Deck 9: Nutrients Involved in Bone Health

Question 1

Which process determines the shape of bones?

A) bone modeling
B) bone turnover
C) bone growth
D) bone remodeling

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Where do humans obtain vitamin D?

A) moonlight
B) sunlight
C) intestinal bacteria
D) stomach bacteria

Answer 2

B

Question 3

In addition to proper growth and development, bone remodeling is critical in maintaining

A) blood glucose levels.
B) blood calcium levels.
C) blood coagulation.
D) vitamin D production.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following organs is NOT involved in the synthesis of vitamin D?

A) skin
B) liver
C) kidneys
D) heart

Question 5

The spongy bone that is found within the ends of long bones is called

A) cortical.
B) osteoblast.
C) collagen.
D) trabecular.

Question 6

Which of the following is FALSE about trabecular bone?

A) very sensitive to changes in hormones and nutritional deficiencies
B) porous and spongy in composition
C) Turnover is very rapid.
D) comprises approximately 80% of the skeleton

Question 7

Marie is 55 years old and just had her first DXA assessment. The results indicated that she has a T-score of -1.5 (minus 1.5). What does her T-score indicate?

A) Compared to a 30-year-old healthy adult, her bone density is normal.
B) Compared to a 30-year-old healthy adult, she has low bone mass.
C) Compared to a 30-year-old healthy adult, she has osteoporosis.
D) Nothing. DXA is not able to determine bone density in women over 50.

Question 8

Which of the following is FALSE concerning calcium?

A) Calcium's alkalinity assists in regulating acid-base balance.
B) Ninety-nine percent of calcium is found in the blood and soft tissue.
C) When blood calcium falls, osteoclasts will liberate calcium from the skeleton.
D) Calcium is a major mineral.

Question 9

The average person will absorb no more than how many mg of calcium at one time?

A) 200
B) 500
C) 1000
D) 1500

Question 10

Which of the following techniques can assess the risk of fracture?

A) blood calcium assessment
B) dual energy x-ray absorptiometry
C) underwater weighing
D) bioelectrical impedance testing

Question 11

Which of the following does NOT describe a role that calcitonin plays when blood calcium levels are elevated?

A) Calcitonin limits calcium absorption in the intestine.
B) Calcitonin inhibits osteoclasts from breaking down bone.
C) Calcitonin prevents the reabsorption of calcium in the kidney.
D) Calcitonin stimulates the action of vitamin D.

Question 12

If a healthy individual were to consume too much calcium from the diet, which of the following is MOST likely to occur?

A) hypercalcemia
B) toxicity symptoms, including nausea and dizziness
C) excess calcium excreted in the feces
D) accumulation of calcium in the soft tissues of the body

Question 13

Assuming equal serving sizes, which of the following foods would be the poorest source of calcium?

A) skim milk
B) whole milk
C) cheddar cheese
D) cottage cheese

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a function of calcium?

A) transmission of nerve impulses
B) muscle contraction
C) maintenance of blood pressure
D) promotes osteoclasts to break down bone

Question 15

Around what age does bone resorption generally begin to occur more rapidly than bone formation?

A) 10
B) 20
C) 40
D) 60

Question 16

Which of the following is the MOST abundant mineral in our body?

A) calcium
B) iron
C) phosphorus
D) fluoride

Question 17

A T-score between +1 (plus 1) and -1 (minus 1) on a DXA signifies

A) lower than normal bone density.
B) osteoporosis.
C) normal bone density.
D) growing bone.

Question 18

Bone cells that are responsible for bone resorption are called

A) osteoclasts.
B) cortical.
C) osteoblasts.
D) trabecular.

Question 19

Which of the following refers to the two-step process in which bone tissue is recycled?

A) bone growth
B) bone modeling
C) bone remodeling
D) bone regeneration

Question 20

When does bone growth and modeling start?

A) during fetal development
B) at birth
C) during infancy
D) during childhood

Question 21

Fluorosis is associated with

A) insufficient intake of fluoride.
B) consuming too much fluoride.
C) Alzheimer's disease.
D) osteoporosis.

Question 22

Most of the body's phosphorus is stored in

A) the liver.
B) adipose tissue.
C) the skeleton.
D) the kidneys.

Question 23

In addition to dietary sources, vitamin K is produced in our

A) brain.
B) mouth.
C) stomach.
D) large intestine.

Question 24

Which of the following is NOT associated with a reduction in the synthesis of vitamin D?

A) fair skin
B) obesity
C) advancing age
D) sunscreens with SPF greater than 8

Question 25

When blood calcium levels fall, which of the following does NOT occur?

A) PTH is produced and activates vitamin D.
B) Vitamin D stimulates the kidney to reabsorb calcium from the blood.
C) PTH and vitamin D stimulate osteoblasts to break down bone.
D) Vitamin D increases the absorption of calcium from the intestines.

Question 26

Newborn infants receive a single injection of vitamin K at birth because

A) newborns do not have enough bacteria in their small intestine to make vitamin K.
B) breast milk is a poor source of vitamin K.
C) the trauma of labor and delivery depletes the newborn's vitamin K stores.
D) newborns cannot absorb any of the vitamin K from breast milk or formula.

Question 27

Calcitonin is a hormone secreted by which gland?

A) adrenal
B) parathyroid
C) pituitary
D) thyroid

Question 28

Which of the following provides more than three times the recommended Adequate Intake (AI) of Vitamin K?

A) 1 tablespoon of canola oil
B) 1/2 cup of boiled turnip greens
C) 1 cup of raw cabbage
D) 1 cup of boiled broccoli

Question 29

The primary, active form of vitamin D in the human body is

A) 7-dehydrocholesterol.
B) calcidiol.
C) calcitonin.
D) calcitriol.

Question 30

Vitamin D toxicity is associated with

A) sunburns.
B) suntan lotions.
C) seafood.
D) supplements.

Question 31

Which of the following foods are good sources of magnesium?

A) green leafy vegetables
B) citrus fruits
C) french fries and onion rings
D) soft drinks and fruit juices

Question 32

How can we increase our absorption of dietary magnesium?

A) eat a high-fiber diet
B) eat a high-carbohydrate diet
C) eat a high-protein diet
D) eat a high-fat diet

Question 33

Which of the following foods is high in phosphorus?

A) meat
B) spinach
C) oranges
D) table salt

Question 34

Insufficient vitamin D during adulthood is associated with

A) rickets.
B) osteomalacia.
C) kidney stones.
D) hypocalcemia.

Question 35

People with diseases that result in the malabsorption of which nutrient are at risk for a vitamin D deficiency?

A) carbohydrate
B) fat
C) minerals
D) protein

Question 36

Vitamin K's primary role in the body is

A) muscle contraction.
B) enzyme action.
C) nerve transmission.
D) blood clotting.

Question 37

The majority of our body's fluoride is stored in

A) the liver.
B) adipose tissue.
C) the skeleton.
D) interstitial fluid.

Question 38

Which of the following is our primary dietary source of vitamin D?

A) seafood
B) chicken
C) green leafy vegetables
D) milk

Question 39

The individual with the highest risk of developing a vitamin D deficiency is a(n)

A) exclusively breastfed infant.
B) elderly institutionalized adult who consumes no milk and receives little or no sun exposure.
C) adult living in the northern United States and Canada.
D) adolescent female who consumes no milk or dairy products.

Question 40

Formed in our bones, hydroxyapatite crystals are mineral complexes comprised of calcium and

A) sodium.
B) chloride.
C) phosphorus.
D) vitamin K.

Question 41

The majority of the calcium formed in our bodies is found in the blood and soft tissues.

Question 42

The majority of the body's magnesium is found in the

A) blood.
B) spleen.
C) bones.
D) liver.

Question 43

Phosphorus consumption has increased approximately 10 to 15% over the past 30 years. This is largely due to the increased consumption of

A) processed foods.
B) meat.
C) water.
D) milk.

Question 44

The hormone that assists in maintaining blood calcium levels by stimulating the activation of vitamin D is

A) insulin.
B) cortisol.
C) parathyroid hormone (PTH).
D) calcitonin.

Question 45

Trabecular bone has a faster turnover rate than cortical bone.

Question 46

In the body, vitamin D is essential for

A) blood clotting.
B) calcification of bone.
C) muscle contraction.
D) stimulation of nerve impulses.

Question 47

Cortical bone is more sensitive than trabecular bone to changes in hormonal and nutritional factors.

Question 48

The hormone secreted by the thyroid gland when blood calcium levels are too high is

A) parathyroid.
B) calcitonin.
C) serotonin.
D) estrogen.

Question 49

Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to low bone density in the adult years?

A) inadequate calcium intake in childhood and adolescence
B) low body weight
C) early onset of menarche in females
D) physical inactivity in adolescence

Question 50

A person suffering from osteomalacia is prone to

A) bone fractures.
B) diseased gums.
C) high blood pressure.
D) bowed legs.

Question 51

Which of the following are two fat-soluble vitamins that humans obtain from non-dietary sources?

A) A and D
B) D and E
C) D and K
D) C and D

Question 52

A vitamin D deficiency in childhood may result in which disease characterized by inadequate mineralization of the skeleton?

A) rickets
B) osteomalacia
C) osteoporosis
D) kyphosis

Question 53

The point in life at which our bones are the densest is called what?

A) pubertal bone density
B) menopausal bone density
C) late adulthood bone density
D) peak bone density

Question 54

The animal form of vitamin K produced by bacteria in the large intestine is

A) phylloquinone.
B) menaquinone.
C) prothrombin.
D) osteocalcin.

Question 55

The type of cell responsible for the resorption of bone is

A) cortical.
B) trabecular.
C) osteoblast.
D) osteoclast.

Question 56

Females reach their full adult height earlier than males do.

Question 57

The majority of a man's bone is built by the age of 15.

Question 58

Which of the following is a poor source of dietary magnesium?

A) green leafy vegetables
B) refined grain products
C) seafood
D) seeds and nuts

Question 59

A child with mild fluorosis would MOST likely show which of the following symptoms?

A) dental caries
B) low bone density
C) white patches on the teeth
D) stiffness and pain in the joints

Question 60

Trace minerals are those our body needs in what amount per day?

A) less than 10 mg
B) less than 20 mg
C) less than 50 mg
D) less than 100 mg

Question 61

Making up 80% of the human skeleton, trabecular bone is also referred to as compact bone.

Question 62

When dietary intake of calcium is low, the body takes calcium from bone.

Question 63

As bone resorption begins to occur more frequently than bone formation, adults tend to lose height.

Question 64

Repeated sunburns are associated with an increased risk of developing vitamin D toxicity.

Question 65

Compared to light-skinned individuals, individuals with darker skin have more difficulty synthesizing vitamin D.

Question 66

In healthy adults, the majority of calcium consumed in the diet is absorbed.

Question 67

Most bottled waters contain fluoride.

Question 68

Phosphorous deficiencies are common among adolescents and young adults.

Question 69

In addition to being a nutrient, vitamin D acts as a hormone.

Question 70

The bioavailability of calcium depends in part on the age of the person consuming the calcium-containing food.

Question 71

At the present time there is no Adequate Intake (AI) established for calcium.

Question 72

Geographical location affects one's ability to synthesize vitamin D.

Question 73

Bone modeling is the two-step process by which bone tissue is recycled.

Question 74

Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is the only method to measure the health of bone tissue.

Question 75

Research has shown that long-term magnesium deficiency can lead to the development of osteoporosis.

Question 76

DXA is used to evaluate bone density in women only.

Question 77

The family of vitamin K compounds is referred to as quinones.

Question 78

Breast milk is a rich source of vitamin D.

Question 79

Consuming excessive amounts of calcium supplements can lead to mineral imbalances.

Question 80

The protein collagen forms the strong fibers in bone and connective tissue.