Deck 7: Episodic Memory

Question 1

The mental model level of representation __________.

A) is verbatim memory
B) is an abstract representation of the text
C) is forgotten quickly

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The effects of retrieval cues on episodic memory performance suggest that __________.

A) forgetting can occur in the presence of cues
B) cues produce interference during retrieval
C) memory is content addressable
D) they have little effect

Answer 2

C

Question 3

What memory principle suggests that deep processing will not always lead to better memory performance?

A) encoding specificity
B) distinctive processing
C) interference theory
D) transfer appropriate processing

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following is TRUE about retrieval cues?

A) They select traces that contain specific content.
B) They represent data-driven processing.
C) People implicitly learn the rules of a sequence.
D) They are effective only if the information is recalled in the same context.

Question 5

According to the transfer appropriate processing framework, memory performance is better __________.

A) when the retrieval context matches the encoding context
B) when there is intentional encoding
C) when the person generates the information rather than reading it
D) when the processes used to remember information match those used to encode it

Question 6

Remembering all the bad things about a significant other only when you are angry at him or her is an example of __________.

A) mood-dependent memory
B) mental bias
C) bipolar disorder
D) memory decay

Question 7

The idea that if you learn something with a steady caffeine buzz going, you will find it easier to recall that information if you have a sufficient amount of caffeine in your system is called __________.

A) encoding specificity
B) mood-congruent memory
C) transfer appropriate processing
D) state-dependent memory

Question 8

Suppose you have to recall 20 sentences that you were just exposed to. Say that you remember 10. Then the experimenter shows you a list of words that contain a key word from each sentence (e.g., telephone); subsequently, you are able to recall the sentence "A telephone can be used as an alarm clock." What is the term for the telephone in this scenario?

A) access cue
B) context cue
C) conditioned stimulus
D) feature cue

Question 9

A retrieval cue that involves a component of the memory trace content itself is called a(n) __________.

A) intrinsic cue
B) feature cue
C) extrinsic cue
D) context cue

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT likely to serve as a contextual cue for memory retrieval?

A) environment situation
B) physiological state
D) emotional state

Question 11

What level of representation will be retained for the shortest period of time in episodic memory?

A) propositional
B) textbase
C) mental model
D) verbatim

Question 12

What is encoding specificity?

A) The finding that it is best to study in the room where one will be tested.
B) People specifically encode only the information of interest.
C) Retrieval is better when the learning context matches the retrieval context.
D) Retrieval depends on how specifically the information has been learned.

Question 13

What has the primacy effect for information in episodic memory been attributed to?

A) distinctiveness
B) long-term memory processing
C) short-term memory processing
D) recency in memory

Question 14

Your brother does something bad to your car while you're at home; this makes you very angry. Rather than have an all-out fight with him, you go off and let yourself calm down. Eventually you forget about the incident and you get along fine with your brother again. However, after several months, you become angry with your roommate for not telling you that your date called. During this you are reminded of what your brother did to your car. This is best described as __________.

A) encoding specificity
C) state-dependent learning
D) a generalized emotion memory

Question 15

Multiple memory traces in competition with each other are examples of __________.

A) blocking
B) repression
D) priming

Question 16

Which of the following is an example of encoding specificity?

A) Concrete words are remembered better than abstract words.
B) People have a better memory for information that is organized.
C) People remember better when encoding and retrieving under the same circumstances.
D) encoding words based on perceptual features and retrieving them based on meaning

Question 17

What level of representation will be retained for the longest period of time in episodic memory?

A) propositional
B) unconscious
C) mental model
D) verbatim

Question 18

Forgetting can be reduced through the use of __________.

A) compound retrieval sets
B) rapid inhibitory activations
C) interference
D) retrieval cues

Question 19

The most interference in learning a new task (skill acquisition) will occur in which of the following situations?

A) learning to play the guitar when you already play the flute
B) learning to use an automatic transmission when you already use a manual transmission
C) learning to type when you already play the piano
D) learning to sail a boat when you already know how to drive

Question 20

Episodic memory is memory for what type of information?

A) skills
B) general knowledge
C) events
D) emotions

Question 21

The role of inhibition during memory retrieval is to __________.

A) keep painful memories out of consciousness
B) help a person slow down and think more deliberatively, and so make fewer mistakes
C) keep track of information yet to be recalled
D) regulate the amount of interference experienced

Question 22

Forgetting that is caused by older memories interfering with newer memories is called __________.

A) negative transfer
B) retroactive interference
C) proactive interference
D) latent inhibition

Question 23

Release from proactive interference can occur when subsequent information is __________.

A) presented in a category
B) delayed until reintegration is complete
C) largely visual-spatial
D) unrelated to older information

Question 24

Consuming an alcoholic beverage can impede the encoding of new memories. What effect does it have on memory for information learned prior to drinking?

A) retroactive inhibition
C) increased forgetting
D) no effect

Question 25

Which of the following is the best description of negative priming and repeated practice effects?

A) Forgetting is inevitable.
B) Remembering prevents forgetting.
C) Remembering causes forgetting,
D) Remembering is the inverse of forgetting.

Question 26

Memory is better following what type of practice?

A) repeated
B) spaced
C) massed
D) deliberate and elaborate

Question 27

Overlearning (continuing to study after perfect recall is achieved) __________.

A) provides no additional memory benefit
B) causes retrieval times to increase
C) can drastically reduce forgetting
D) is only effective with meaningless materials, like nonsense syllables

Question 28

An indicator of associative interference is __________.

A) part-set cuing
B) the mere exposure effect
C) the fan effect
D) encoding variability

Question 29

What is the explanation for the repeated practice effect?

A) Repeatedly retrieving a memory trace causes the noticeable inhibition of related competitors.
B) Repeated practice strengthens memory for competitors.
C) Overall priming effects are magnified with repeated practice.
D) Overall priming effects are reduced with repeated practice.

Question 30

What is the best way to study?

A) Study everything in one night.
B) Space out your study sessions.
C) Memorize everything you wrote in your notes verbatim.
D) Study only in the room where you will take the test.

Question 31

What is Jost's Law?

A) Older memories are more prone to disruption.
B) Newer memories are more prone to disruption.
C) The forgetting function is slower for older memory traces.
D) The forgetting function is slower for newer memory traces.

Question 32

Which of the following is a phenomenon that reflects the operation of inhibition to regulate retrieval interference?

A) hypermnesia
B) massed practice
C) part-set cuing
D) priming

Question 33

What is a process that can attenuate the general effects of retroactive interference?

A) proactive learning
B) targeted consolidation
C) reverse forgetting
D) sleep

Question 34

Information that is retained for long periods of time with little evidence of forgetting is said to be in __________.

A) long-term memory
B) stasis
C) permastore
D) semantic memory

Question 35

The organization of information into a common situation model can result in decreased _____________. Moreover, the presence of negative priming suggests the operation of _____________ at the situation model level.

A) constructivity; suppression
C) fan effect; spreading activation
D) constructivity; spreading activation

Question 36

Inhibition in memory retrieval is generally applied to __________.

A) related and relevant memory representations
B) related and irrelevant memory representations
C) information integrated into a memory trace
D) information segregated from a memory trace

Question 37

Which of the following is a phenomenon that does NOT reflect the operation of inhibition to regulate retrieval interference?

A) hypermnesia
B) repeated practice
C) part-set cuing
D) associative interference

Question 38

What is the part-set cuing effect?

A) People are able to remember more if they are given part of the set as a memory cue.
B) People remember less if they are given part of the set as a memory cue.
C) People will organize information better if they are given part of the set at retrieval.
D) A mental set is developed to deal with the retrieval process.

Question 39

Forgetting that is caused by newer memories interfering with older memories is called __________.

A) negative transfer
B) retroactive interference
C) proactive interference
D) latent inhibition

Question 40

Integrating information into a common situation model can improve memory retrieval by reducing __________.

A) interference
B) activation
C) chunking
D) trace decay over time

Question 41

When reading an expository text, such as a class textbook, your memory for that information would be better if you emphasized _____________ processing.

A) item-specific
B) episodic
D) semantic

Question 42

What is the von Restorff effect?

A) better memory for information consistent with the context it is found in
B) better memory for information that is only partially presented
C) better memory for distinctive information
D) poorer memory for information that has been heavily rehearsed, but only shallowly

Question 43

When reading a narrative text, such as a novel, your memory for that information would be better if you emphasized _____________ processing.

A) item-specific
B) episodic
C) relational
D) semantic
Short Answers

Question 44

Memory is less aided (in terms of amount of payoff for amount of effort) by following what type of practice?

A) repeated
B) distributed
D) deliberate and elaborate

Question 45

Out of the words "carpet," "couch," "orangutan," and "lamp," which will show a von Restorff effect?

A) carpet
B) couch
D) lamp

Question 46

Organizing information in long-term memory causes memory retrieval to be __________.

A) slower
B) more prone to interference
D) less susceptible to hypermnesia

Question 47

Information in permastore is more likely to be __________.

A) forgotten within the first 3 years
B) experienced once
D) distinctive

Question 48

Describe what occurs when negative priming is observed in memory retrieval.

Question 49

What is the testing effect?

A) the finding that taking a test distorts memory
B) the Heisenburg principle in memory
C) Memory is better if people study more rather than take a test.
D) Memory is better if people take a test rather than study more.

Question 50

Bizarre imagery is most likely to help a person remember under which of the following circumstances?

A) remembering a subset of otherwise related items
B) remembering a subset of otherwise unrelated items
C) remembering an entire set of otherwise related items
D) remembering an entire set of otherwise unrelated items

Question 51

What are two influences of inhibition on episodic memory retrieval?

Question 52

What are three ways that memory can be affected by some type of context?

Question 53

Overlearning (continuing to study after perfect recall is achieved) __________.

A) provides no additional memory benefit
B) causes retrieval times to increase
C) can drastically reduce forgetting
D) is only effective with meaningless materials, like nonsense syllables
Ed: Same as #39

Question 54

The decreased ability to acquire new information in memory because of previously known information is called _______________, and the decreased ability to remember older information in memory because of newly learned information is called ________________.

Question 55

What are the different types of cues that can be used to help episodic memory retrieval?

Question 56

What is the part-set cuing effect?

Question 57

Improved memory for items that are distinct reflects the __________.

A) fan effect
B) repetition effect
D) repeated practice effect

Question 58

How long before it is clear that a memory has reached permastore?

A) 3 days
B) 3 weeks
C) 3 months
D) 3 years

Question 59

Suppose you can remember your first-grade teacher's name because you experienced it so often. In this case, your teacher's name is __________.

A) in permastore
B) an episodic memory
C) in the phonological loop
D) a memory that is decaying rapidly over time

Question 60

What is the name of the associative interference effect in which retrieval becomes more difficult the more associations there are with a concept?

Question 61

What are the consequences for memory of distributed and massed practice?

Question 62

What is the von Restorff effect?

Question 63

When do item-specific and relational processing provide the most memory benefit?