Deck 7: The Development of Delinquent and Criminal Behavior

Question 1

Which source of crime data was developed to address the shortcomings of the UCR?

A) National Incident-Based Reporting System
B) National Crime Victimization Survey
C) National Youth Survey
D) Monitoring the Future

Answer 1

National Incident-Based Reporting System

Question 2

According to research, when does persistent antisocial behavior typically begin?

A) Early adulthood
B) Middle adulthood
C) Early childhood
D) Infancy

Answer 2

Early childhood

Question 3

The chapter focuses on criminal behavior that is __________ and __________.

A) violent; antisocial
B) serious; persistent
C) glorified; untreatable
D) involuntary; punitive

Answer 3

serious; persistent

Question 4

Which of the following illustrates a difference between coercion developmental model and Moffit's developmental theory?

A) The coercion developmental model focuses more on self-determination and gender differences than societal influences.
B) The coercion developmental model focuses more on societal influences than on self-determination and gender differences.
C) The coercion developmental model focuses more on characteristics of the child than parenting skills.
D) The coercion developmental model focuses more on the role of parenting than on specific characteristics of the child.

Question 5

Which term refers to a cluster of traits characterized by high impulsivity, egocentricity, lack of empathy and deficits in emotional expression?

A) Impulsivity-egocentricity
B) Conduct disorder
C) Callous-unemotional traits
D) Inconsistent regulation

Question 6

Running away and truancy are examples of

A) social delinquency.
B) psychopathy.
C) criminal violations.
D) status offenses.

Question 7

Which statement illustrates a difference between male and female psychopaths?

A) Female psychopaths recidivate more than male psychopaths.
B) Environmental and cultural influences play a greater role in the development of psychopathy in females than in males.
C) Incidents of violence and aggression are more common with female psychopaths compared to male psychopaths.
D) Male psychopaths tend to be more skillful and manipulative in their aggression compared to female psychopaths.

Question 8

Compared to life course-persistent offenders, low-level chronic offenders

A) peak at round age 16 and then decline during late teens and early adulthood.
B) begin antisocial behavior early and then remain at a high level throughout their lifetimes.
C) exhibit a rise in offending through early adolescence, plateau, and then remain at the same offending level well past age 18.
D) engage in no delinquency in early adolescence but then display high level delinquent behavior throughout adulthood.

Question 9

According to Moffit's theory, a boy who bites playmates at age 3, shoplifts at age 10, commits burglary at age 19, and rapes at age 26 would be considered a(n)

A) life-course persistent offender.
B) ADHD offender.
C) adolescent limited offender.
D) antisocial offender.

Question 10

In legal terms, a juvenile delinquent is defined as a(n)

A) an individual under age eighteen who engages in developmentally inappropriate behavior.
B) an individual who commits an act against the criminal code and is adjudicated delinquent by the court.
C) a minor who commits a violent act against another.
D) a minor who displays erratic behavior for a period of at least six months.

Question 11

All of the following are major categories of juvenile unlawful acts except

A) drug offenses
B) unlawful acts against oneself
C) offenses against the public order
D) status offenses

Question 12

Why is the juvenile psychopath label so controversial in the field of forensic psychology?

A) The prognosis for treatment is poor for those labeled psychopaths.
B) Juveniles labeled as psychopaths are more likely to be sentenced to death.
C) Juveniles labeled as psychopaths are more likely to have poor interpersonal skills.
D) Signs and symptoms of psychopathy are typically evident before birth.

Question 13

Which term is essential to the diagnosis of conduct disorder?

A) Sporadic
B) Disruptive
C) Voluntary
D) Habitual

Question 14

Terrie Moffitt is to __________ as Laurence Steinberg is to __________.

A) psychopathy; delinquency
B) biopsychological theory; sociological theory
C) family dynamics; peer relationships
D) developmental theory; cognitive psychosocial theory

Question 15

Why are juveniles arrested in greater numbers than their proportions in the population?

A) They commit crimes in groups.
B) They commit violent crimes.
C) They commit status offenses.
D) They commit crimes not reported to law enforcement.

Question 16

The UCR has stopped collecting data on which status offense?

A) Burglary
B) Forcible rape
C) Arson
D) Running away from home

Question 17

In order to convict someone of a criminal offense, the prosecution must prove that the defendant committed

A) a voluntary act with a guilty state of mind.
B) extensive harm to a person or significant damage to property.
C) a violent act against the criminal code.
D) extensive damage without just cause.

Question 18

Research on gendered pathways indicates that, in adulthood, AL female offenders

A) had poor economic outcomes.
B) committed more violent crimes.
C) had greater motivation to succeed in their careers.
D) engaged in high levels of family conflict.

Question 19

Evan is an 8-year-old boy who frequently sets small fires, is often aggressive toward his baby brother, and has difficulty communicating with others. Evan's father is convinced his son has antisocial personality disorder. Why is Evan's father wrong?

A) Evan is too young to be diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder
B) Evan is male and is therefore does not qualify for a diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder.
C) Evan's behavior is neither illegal nor habitual and therefore doesn't qualify as antisocial personality disorder.
D) Evan's behavior is normal for an 8-year-old boy and therefore doesn't meet diagnostic criteria.

Question 20

Which statement is true about the FBI's Uniform Crime Reports?

A) It contains information about crimes unknown to law enforcement agencies.
B) It classifies serious crimes into sexual crimes and property crimes.
C) It is the sole method of recording police data on reported crimes and arrests.
D) It does not provide conviction data.

Question 21

Jack is a five-year-old boy whose parents have inadvertently reinforced his frequent tantrums and aggressive behavior by giving in to his demands. According to the coercion developmental model, what will likely happen to Jack when he reaches kindergarten?

A) He will be rejected by peers
B) He will be manipulated by his teacher
C) He will be an LCP offender
D) He will be susceptible to peer pressure

Question 22

Compared to violent offenders who are not psychopaths, criminal psychopaths engage in violent offenses that involve

A) domestic disputes.
B) extreme emotional arousal.
C) revenge while drinking.
D) a close family member.

Question 23

What is the most common treatment for ADHD?

A) Medication
B) Cognitive-behavioral therapy
C) Multisystemic treatment
D) Psychotherapy electroconvulsive therapy.

Question 24

Poor self-regulation is related to the early onset of adolescent

A) substance abuse.
B) ADHD.
C) psychopathy.
D) firesetting.

Question 25

Which individual would typically have the greatest influence on a 15-year-old girl?

A) Her physician
B) Her older sister
C) Her friend
D) Her father

Question 26

Interpersonal, deviant lifestyle, and deficient affective pertain to the

A) three core factors of psychopathy.
B) developmental trajectory of psychopathy.
C) biopsychological influences of psychopathy.
D) characteristics of female juvenile psychopathy

Question 27

Childhood onset and adolescent onset are two subtypes of which diagnosis?

A) ADHD
B) Antisocial personality disorder
C) Conduct disorder
D) Psychopathy

Question 28

According to Terrie Moffitt, what is the core reason for most delinquency?

A) Inadequate brain development
B) Poor parenting skills
C) Societal pressure to obtain wealth
D) A desire to impress peers

Question 29

Which neurotransmitter is central to Laurence Steinberg's model of adolescent risk taking?

A) Dopamine
B) Serotonin
C) Amygdala
D) epinephrine

Question 30

What do the Supreme Court cases Miller v. Alabama, 2012, Jackson v. Hobbs, 2012, and Roper v. Simmons, 2005 all have in common?

A) They involved the death penalty for juvenile offenders
B) They all involved juvenile psychopaths
C) The decisions all involved research on cognitive abilities of adolescents
D) The decisions all involved the provision of rehabilitative services

Question 31

What is the leading psychological diagnosis for children living in the United States?

A) Depression
B) Conduct disorder
C) ADHD
D) OCD

Question 32

All of the following are characteristics of temperament except

A) it has a constitutional basis.
B) it continues throughout the lifespan.
C) it can be influenced by the psychosocial environment.
D) it begins in early adulthood.

Question 33

A primary motive in juvenile arson involves the desire

A) for excitement.
B) to get back at authority.
C) to harm.
D) for parental attention.

Question 34

Excessive motor activity, impulsivity, and inattention are the three central behaviors of

A) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
B) oppositional defiant disorder.
C) juvenile psychopathy.
D) executive function.

Question 35

While walking through the halls of middle school, Jacob accidentally bumps into a student named Sam. Jacob is surprised when Sam responds by yelling profanity at Jacob and punching him in the stomach several times. Based on his reaction, Sam seems to have a(n)

A) hostile attribution bias.
B) visual-spatial deficit.
C) empathic deficiency.
D) reactive transference effect.

Question 36

According to the coercion developmental model, what is the greatest predictor of early-onset offending?

A) Peer rejection
B) Family environment
C) Disposition of the child
D) Exposure to violence

Question 37

Tia has always been a capable student who is aware of her strengths and limitations. She is kind to her friends and family and shows empathy to others. Tia likely has high

A) naturalistic intelligence
B) emotional intelligence.
C) visual-spatial ability.
D) attribution ability.

Question 38

Which statement is correct about the cause of ADHD?

A) The cause of ADHD is unknown.
B) ADHD is caused by exposure to toxic substances in the preschool years.
C) The cause of ADHD likely involves childhood vaccinations.
D) ADHD is caused by genetic factors.

Question 39

Which of the following is a form of intelligence measured by standard IQ tests?

A) Naturalistic
B) Interpersonal
C) Linguistic
D) Kinesthetic

Question 40

Which common childhood diagnosis is closely linked to poor executive functioning?

A) ADHD
B) Substance abuse
C) Psychopathy
D) Schizophrenia

Question 41

Historically, research on psychopathy primarily focused on postpartum females.

Question 42

The terms antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy are synonymous.

Question 43

Kolko's (2002) firesetter typology is based on the __________ of a firesetter.

A) criminal history
B) mental disorder
C) age
D) motivation

Question 44

Gaynor (1996) identified three stages of firesetting behavior. A twelve-year-old boy who sets damaging fires in order to get attention is likely at which stage?

A) Fire interest
B) Fire experimentation
C) Fireplay
D) Firesetting

Question 45

The research has strongly supported the reliability and validity of the PCL-R for distinguishing criminal psychopaths from criminal non-psychopaths and for helping correctional psychologists in risk assessments of inmates

Question 46

The majority of juvenile offenders grow up to become chronic adult offenders.

Question 47

The typical juvenile is far more likely to be the victim than the perpetrator of a violent crime.

Question 48

Define the terms actus reus and mens rea. How do these terms pertain to juvenile delinquency?

Question 49

Developmental psychologists typically view adolescents as less responsible for their behavior than adults.

Question 50

Compare and contrast the theories of Terrie Moffitt, Gerald Patterson, and Laurence Steinberg.

Question 51

Factor 1 is to the __________ components of psychopathy, where Factor 2 is to the __________ components of psychopathy.

A) goals and ambitions; socioeconomic status and educational attainment
B) socioeconomic status and educational attainment; goals and ambitions
C) deviant lifestyle and antisocial attitudes; interpersonal and affective
D) interpersonal and affective; deviant lifestyle and antisocial attitudes

Question 52

An individual who engages in habitual criminal behavior and demonstrates a cluster of psychological, interpersonal and neurological features that discriminate him or her from the general population is referred to as a psychopath.

Question 53

ADHD causes antisocial behavior.

Question 54

The majority of firesetters are young males.

Question 55

Research suggests that high levels of the hormone cortisol are linked to antisocial behavior.

Question 56

A primary motive for arson is vandalism.

Question 57

List three characteristics central to temperament. How may a child's temperament influence one's trajectory?

Question 58

Research has found that treatment makes psychopaths more likely to recidivate.

Question 59

How has the juvenile justice system historically treated male and female status offenders? Give an example of how this is changing.

Question 60

According to Quay (1965), an important feature in the behavioral description of a psychopath is the

A) ability to escape detection.
B) neuropsychological need for excitement.
C) range of crimes committed.
D) poor judgment

Question 61

Discuss the reasons that many arsons set by youth go undetected and unreported.

Question 62

Explain the core factors of psychopathy.

Question 63

Why do some researchers have concerns about the concept of juvenile psychopathy? What is your opinion on this issue?

Question 64

Compare and contrast a male psychopath and a female psychopath.

Question 65

Describe three explanations for ADHD.

Question 66

Why is it so difficult to gather complete data on the national incidence of juvenile delinquency?

Question 67

Summarize the research examining the relationship between language development and antisocial behavior.

Question 68

Describe the Uniform Crime Reports. Include the limitations of this data.