Deck 8: Memory for Space and Time

Question 1

When people mistakenly say Reno is east of San Diego, this is a reflection of __________.

A) the metric view of spatial memory
B) the hierarchical view of spatial memory
C) the temporal view of spatial memory
D) the spatial view of spatial memory

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following has been demonstrated by looking at people's spatial memories following the reunification of East and West Germany?

A) Attitudes influence distance estimations.
B) Spatial priming was greater for people who had positive opinions about reunification.
C) Germans overestimated distances between cities because Germany is a densely populated country.
D) hierarchical distortion effects

Answer 2

A

Question 3

When mental maps are described as being partially hierarchical, what is meant?

A) They are hierarchically arranged only at the level of details.
B) They are hierarchically arranged in terms of regions, but not at the level of details.
C) Euclidean rules of hierarchies are only partially applied.
D) Estimating distances involves a re-perceptual process.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Theories of mental maps that assume a spatial organization assume that mental maps are organized based on ________________ information.

A) hierarchical
B) metric
C) Euclidean
D) dynamic

Question 5

The theory in memory psychophysics that suggests that the distortions that occur in mental maps are a reflection of a combination of both fine-grained (detail) and coarse-grained (categorical/region-based) memory representations is the __________.

A) uncertainty hypothesis
B) transformation hypothesis
C) re-perceptual hypothesis
D) category adjustment hypothesis

Question 6

A greater number of intervening items between 2 points in space will make memory for that distance __________.

A) more accurate
B) shorter than it actually is
C) depend on the perspective taken
D) longer than it actually is

Question 7

If someone comes to you asking for directions, you will likely _____ estimate the distance to city locations and _____ estimate the distance to rural locations.

A) over-; under-
B) under-; over-
C) accurately; under-
D) under-; under-

Question 8

What is the effect of routes between 2 locations on the use of mental maps?

A) They can increase the mental distance between 2 locations.
B) They can decrease the mental distance between 2 locations.
C) They divide a mental map into regions.
D) They have no influence on mental maps.

Question 9

People will organize spatial information into clusters based on regions __________.

A) spontaneously
B) only when clear regions are present
C) only if there are clear semantic relations among the items
D) depending on the degree of encoding specificity

Question 10

According to studies using Steven's Law, which type of distance estimation is the worst?

A) perception of distance
B) short-term memory for distances
C) long-term memory for distances
D) making inferences about distances in memory

Question 11

Mental maps are NOT influenced by which of the following?

A) route distance
B) spectral medium
C) temporal order during learning
D) semantic relations

Question 12

Geographic mistakes, like believing that Miami is north of Tijuana, occur because __________.

A) the curvature of the earth biases map estimates
B) most people are not familiar with either city
C) the regions cities are in bias their locations in memory
D) retrieval of one city inhibits the other in memory

Question 13

Which of the following does NOT distort estimates of space derived from mental maps?

A) semantic relations
B) learning context
C) orientation at learning
D) landmarks

Question 14

Which of the following does NOT distort estimates of space derived from mental maps?

A) number of intervening items
B) organization of regions
C) priming effects
D) routes

Question 15

What is one piece of evidence that mental maps in memory might be hierarchically organized based on spatial region?

A) People can use regions as chunks to organize information.
B) Memory for space is more accurately remembered if it is divided into regions.
C) People tend to distort spatial information from memory towards categorical values.
D) Space is filled with regions, and people remember them.

Question 16

What is the effect of landmarks on the memory for the locations on nonlandmarks in mental maps?

A) The influence of regions is de-emphasized.
B) The influence of regions is increased.
C) The nonlandmarks are remembered as being further from the landmark.
D) The nonlandmarks are remembered as being closer to the landmark.

Question 17

A mental map is __________.

A) a memory representation for a learned space
B) completely isomorphic with physical reality
C) derived from psychophysics
D) only a theoretical possibility, not a practical reality

Question 18

In a memory psychophysics approach to memory for space, a researcher is interested in how a mental map corresponds to __________.

A) physical reality
B) a mental image
C) an associative network
D) a coherent memory system

Question 19

Memory for space is an ideal domain to use an approach like memory psychophysics because __________.

A) memory for space is derived from some perceptual experience
B) we can objectively measure spatial quantities and compare them with memory estimates
C) physicists have developed many ways of studying space
D) we can use formulas

Question 20

What is something that does NOT distort spatial memory?

A) landmarks
B) route distance
C) number of intervening items
D) perception

Question 21

Perspective effects in mental maps cause __________.

A) close locations to be remembered as further apart
B) far locations to be remembered as further apart
C) intermediate locations to be compressed
D) no change in memory reports

Question 22

Which of the following distorts estimates of space derived from mental maps?

A) semantic relations
B) learning context
C) overlearning
D) recognition tests

Question 23

Which of the following memories are easiest to locate in time?

A) first occurrences of an event
B) last occurrences of an event
C) first and last occurrences of an event
D) none of the above

Question 24

A mental map created from an actual map will show ______________ orientation effects relative to actual experience with an area.

A) larger
B) similar
C) smaller
D) inverse

Question 25

If spatial and temporal proximity are deconfounded during learning, what is the organization of the mental map that is observed?

A) spatial
B) both spatial and temporal
C) temporal
D) It depends on the tasks used.

Question 26

A mental map created from a bird's eye view description is called a __________.

A) survey perspective
B) route perspective
C) overview map
D) spatial map

Question 27

An effect of temporal memory in which older memories are harder to locate in time is __________.

A) memory age effect
B) forward telescoping
C) primacy effect
D) backwards telescoping

Question 28

When people create mental maps created from a description, the further away an object is from a person's current location, the less available information about that object is in memory. The phenomenon is called a __________.

A) spatial gradient effect
B) Euclidean distance effect
C) route distance finding
D) Mercator hypothesis

Question 29

Memory for spatial information can often be distorted by changes in __________.

A) scale from the original map
B) relative praxial extensions
C) orientation from the original map
D) reference frame coordination

Question 30

Hybrid models assume that ________ and _________ have an influence on mental map organization.

A) orientation; projection
B) space; projection
C) time; projection
D) space; time

Question 31

Research on the angle error estimates has found that __________.

A) people increase distances for locations close to the point of perspective
B) some people are better at mentally rotating objects than others
C) counter-aligned presentation of orientation paths is easier for navigation
D) information is better when people organize information

Question 32

The bearing map tends to be more developed in _______, while the sketch map tends to be more developed in ________.

A) males; males
B) females; males
C) males; females
D) females; females

Question 33

When people read a text that refers to an area that they had previously learned by studying a map, the pattern of reading times will show a spatial gradient availability. This refers to an effect of spatial ____________ from the learned map in memory on the ability to comprehend the text.

A) orientation
B) scale
C) landmarks
D) distance

Question 34

Mental rotation and orientation effects are more likely to be observed when a person learns a space, and creates a mental map in memory, from __________.

A) a text
C) actual experience with the space
D) a highly familiar environment

Question 35

Which of the following is NOT a class of theories of temporal memory?

A) relative time
B) absolute time
C) temporal distance
D) temporal location

Question 36

Perspective effects in mental maps are NOT influenced by __________.

A) semantic relations
B) the location from which one imagines viewing
C) orientation of the original map
D) individual differences in spatial processing

Question 37

Buildings prime each other more in mental maps if __________.

A) both are shorter than 100 feet tall
B) they are in distinct regions of the area
C) they serve the same function
D) they are not interactive with each other or with the perceiver

Question 38

The orientation effect refers to __________.

A) the natural alignment of mental maps to exact reality
B) tendencies to view all intersections at 90 degrees in mental maps
C) better memory when orientation is the same as it was during encoding
D) increased likelihood to use temporal rather than spatial memory

Question 39

A mental map created from a description based on the point of view of a person walking through the area is called a __________.

A) survey perspective
B) route perspective
C) overview map
D) spatial map

Question 40

Which of the following is TRUE about temporal theories of mental maps?

A) Mental maps' organization reflects the order of temporal acquisition.
B) Spatial priming is observed during spatial-temporal deconfounding.
C) Map distortion is primarily due to hierarchical relationships between the locations.
D) Mental maps acquired in a temporal order are more accurate than those acquired spatially.

Question 41

Which type of temporal memory theories takes the view that memory for time is derived from information in the memory trace itself?

A) location-based theories
B) relative time theories
C) category adjustment theories
D) distance-based theories

Question 42

What are the effects of orientation on the retrieval of information from a mental map?

Question 43

Strength-based theories of temporal memory, which assume that locating events in time is based on the strength of the memory trace, are in what category of theories?

A) location-based theories
B) relative time theories
C) category adjustment theories

Question 44

What are the three ways of using time to locate an event in memory?

Question 45

Which class of theories of temporal memory assumes that memories are located in time based on how easily the memory is retrieved?

A) location-based theories
B) relative time theories
C) category adjustment theories
D) distance-based theories

Question 46

Which of the following describes the relative time view of temporal memory?

A) Information to estimate time depends on how far in the past the original event is from the present. Au: This is a little unclear.
B) Time information is stored in the memory trace in which it was originally encoded.
C) Relative temporal order is stored directly in memory.
D) Time information in memory contains both detailed and categorical information.
Short Answers

Question 47

What is the scale effect in temporal memory?

Question 48

Memory for when an event occurred may be accurate at one scale of time but distorted at another. This is an explanation of the __________.

A) recency effect
B) ordering effect
C) scale effect
D) lawfulness effect

Question 49

What is the relationship between the accuracy with which a memory is remembered and the ability to locate that event in time?

A) positive
B) negative
C) curvilinear
D) negatively accelerating

Question 50

Which two types of information are assumed to be used according to the category adjustment theory of spatial psychophysics?

Question 51

For the order code model (a relative time theory of temporal memory), what is thought to occur in order to allow a person to locate a memory of an event in time?

A) Previous similar memory traces are linked to the one created for a current event.
B) New experiences are stored completely independently in memory.
C) Forward telescoping overcomes backward telescoping.
D) Prominent scale effects are observed.

Question 52

Sometimes after a long day, you may mistakenly place events of that morning into the previous day. If this occurs, you would be experiencing which of the following?

A) forward telescoping
B) backward telescoping
C) memory age effect
D) order failure

Question 53

When memory places an event less recently than it occurred, the process is called __________.

A) scaling
C) forward telescoping
D) ordering

Question 54

How can a mental map be affected by temporal order of learning and not spatial structure?

Question 55

Which class of theories of temporal memory takes the perspective that memory for time could be oriented around chunks of time that a person has created?

A) location-based theories
B) relative time theories
C) category adjustment theories
D) distance-based theories

Question 56

Which class of theories of temporal memory assumes that memories are located in time based on associations that are formed during encoding?

A) location-based theories
B) relative time theories
C) category adjustment theories
D) distance-based theories

Question 57

The idea that temporal memory may be accurate at one level of time (e.g., the day of the week something occurred) but inaccurate at another level of time (e.g., the month in which something occurred).

A) memory age effect
B) serial position curve
C) scale effect
D) serial order effect

Question 58

What are two factors about objects in an area that can distort a mental map?

Question 59

An effect of temporal memory in which older memories refer to events that seem to be more recent than they actually are is __________.

A) memory age effect
B) forward telescoping
C) primacy effect
D) backwards telescoping

Question 60

What does it mean for mental maps to be represented in a partially hierarchical fashion?

Question 61

How are memories located in time according to temporal location theories?

Question 62

What are telescoping effects in memory and when are they typically seen?

Question 63

How are memories located in time according to temporal distance theories?