Deck 8: Nutrients Involved in Antioxidant Function

Question 1

How do antioxidant minerals stabilize free radicals?

A) donate electrons or hydrogens
B) enzymatic destruction
C) phagocytosis
D) break down oxidized fatty acids

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a function of vitamin E?

A) protecting polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in cell membranes from oxidation
B) enhancing the immune system and protecting white blood cells
C) improving the absorption of vitamin C if dietary intake is low
D) protecting low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) from oxidation

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following diseases has NOT been linked to free radical damage?

A) cancer
B) heart disease
C) arthritis
D) type 1 diabetes

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which water-soluble vitamin can regenerate vitamin E after it has been oxidized?

A) vitamin D
B) vitamin B₁₂
C) vitamin C
D) folate

Question 5

Which of the following are required components of antioxidant enzyme systems?

A) antioxidant minerals
B) antioxidant vitamins
C) phytochemicals
D) gastrointestinal microflora

Question 6

What is an exchange reaction?

A) a reaction that produces free radicals
B) a two-part metabolic reaction that involves a loss and gain of electrons
C) the first stage of cancer development, in which a cell's DNA mutates
D) a reaction that converts a provitamin into the metabolically active form

Question 7

Carbon and hydrogen are two examples of

A) atoms.
B) antioxidants.
C) electrons.
D) nuclei.

Question 8

Examples of antioxidant enzyme systems include superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and which of the following?

A) vitamin E
B) catalase
C) beta carotene
D) vitamin C

Question 9

Taking vitamin E supplements along with which of the following substances can cause uncontrollable bleeding?

A) antidepressants
B) anticoagulants
C) cholesterol-lowering medications
D) oral contraceptives

Question 10

Free radicals

A) are very stable atoms.
B) are rarely formed by the body's fundamental physiological processes.
C) damage the cell's mitochondria.
D) are formed by exposure to air pollution and tobacco smoke.

Question 11

In an atom, the electrons orbiting around the nucleus have what kind of a charge?

A) positive
B) negative
C) equal
D) neutral

Question 12

A chemical reaction in which atoms lose electrons is

A) oxidation.
B) reduction.
C) radiation.
D) mineralization.

Question 13

The smallest physical units of a substance are

A) molecules.
B) atoms.
C) free radicals.
D) elements.

Question 14

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding free radicals?

A) Free radicals are formed as a by-product of healthy metabolism.
B) Our body has no mechanism to combat free radicals.
C) Exposure to pollution increases free radical production.
D) Many diseases, such as cancer and heart disease, are linked to free radical damage.

Question 15

Which of the following foods are the richest sources of vitamin E?

A) milk and dairy products
B) fruits and vegetables
C) meat, fish, and poultry
D) mayonnaise, vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds

Question 16

The most powerful and abundant form of vitamin E is

A) alpha-tocopherol.
B) beta-tocopherol.
C) gamma-tocopherol.
D) delta-tocopherol.

Question 17

Jane takes anticoagulant medication daily to prevent blood clots. Which vitamin must she avoid taking in excess of the RDA, as it could interact with the medication causing uncontrollable bleeding?

A) vitamin E
B) vitamin D
C) vitamin K
D) vitamin C

Question 18

A deficiency of which of the following can result in erythrocyte hemolysis, leading to anemia?

A) iron
B) vitamin E
C) vitamin C
D) zinc

Question 19

Which of the following nutrients requires the MOST frequent consumption to assure adequate body stores?

A) vitamin A
B) vitamin E
C) vitamin C
D) beta-carotene

Question 20

About 90% of vitamin E is stored in

A) adipose tissue.
B) the liver.
C) cell membranes.
D) the skin.

Question 21

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the mineral selenium?

A) Most selenium in our bodies is contained within two amino acid derivatives.
B) Selenium is involved in the maintenance of basal metabolism and body temperature.
C) Selenium is present only in foods of animal origin.
D) Selenium is a component of the glutathione peroxidase antioxidant enzyme system.

Question 22

Which of the following cooking methods will likely destroy the MOST vitamin C in food?

A) stir-frying
B) microwaving
C) steaming
D) boiling

Question 23

Which of the following are NOT good sources of vitamin C?

A) citrus fruits
B) milk and cheese
C) strawberries
D) broccoli

Question 24

Consuming even moderately excessive doses of vitamin C supplements would be MOST harmful to individuals suffering from

A) scurvy.
B) diabetes mellitus.
C) hemochromatosis.
D) Keshan disease.

Question 25

Symptoms of a vitamin C deficiency include

A) bleeding gums and loose teeth.
B) dementia and dermatitis.
C) night blindness.
D) nosebleeds.

Question 26

Which of the following increases the RDA for vitamin C?

A) smoking cigarettes
B) drinking alcohol
C) being a vegan
D) taking supplements of vitamin C

Question 27

Which of the following are rich sources of vitamin C?

A) milk and cheese
B) seafood
C) wheat and oats
D) green and red peppers

Question 28

Which of the following is FALSE concerning carotenoids?

A) Beta-carotene is the only carotenoid that functions as an antioxidant.
B) Cooking foods that contain dietary carotenoids enhances their absorption.
C) Fruits and vegetables can be rich sources of dietary carotenoids.
D) Consuming excess dietary beta-carotene can cause skin discoloration.

Question 29

The MOST critical role that vitamin A plays in the human body is

A) maintaining a healthy reproductive system.
B) acting as an antioxidant and scavenging free radicals.
C) maintaining a healthy immune system.
D) maintaining healthy vision.

Question 30

The light-sensitive pigment found in rod cells and formed by retinal and opsin is

A) chlorophyll.
B) lutein.
C) rhodopsin.
D) tocotrienal.

Question 31

MOST of the body's vitamin A is stored in the

A) liver.
B) pancreas.
C) spleen.
D) large intestine.

Question 32

Which of the following hormones requires selenium for its synthesis?

A) estrogen
B) insulin
C) cortisol
D) thyroxine

Question 33

Which of the following foods would be the BEST dietary source of preformed vitamin A?

A) carrots
B) eggs
C) cantaloupe
D) rice

Question 34

Where does the body store selenium?

A) in the liver
B) in adipose tissue
C) in the lymph system
D) in amino acids in the body

Question 35

Keshan disease and Kashin-Beck disease are both associated with which deficiency?

A) vitamin A
B) selenium
C) vitamin E
D) calcium

Question 36

The deficiency disease associated with vitamin C is

A) scurvy.
B) erythrocyte hemolysis.
C) night blindness.
D) Keshan disease.

Question 37

Which of the following minerals can function as an antioxidant?

A) chromium
B) calcium
C) fluoride
D) selenium

Question 38

Beta-carotene is a precursor of

A) retinol.
B) alpha-tocopherol.
C) zeaxanthin.
D) ascorbic acid.

Question 39

Diseases that cause the malabsorption of fat can result in a deficiency of

A) vitamin A.
B) vitamin B₆.
C) vitamin C.
D) vitamin B₁₂.

Question 40

Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning vitamin C?

A) Vitamin C is also known as ascorbic acid.
B) Vitamin C acts as an antioxidant that may help to reduce the risk of chronic diseases.
C) Vitamin C helps the immune system by enabling the body to make white blood cells.
D) Smokers should consume less vitamin C than non-smokers.

Question 41

Which of the following is a compound that is needed to activate an enzyme?

A) a cofactor
B) a free radical
C) an electrolyte
D) an antioxidant

Question 42

Vitamin C assists in the synthesis of a protein that is a critical component of all connective tissues in the body, known as what?

A) Coumadin
B) collagen
C) tocopherol
D) cofactor

Question 43

Vitamin C is not stored in the body and must be consumed frequently.

Question 44

The three active forms of vitamin A in our bodies (retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid) are collectively referred to as the

A) carotenoids.
B) retinoids.
C) free radicals.
D) antioxidants.

Question 45

All antioxidants are water soluble.

Question 46

Which kind of cells are responsible for enabling us see in different colors?

A) rod
B) cone
C) sphere
D) pyramid

Question 47

In some people, long-term use of standard vitamin E supplements has been associated with hemorrhagic stroke caused by bleeding in the brain.

Question 48

The nucleus of the atom has a positive charge.

Question 49

Free radicals are highly unstable atoms that can damage or destroy cells, often resulting in a loss of normal cellular function.

Question 50

A genetic disorder that results in an excess of iron absorption and storage is

A) hemochromatosis.
B) hemocystic anemia.
C) hypoglycemia.
D) aplastic anemia.

Question 51

Antioxidants must be consumed in our diet because our bodies cannot make them.

Question 52

What kind of reaction results in an atom gaining electrons?

A) oxidation reaction
B) reduction reaction
C) promotion reaction
D) radical reaction

Question 53

Substances such as aspirin and Coumadin that stop blood from clotting excessively are

A) free radicals.
B) tocopherols.
C) anticonvulsants.
D) anticoagulants.

Question 54

A group of fat-soluble plant pigments that are the basis for the orange, red, and deep yellow colors of many fruits and vegetables are called

A) carotenoids.
B) provitamins.
C) prooxidants.
D) chlorophylls.

Question 55

Keshan disease is a heart disorder associated with which of the following deficiencies?

A) vitamin A
B) vitamin C
C) selenium
D) iron

Question 56

Compounds that protect our cells from the damage caused by oxidation are known as

A) free radicals.
B) electrolytes.
C) antioxidants.
D) prooxidants.

Question 57

Which of the following vitamins is the MOST powerful fat-soluble antioxidant?

A) A
B) D
C) E
D) K

Question 58

Scurvy is the deficiency disease associated with inadequate vitamin C intake.

Question 59

The majority of the vitamin E in our bodies is found in our adipose tissue.

Question 60

Carotenosis, a skin condition associated with consuming high levels of beta-carotene, is also known as what?

A) scleroderma
B) retinosis
C) carotenoids
D) carotenoderma

Question 61

Ninety percent of the vitamin A we absorb is stored in adipose tissue.

Question 62

Excessive consumption of vitamin A supplements can be highly toxic.

Question 63

Define what a dietary antioxidant is and explain how dietary antioxidants function in the body.

Question 64

How was it that British sailors earned the nickname "limey"?

Question 65

Guinea pigs and humans are two groups that cannot synthesize their own vitamin C and must consume it in their diet.

Question 66

Diseases that cause malabsorption of fat can result in a vitamin C deficiency.

Question 67

Cooking foods high in carotenoids improves their bioavailability.

Question 68

Toxicity symptoms of vitamin A include birth defects, spontaneous abortion, blurred vision, and liver damage.

Question 69

Selenium is found only in animal products.

Question 70

Beta-carotene is a precursor of retinol.

Question 71

Vitamin E deficiency causes xerophthalmia, irreversible blindness due to hardening of the cornea.

Question 72

Selenium toxicity occurs from an overconsumption of foods rich in this mineral.

Question 73

Only the retina's rod cells, and not its cone cells, require retinal.

Question 74

Carrots, spinach, and sweet potatoes contain a large amount of preformed vitamin A.

Question 75

Vitamin A deficiency is a severe public health concern in developing nations, often resulting in blindness and death due to infection.

Question 76

A free radical is highly unstable because it has unpaired electrons in its outermost shell.

Question 77

Carotenosis is a serious side effect of consuming too much beta-carotene; it can be fatal if untreated.

Question 78

A vitamin A deficiency can cause night blindness.

Question 79

As beta carotene is not considered a nutrient, no RDA has been established.

Question 80

Selenium is the only mineral with a known antioxidant function.