Deck 9: Assessment: Integration and Clinical Decision-Making

Question 1

Which measure consistently outperformed other measures in identifying bipolar disorder among youth according to Youngstrom et al. (2004)?

A) Parent reports
B) Youth reports
C) Teacher reports
D) None of the above

Answer 1

Youth reports

Question 2

In their research on the use of multi-informant data in diagnosing ADHD, Pelham, Fabiano, and Massetti (2005) found which of the following rules when making their conclusions?

A) The "and" rule
B) The "or" rule
C) The "and" and "or" rule
D) None of the above

Answer 2

The "and" and "or" rule

Question 3

When conducting an assessment of an adult it is common for psychologist to collect information from which of the following sources?

A) Individual only
B) Individual and Family only
C) Individual, Family, and friends only
D) Individual, Family, friends, and employer

Answer 3

Individual only

Question 4

All of the following tasks are necessary when providing an assessment-focused service or an intervention-focused assessment service EXCEPT:

A) Formulate conclusions
B) Interpret behaviors from childhood
C) Consider consistencies and contradictions
D) Generate hypotheses

Question 5

What additional assessment data would be needed aside from one self-report measure to create a valid hypotheses?

A) Archival records
B) Reports by significant others
C) Clinical observation
D) All of the above

Question 6

When conducting an assessment of a child it is common for psychologist collect information from which of the following sources?

A) Child only
B) Child and Parent only
C) Child, Parent, and Teacher only
D) Child, Parent, Teacher, Neighbor

Question 7

Which of the following tasks need to be done when a psychologist is conducting a "simple" account of the client's psychological functioning?

A) Personality structure
B) Completion of WAIS
C) Level of emotional distress
D) Coping resources

Question 8

What is the "and" rule?

A) An assumption that the variable targeted in the assessment is present if any one informant reports it.
B) An assumption that the variable targeted in the assessment is present if two or more informants report it.
C) An assumption that the variable targeted in the assessment is present if three or more informants reports it.
D) An assumption that the variable targeted in the assessment is present if four or more informants reports it.

Question 9

What did Pelham, Fabiano, and Massetti (2005) find when identifying ADHD among youth?

A) The prediction of ADHD was best when just using youth reports.
B) The prediction of ADHD was not improved when combining youth and parent reports.
C) The prediction of ADHAD was not improved when combining teacher reports with youth reports.
D) The prediction of ADHD was best when combining youth reports, parent, and teacher reports.

Question 10

What is the "or" rule?

A) An assumption that the variable targeted in the assessment is present if any one informant reports it.
B) An assumption that the variable targeted in the assessment is present if two or more informants report it.
C) An assumption that the variable targeted in the assessment is present if three or more informants reports it.
D) An assumption that the variable targeted in the assessment is present if four or more informants reports it.

Question 11

Spengler et al. (2009) conducted a meta-analysis of 75 clinical judgment studies and found:

A) Almost no correlation with clinical experience and accuracy in a range of judgment tasks
B) A moderately positive relationship between clinical experience and accuracy in a range of judgment tasks
C) A moderately negative relationship between clinical experience and accuracy in a range of judgment tasks
D) A strongly positive relationship between clinical experience and accuracy in a range of judgment tasks

Question 12

What did Pelham, Fabiano, and Massetti (2005) find when ruling out ADHD among youth?

A) It is necessary to use only youth report to rule out ADHD.
B) It is necessary to use either parent or teacher reports when ruling out ADHD.
C) It is necessary to use both combine youth and parent reports when ruling out ADHD.
D) It is necessary to combine youth, parent, and teacher reports to rule out ADHD.

Question 13

When describing the patient's life context, developing hypotheses, and pulling together a comprehensive clinical picture to make treatment options a psychologist is doing:

A) Psychoanalysis
B) Case formulation
C) Intervention
D) Diagnosis

Question 14

What did Youngstrom et al. (2004) find when identifying bipolar disorders among youth?

A) The prediction of bipolar disorder was best when combining parent reports with youth reports.
B) The prediction of bipolar disorder was not improved when combining parent reports with youth reports.
C) The prediction of bipolar disorder was best when combining teacher reports with youth reports.
D) The prediction of bipolar disorder was not improved when combining teacher reports with youth reports.

Question 15

Which of the following is TRUE about combining information from multiple psychological tests?

A) Data from self-reports tests and interviews can be used as independent sources of information that can be used to confirm an initial hypothesis.
B) Best psychological practice is to begin by examining the client's test responses at the most global level.
C) All of the above
D) None of the above

Question 16

What needs to be taken into account when a client receives more than one diagnosis?

A) The way the diagnoses relate to each other
B) The way the secondary diagnoses relate to the person's overall psychosocial functioning
C) The way the prominent diagnoses relates to the person's overall psychosocial functioning
D) None of the above

Question 17

All assessment tools have which of the following problems?

A) Limitations
B) Potential Biases
C) Lack of validity
D) Both A and B

Question 18

What type of question does a psychological assessment try to answer?

A) Does the client require some form of special education service?
B) Are the client's career aspirations realistic in light of their intellectual abilities, personality, and interests?
C) Are the client's problems amenable to treatment and how motivated is the client to engage in therapy?
D) All of the above

Question 19

A detailed case formulation can allow a psychologist to make informed decisions about all of the following EXCEPT

A) Sequence of treatment
B) Timing of treatment
C) Necessity of medication treatment
D) Duration of treatment

Question 20

All are possible service recommendations that a psychologist could make EXCEPT

A) Psychological services
B) Audiologist services
C) Specific medication recommendation
D) Legal services

Question 21

What is occurring when someone leads to a judgment based solely on emotional considerations with only minimal attention paid to the full range of factors relevant to the decision?

A) Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic
B) Availability Heuristic
C) Affect Heuristic
D) Representativeness Heuristic

Question 22

What is occurring when someone is making a decision based on easily recalled information, such as recent or extreme or unusual examples that are relevant to the decision?

A) Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic
B) Availability Heuristic
C) Affect Heuristic
D) Representativeness Heuristic

Question 23

Which situation has research found that individual recall is always accurate?

A) Recalling behaviors
B) Recalling symptoms
C) Recalling experiences
D) None of the above - there are almost always problems with recall

Question 24

Eells, Kendjelic, and Lucas (1998) found that case formulation included all of the following components EXCEPT:

A) Treatment
B) Symptoms and problems
C) Events or stressors that led to the symptoms
D) Pre-existing vulnerabilities

Question 25

Which of the following is the BEST definition for retrospective recall?

A) A description of the patient that provides information on their life situation, current problems, and a set of hypotheses.
B) Using data that rely on people to remember events that happened to them at some point in the past.
C) Mental shortcuts that make decision-making easier and faster.
D) A tendency to take more personal credit for successes than for failures, by attributing success, but not failure, to internal, stable, and global causes.

Question 26

Research has found that psychologists were influenced more by this causal theory than by the actual DSM criteria relevant to the diagnostic category?

A) Over-predicted the violence of male patients and under-predicted the violence of female patients
B) Minority patients diagnosed with schizophrenia are almost twice as likely as white patients to receive excessive dosages of antipsychotic medication.
C) Over-predicted African American psychiatric inpatients and prison inmates versus white psychiatric inpatients and prison inmates.
D) All of the above

Question 27

Which of the following is the BEST definition for self-serving attributional bias?

A) A description of the patient that provides information on their life situation, current problems, and a set of hypotheses.
B) Using data that rely on people to remember events that happened to them at some point in the past.
C) Mental shortcuts that make decision-making easier and faster.
D) A tendency to take more personal credit for successes than for failures, by attributing success, but not failure, to internal, stable, and global causes.

Question 28

What is occurring when someone leads to a judgment based solely on biases such as the belief in the law of small numbers to draw conclusions about the degree to which a symptom or behavior is representative of an underlying disorder or condition?

A) Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic
B) Availability Heuristic
C) Affect Heuristic
D) Representativeness Heuristic

Question 29

According to research which of the following actions are individuals better at recalling?

A) Persuading others to accept opinion
B) Settling a dispute among other members of a group
C) Yelling at someone
D) Reminding a group of the time limit

Question 30

All of the following are benefits from case formulation EXCEPT:

A) Provides guidance on the type of treatment to consider
B) Provides alternative treatment options if the first one is not successful
C) Predicts the patient's future functioning if treatment is not sought
D) Helps guide medication choice

Question 31

What type of situation is an individual likely to under-report?

A) Persuading others to accept opinion
B) Settling a dispute among other members of a group
C) Yelling at someone
D) Reminding a group of the time limit

Question 32

What psychological orientation focuses on information about the client's emotional processing and insight into emotional issues?

A) Interpersonally/Psychodynamic
B) Process-Experiential
C) Behavior
D) Situational

Question 33

All are examples problems with how people depict themselves during a psychological evaluation EXCEPT

A) Responding in a random manner
B) Retrospective recall
C) Emphasizing strengths and deemphasizing weaknesses
D) Focusing on emotion dysregulation

Question 34

What type of situation is an individual likely to over-report?

A)Persuading others to accept opinion
B) Settling a dispute among other members of a group
C) Yelling at someone
D) Reminding a group of the time limit

Question 35

Which of the following is NOT a way to improve the accuracy of clinical judgment?

A) Use computers as aids in the collection and scoring of clinical data whenever possible.
B) Be aware of relevant research in psychological assessment, psychopathology, and prevention
C) Be self-critical
D) Focus on emotional experience of what therapist is feeling

Question 36

What is the purpose of Jacqueline Persons Cognitive-Behavioral Case Formulation approach?

A) Identifying overt problems and schemas that when activated cause overt problems.
B) Identifying dispositional and personality factors that cause problems.
C) Identifying situational influences or on the interaction of situational and dispositional influences.
D) None of the above

Question 37

What psychological orientation focuses on cyclical maladaptive patterns?

A) Interpersonally/Psychodynamic
B) Process-Experiential
C) Behavior
D) Situational

Question 38

What is occurring when someone's initial conditions or characteristics determine a starting point for considering the nature of an individual or task?

A) Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic
B) Availability Heuristic
C) Affect Heuristic
D) Representativeness Heuristic

Question 39

Which of the following is the BEST definition for self-serving heuristics?

A) A description of the patient that provides information on their life situation, current problems, and a set of hypotheses.
B) Involve judgments that are systematically different from what a person should conclude based on logic or probability.
C) Mental shortcuts that make decision-making easier and faster, but tend to result in errors in decision-making.
D) A tendency to take more personal credit for successes than for failures, by attributing success, but not failure, to internal, stable, and global causes.

Question 40

Which of the following is NOT a common decision-making bias?

A) Inattention to base rates
B) Belief in the law of small numbers
C) Individual assumption that high scores will go down
D) Ignoring regression to the mean

Question 41

What element is NOT typical of a treatment plan?

A) Psychologist's intuition about what will help
B) Treatment-related goals and objectives
C) Potential barriers to treatment
D) Patient strengths

Question 42

What section is NOT typical of a psychological report?

A) Reason for referral
B) Background information
C) Psychologists subjective opinion
D) Diagnostic impressions

Question 43

All are factors that a psychologist needs to take into account when using computer-based interpretations EXCEPT

A) Not all interpretative comments will apply to the patient being assessed.
B) Selecting only those narrative statements that accurately describe the patient in question.
C) Examining the relevance of any statement given by the CBI and the reasons for the assessment.
D) Computers are less reliable than humans

Question 44

Which of the following is the BEST definition for self-serving therapeutic model of assessment?

A) An approach to psychological assessment in which clients are actively encouraged to participate in discussion about the reasons for the assessment.
B) Using data that rely on people to remember events that happened to them at some point in the past.
C) Mental shortcuts that make decision-making easier and faster.
D) A tendency to take more personal credit for successes than for failures, by attributing success, but not failure, to internal, stable, and global causes.

Question 45

Why is it important for psychologists to give feedback to their clients?

A) Put the individual's symptoms, problems, and experiences in the context of his or her life history and current life circumstances
B) Yields an opportunity to help clients begin to use the assessment findings in making modifications in their lives.
C) Allows clients to work collaboratively during the initial assessment phase and throughout the following treatment phases.
D) All of the above

Question 46

Why must a psychologist always write a assessment report clearly and to eliminate objectionable terms, stigmatization, and descriptions?

A) A client may read the report
B) A employer may read the report
C) A lawyer may read the report
D) All of the above

Question 47

Which of the following is NOT a report-writing principle?

A) Identify common themes
B) Be cautious when finding are inconsistent or problematic
C) Interpret the meaning and implication of a test score rather than simply citing test names and scores.
D) Use subjective examples to enhance the report's readability