the increase in energy consumption in American children over the last 25 years EXCEPT:

A)eating more meals away from home.
B)larger portion sizes.
C)more snacking.
D)consumption of low fat diets,which do not provide satiety,so children eat more.

Question 15

Which food is most appropriate for a 5-month-old infant?

A)Whole cow's milk
B)Iron-fortified infant rice cereal
C)Raw carrots
D)Eggs

Question 16

Over the last 25 years,children's intake of ________________ has increased.

A)sweetened beverages
B)vegetables
C)eggs
D)grains

Question 17

Over the last 25 years,children's intake of _________ has declined.

A)cheese
B)fruits
C)juices
D)milk

Question 18

Issues faced by obese children include all of the following EXCEPT:

A)shorter terminal height.
B)diabetes.
C)discrimination.
D)hypertension.

Question 19

Which of the following are NOT ways in which the labels on foods intended for children under the age of 2 are different from other food labels?

A)Much of the information on fat is not included
B)Serving sizes are based on servings appropriate for small children
C)Health claims are largely excluded
D)Iron is not listed to discourage parents from limiting it

Question 20

Which of the following can help to decrease the risk of developing a food allergy?

A)Breast feeding
B)Formula feeding
C)Early introduction of solid foods (around 2 months of age)
D)Positioning infants on their backs while sleeping

Question 21

As compared to children that do eat breakfast,those that do NOT:

A)have less emotional and behavioral problems.
B)are more likely to be hyperactive.
C)are less likely to be absent or tardy.
D)perform better academically.

Question 22

Snacks provide typical teens with about _______ % of their energy intake.

A)10
B)25
C)33
D)50

Question 23

Of the following,the strongest relationship exists between childhood obesity and:

A)skipping breakfast.
B)the amount of time children watch television.
C)birth order (oldest versus youngest).
D)participation in the school lunch program.

Question 24

For teens,protein requirements reach the adult recommendation by what age?

A)13
B)15
C)17
D)19

Question 25

Dietary supplements containing added ___________ have a high potential for toxicity in children.

A)vitamin C
B)iron
C)protein
D)calcium

Question 26

Puberty is associated with:

A)changes in body composition.
B)maturation.
C)growth.
D)All of these.

Question 27

The period during which an individual undergoes physical changes that result in sexual maturity is called:

A)senescence.
B)puberty.
C)menopause.
D)menarche.

Question 28

Consuming adequate __________ can help to decrease dental caries.

A)calcium
B)iron
C)zinc
D)fluoride

Question 29

Which statement about eating environment is correct?

A)Caregivers should sit with children and eat what they eat.
B)Small children should eat before adults.
C)Children should watch television while they eat,to distract them from the food items that they don't like.
D)Children should be limited in the amount of time they have to eat so they don't get in the habit of dawdling.

Question 30

Which of the following statements regarding iron in young children is FALSE?

A)Children between 4 and 8-years-of-age need more iron than adult men.
B)Milk is an excellent source of iron.
C)Iron supplements may be prescribed for anemia.
D)Iron deficiency can cause learning deficits and lower resistance to infection.

Question 31

Lead accumulates in all of the following organs EXCEPT the:

A)bones.
B)stomach.
C)brain.
D)kidneys.

Question 32

The number of young children with elevated blood lead levels has changed from >80% in the late 1970s to approximately what percentage by 1999-2002?

A)90%.
B)53%.
C)10%
D)<1%

Question 33

The adolescent growth spurt:

A)occurs earlier in females than males.
B)occurs before sexual development.
C)is associated with an overall decrease in body fat in females.
D)All of these are true.

Question 34

Menarche refers to:

A)the onset of menstruation.
B)a period in life characterized by rapid growth.
C)the development of secondary sex characteristics.
D)irregularities in the menstrual cycle.

Question 35

Young infants are at increased risk of developing allergies as compared to older children because:

A)they are unable to produce adequate amounts of digestive enzymes.
B)the kidneys have not matured and they are unable to hydrolyze proteins.
C)the lining of the intestine is more permeable to large molecules.
D)their stomach is structured differently,allowing more undigested nutrients to be absorbed through the gastric wall.

Question 36

School lunches must provide approximately _____ % of the RDA for protein,energy,vitamins A and C,iron and calcium.

A)10
B)25
C)33
D)50

Question 37

Lead exposure causes which of the following?

A)Iron-deficiency anemia
B)Nervous system dysfunction
C)Learning disabilities in children
D)All of these

Question 38

Lead poisoning is more dangerous for children than adults because:

A)children do not excrete it as efficiently.
B)children are closer to the sources of lead since they are shorter.
C)children absorb lead more efficiently.
D)All of these are correct.

Question 39

Low income children are more likely to have elevated levels of lead in their blood because:

A)they are more likely to live in older buildings with lead paint.
B)they have lower IQs.
C)they are less likely to have their blood levels checked.
D)their parents do not provide proper guidance.

Question 40

A food jag is:

A)when a child begins to consume new foods regularly.
B)a contaminant found in some processed foods.
C)an allergic reaction.
D)a period when a child will eat only one food and nothing else.

Question 41

Describe how feeding practices and nutritional requirements change from infancy to childhood.

Question 42

Which of the following is an example of a food intolerance?

A)Inability to digest lactose causing diarrhea and cramping
B)A food phobia caused by an extreme dislike of a food
C)The removal of certain foods from foodservice menus to observe religious holidays
D)None of these

Question 43

Which of the following is TRUE regarding attention deficit hyperactive disorder?

A)It is an example of a food intolerance.
B)It is caused by excess sugar in the diet.
C)It is a type of food allergy.
D)It is characterized by a short attention span and a high level of activity.

Question 44

A 1-year-old child requires __________ protein per kilogram of body weight than a 5- year-old child.

A)less
B)about the same amount of
C)more
D)This requirement is based on size but not age

Question 45

A food jag is:

A)a period when children eat only certain foods and nothing else.
B)a dance that children do when they are hungry.
C)the inability to digest certain foods due to insufficient digestive enzymes.
D)a form of anorexia observed in children.

Question 46

What growth parameters are used to assess nutritional status in children? How do these parameters change in response to inadequate energy intake?

Question 47

Which of the following nutrients is most likely to be deficient in a vegetarian diet?

A)Iron
B)Complex carbohydrates
C)Vitamin C
D)Potassium

Question 48

Which of the following statements about smoking is FALSE?

A)Smoking increases the risk of heart disease and lung cancer.
B)Many teens start smoking to promote weight loss.
C)Smokers have an increased requirement for vitamin C.
D)It has been shown that smokers do not gain weight in the first year after quitting.

Question 49

A popular dietary supplement taken by adolescent athletes to improve performance is:

A)creatine.
B)omega-3 fatty acids.
C)ginkgo biloba.
D)isoflavones.

Question 50

The rate of growth (increase in weight/height per year):

A)can be used to predict whether a child will be obese as an adult.
B)is slower during childhood (> age 1)compared to infancy (< age 1).
C)is not a good indicator of nutrient intake.
D)corresponds to birth weight; the higher the birth weight,the faster the rate of growth.

Question 51

Feeding problems (e.g.not willing to try new foods)that may develop during the preschool years should be viewed by parents as:

A)normal/typical behavior for children that age.
B)delayed motor skill development.
C)a sign of impending food allergies.
D)a sign of a serious metabolic disorder.

Question 52

Describe the growth patterns during infancy,childhood and adolescence for both males and females.

Question 53

Which of the following is NOT age-appropriate for a 9-month-old infant?

A)Bananas
B)Cheerios
C)Whole cow's milk
D)Crackers

Question 54

The best approach to encourage a child to try new foods is for a parent to:

A)withhold the child's favorite food until they eat the new food.
B)pay the child $0 .25 per bite.
C)offer the child the food,but not force them to try it.
D)reward the child for trying the new food with an extra helping of dessert

Question 55

Which of the following is a TRUE statement?

A)Obesity is uncommon in American children.
B)Obese children should be put on a very low-kcal diet (<500 kcal/day)
C)Children in the 10th percentile or below on growth charts are classified as obese.
D)Obese children are more likely to develop the chronic diseases common in obese adults (type 2 diabetes,high blood cholesterol,high blood pressure).

Question 56

Which of the following foods should not be given to young children (< 1 yr)because of the risk of choking?

A)Carrots
B)Hot dogs
C)Grapes
D)All of these should be avoided.

Question 57

Differentiate between a food intolerance and a food allergy.

Question 58

Which statement about vegetarians is FALSE?

A)Vegetarians are more likely to get sufficient fruits and vegetables than non-vegetarians.
B)Vegetarian diets are automatically healthy since they only contain healthy foods.
C)Vegetarian diets must be carefully planned.
D)A well planned vegetarian diet can meet all the nutrient needs of children.

Question 59

Which of the following is a TRUE statement?

A)Sugar consumption is the most common cause of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children.
B)Sugar is a common food allergen.
C)High sugar diet contributes to dental caries.
D)All of these are true statements.

Question 60

Iron requirements increase during adolescence because of the:

A)expansion of blood volume and increase in muscle mass.
B)increases in length and mass of major bones in the legs and arms.
C)development of the immune system.
D)decreased ability to store iron.

Question 61

Summarize the current guidelines and recommendations for the treatment of childhood obesity?

Question 62

Studies have found a positive relationship between hours spent watching television and obesity.How can television influence a child's weight?

Question 63

What criteria is used to assess weight in children? What are the recommended approaches for weight management in obese children? What advice do you have for parents who are concerned about their child's weight?

Question 64

What are limitations associated with growth charts in terms of assessing growth (weight and height)in children?

Question 65

What are the risks of taking performance enhancement drugs to build muscle mass for adolescents?

Question 66

Describe the adolescent growth spurt and how it influences nutrient requirements for calcium,energy,iron,and zinc.

Question 67

You have been asked by a local daycare center to develop a policy for daycare providers on feeding practices for young children (toddlers age 4-5).This policy should emphasize a positive environment that promotes sound eating habits in children.Describe your top five feeding priorities.

Question 68

Type 2 diabetes typically is a condition that affects primarily adults.What changes/factors in the U.S.have contributed to the rise in type 2 diabetes among America's youth? What preventative measures can be taken?

Question 69

What factors have contributed to the increased incidence of childhood obesity in the United States?

Question 70

Explain why infants are at greater risk of developing food allergies compared to older children.