Deck 12: The Trace Minerals

Question 1

Identify the most accurate statement regarding copper.

A)Copper deficiency usually causes iron-deficiency anemia.
B)Copper deficiency may result in zinc deficiency.
C)High copper intake can cause osteoporosis.
D)Copper excess may cause changes in hair color.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following would NOT enhance absorption of the iron found in supplements?

A)Consuming the supplement with a meal containing beef
B)Taking it with a calcium supplement
C)Taking the supplement with a meal containing fish
D)Consuming it with orange juice

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Iron stores that are higher than normal but not at a toxic level may be associated with:

A)an increased risk of cancer and heart disease.
B)hyper-hemoglobinemia.
C)an improved immune system.
D)increased stamina and endurance.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

One form of the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD),which has antioxidant properties,contains the trace element __________.

A)iron
B)copper
C)sulfur
D)sodium

Question 5

Which of the following is a copper-containing plasma protein that converts iron to a form that can be transported and stored?

A)Ceruloplasmin
B)Ferritin
C)Hemoglobin
D)Transferrin

Question 6

All of the following are adequate sources of nonheme iron EXCEPT:

A)apples.
B)enriched white rice.
C)garbanzo beans.
D)spinach.

Question 7

Which is the true statement about iron loss?

A)When red blood cells die,the iron in the cells is excreted.
B)Most loss of iron from the body is associated with blood loss.
C)There is significant loss of iron through the urinary tract.
D)Iron from red blood cells binds to calcium and is excreted through the large intestine.

Question 8

Which is the most sensitive indicator of iron stores in the body?

A)Ferritin
B)Hematocrit
C)Hemoglobin
D)Transferrin

Question 9

Which of the following is a true statement about iron requirements?

A)The RDA for young adult women is higher than the RDA young adult men.
B)For adolescents 14 to 18 years-of-age,the RDA is the same for males and females.
C)Iron requirements increase after menopause.
D)Babies should not be fed iron-containing formulas,because of the risk of toxicity.

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a true statement?

A)Cooking in iron skillets can provide dietary iron.
B)Vitamin C enhances iron absorption.
C)Phytates in cereal enhance the absorption of iron.
D)Calcium supplements decrease iron absorption.

Question 11

Iron is a component of the protein,______ that binds and transports oxygen in the bloodstream.

A)ferritin
B)albumin
C)hemoglobin
D)myoglobin

Question 12

_______________ is an inherited condition that causes individuals to absorb and accumulate too much iron.

A)Hemochromatosis
B)Hematocrit absorption syndrome
C)Hyperferritosis
D)Reverse anemia

Question 13

The symptoms of zinc deficiency include all of the following EXCEPT:

A)hair loss.
B)impaired reproduction.
C)anemia.
D)reduced immune function.

Question 14

When the intake of __________ is high,copper absorption into the blood is inhibited.

A)iodine
B)fluoride
C)chromium
D)zinc

Question 15

Which statement about zinc toxicity is FALSE?

A)It can lower HDL cholesterol.
B)It may occur from food and beverage contamination by galvanized containers.
C)Zinc toxicity interferes with the function of iron in superoxide dismutase.
D)It can decrease immune function.

Question 16

The trace minerals are difficult to study in humans because:

A)some of them are required in such small amounts that environmental contamination can obscure experimental results.
B)they are so small,they are difficult to identify.
C)they are required in such small amounts that deficiencies do not occur.
D)biological tests are imprecise.

Question 17

Lack of which trace element is the most common nutritional deficiency worldwide?

A)Copper
B)Zinc
C)Iron
D)Iodine

Question 18

Which of the following groups is at risk for zinc deficiency in the United States?

A)Children aged 1-3 years
B)Adults older than 71 years of age
C)Adolescent boys
D)All of the above

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a good source of heme iron?

A)Beef
B)Chicken
C)Salmon
D)Spinach

Question 20

Zinc deficiency in Iranian and Egyptian men occurred because:

A)they did not eat meat.
B)the diet was low in zinc since local soils were low in zinc.
C)they consumed diets high in animal protein,which inhibits zinc absorption.
D)phytates in the diet bound zinc,decreasing its bioavailability.

Question 21

A low selenium diet has been most highly associated with:

A)arthritis.
B)cancer.
C)dementia.
D)diabetes.

Question 22

The primary role of iodine in the body is:

A)as an antioxidant.
B)as a cofactor in hemoglobin synthesis.
C)as a component of thyroid hormones.
D)participation in carbohydrate metabolism

Question 23

The best dietary sources of manganese are:

A)fruits and vegetables.
B)nuts and whole grains.
C)meats.
D)dairy products.

Question 24

Which statement regarding antioxidant supplements is FALSE?

A)Some antioxidant supplements can actually enhance oxidation.
B)The optimum dose of each antioxidant is unknown.
C)Supplements cannot replace the benefits of eating antioxidant-rich foods.
D)Antioxidant enzyme supplements have been shown to boost defenses.

Question 25

Which of the following statements about Keshan disease is FALSE?

A)A virus appears to be involved.
B)It causes an enlarged heart and poor heart function.
C)Middle aged men are most at risk.
D)Keshan disease occurred in areas of China where soil selenium is very low.

Question 26

Manganese homeostasis is maintained through:

A)excretion by the kidneys.
B)no controlled process.
C)regulation of absorption and excretion in the bile.
D)competition with other minerals.

Question 27

The following are physiologic roles of copper EXCEPT:

A)connective tissue synthesis.
B)maintenance of heart muscle.
C)normal sexual development.
D)functioning of the central nervous system.

Question 28

Iodine deficiency during pregnancy may cause ____________ in the offspring.

A)cretinism
B)neural tube defects
C)fetal goiter syndrome
D)hypoglycemia

Question 29

Copper deficiency is most likely to occur in:

A)pre-term infants.
B)children aged 1-3.
C)adolescents.
D)the elderly.

Question 30

High intakes of zinc stimulate the synthesis of _____________ in the mucosal cells.

A)ferritin
B)metallothionein
C)transferrin
D)zinc oxide dismutase

Question 31

Which statement about manganese toxicity is FALSE?

A)Toxic levels can occur in mineworkers exposed to manganese dust.
B)Manganese toxicity damages the nervous system.
C)Manganese toxicity is not the result of eating manganese-containing foods.
D)Manganese toxicity is a common cause of birth defects.

Question 32

Which of the following statements is true regarding copper absorption?

A)Zinc promotes the absorption of copper.
B)About 80% of copper is absorbed.
C)Vitamin C enhances copper absorption.
D)By inhibiting zinc absorption,phytates may enhance the copper absorption.

Question 33

Which mineral protects against oxidative damage and also helps synthesize thyroid hormone?

A)Copper
B)Manganese
C)Selenium
D)Zinc

Question 34

Proteins containing selenium as a component of their amino acids are called:

A)glutathione peroxidases.
B)selenoenzymes.
C)selenoproteins.
D)superoxide dismutases.

Question 35

Which is NOT a plentiful source of zinc?

A)Beef
B)Refried beans
C)Saltine crackers
D)Yogurt

Question 36

In most people,taking selenium supplements to increase intake over the RDA:

A)will protect against environmental pollutants.
B)will prevent heart disease.
C)will not provide any additional benefits.
D)will slow the aging process.

Question 37

Which of the following is an excellent source of selenium?

A)Salmon
B)Kiwi
C)Potato
D)Drinking water

Question 38

Iodine deficiency often causes an enlarged thyroid gland resulting in:

A)blockage of arteries leading to the heart.
B)a Dowager's hump.
C)a goiter.
D)shortness of breath.

Question 39

Which of the following is the poorest source of iodine?

A)Apricots
B)Milk
C)Shrimp
D)Iodized salt

Question 40

Which statement is FALSE regarding the function of zinc in the body?

A)Zinc is a cofactor for many enzymes.
B)Zinc is needed for development of sex organs.
C)Zinc is needed for growth and tissue repair.
D)Zinc is needed for synthesis of vitamin E.

Question 41

Which statement about overt chronic chromium deficiency is correct?

A)It may in part explain the obesity epidemic in the US.
B)It is common in the U.S.since so many processed foods are consumed.
C)Overt chronic chromium deficiency may occur in malnourished children.
D)Chromium deficiency results in high blood pressure and increased risk of stroke.

Question 42

Which statement about chromium supplementation is the most accurate?

A)Supplementation may improve the symptoms of type 2 diabetes.
B)Chromium supplementation increases lean body mass.
C)It leads to weight loss.
D)It may improve athletic performance.

Question 43

Molybdenum is required for all of the following EXCEPT:

A)the metabolism of sulfur containing amino acids.
B)the production of uric acid.
C)the synthesis of collagen.
D)the metabolism of nitrogen containing compounds in RNA and DNA.

Question 44

___________ is not a component of an antioxidant enzyme.

A)Copper
B)Iodine
C)Selenium
D)Zinc

Question 45

The poorest source of fluoride among the following is:

A)toothpaste.
B)foods cooked with Teflon.
C)tea.
D)pork.

Question 46

Substances that interfere with the utilization of iodine or with the function of the thyroid gland are called:

A)thyroxin interference aggregates.
B)goitrogens.
C)homeostatic decoupling agents.
D)cretinoids.

Question 47

What is the function of hemoglobin in the body?

Question 48

The richest source(s)of copper in the diet is (are):

A)organ meats such as liver and kidney.
B)brewer's yeast.
C)avocados.
D)chicken and turkey.

Question 49

Most of the fluoride in the U.S.comes from:

A)drinking water and toothpaste.
B)dark green and yellow vegetables.
C)tea.
D)seafood and treated salt.

Question 50

Which statement about fluoride is FALSE?

A)Fluoride is poorly absorbed,with only ~20% transported across the intestine.
B)Calcium containing foods decrease fluoride absorption.
C)Fluoridated water typically contains 0.7-1.2 ppm fluoride.
D)Fluoride has the greatest effect on caries prevention before age 13.

Question 51

Of the following,the best source of chromium is:

A)dairy.
B)whole grains.
C)vegetables.
D)fruits.

Question 52

Marginal chromium deficiency has been linked to:

A)breast cancer.
B)polio.
C)strokes.
D)type 2 diabetes.

Question 53

Excess fluoride consumption may cause:

A)arthritis.
B)diarrhea.
C)hives and dermatitis.
D)mottled teeth.

Question 54

Fluoride has shown to be most effective in preventing:

A)colon cancer.
B)dental caries.
C)osteomalacia.
D)obesity.

Question 55

Which is NOT a factor in determining the rates of iron absorption?

A)Blood glucose levels
B)Levels of iron stores
C)Presence of vitamin C in foods
D)Form of iron ingested

Question 56

Of the following,_______ is (are)the best source of zinc.

A)apples
B)refined grains
C)chocolate
D)red meat

Question 57

____________is needed to activate enzymes and in the production of uric acid.

A)Chromium
B)Molybdenum
C)Selenium
D)Zinc

Question 58

Iodine deficiency during childhood and adolescence has been known to cause:

A)premature baldness.
B)impaired mental function.
C)cancer risk in later life.
D)sudden death.

Question 59

Chromium is thought to work by:

A)binding to insulin.
B)slowing the absorption of glucose.
C)interacting with the insulin receptor.
D)stimulating the pancreas.

Question 60

___________ is a component of the antioxidant enzyme gluthathione peroxidase.

A)Molybdenum
B)Nickel
C)Selenium
D)Boron

Question 61

What role does chromium play in the body?

Question 62

What role does zinc play in reducing the prevalence and severity of the common cold?

Question 63

What is the role of selenium in Keshan disease?

Question 64

What are common physiologic functions of manganese?

Question 65

Why is fluoride commonly added to drinking water?

Question 66

What are consequences of a zinc deficient diet?

Question 67

The water supply in the small city where you live is not fluoridated.There is an initiative on an upcoming ballot to add fluoride in small amounts to the water in order to decrease dental caries.What is your opinion on the issue?

Question 68

If the initiative does not pass and fluoride is not added to the drinking water,what are other means by which the dental health of children in the community could be protected?

Question 69

For which population groups is iron deficiency most likely? Why?

Question 70

What are the best food sources of zinc?

Question 71

How iron levels maintained in the body?

Question 72

What role does soil selenium content play in Keshan Disease?

Question 73

How is iron transported in the blood?

Question 74

Which population groups would benefit the most from fluoridation of the water? Why?

Question 75

What factors enhance iron absorption? What are factors that interfere with iron absorption?

Question 76

What are good dietary sources of iodine?

Question 77

What is a goitrogen? What are common sources?

Question 78

How can a person increase their intake of dietary iron?

Question 79

Why are adequate intakes of iodine essential to good health? What are characteristics of iodine deficiencies?

Question 80

What factors influence copper absorption into the body?