Deck 12: Memory and Reality

Question 1

The type of source monitoring that requires a person to distinguish between which of 2 people said something is __________.

A) reality testing
B) internal source monitoring
C) reality monitoring

Answer 1

D

Question 2

What sort of information can be used during source monitoring to help a person figure out which of 2 people, a male and a female, said a particular word during the course of an experiment?

A) perceptual detail
B) contextual information
C) cognitive operations
D) affective information

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The type of source monitoring that requires people to distinguish between what they did versus what they only thought about is __________.

A) reality testing
B) internal source monitoring
C) reality monitoring
D) external source monitoring

Answer 3

B

Question 4

What is true about reality monitoring in particular?

A) confusing somebody's idea with one's own
B) It is more likely that one mistakes an event that has actually happened for an event that was just imagined.
C) It is more likely that generated information is taken for real than vice versa.
D) The more similar sources are, the more difficult it is to find the real source.

Question 5

Distinguishing between memories of actual events and imagined events not involving one's own actions is called __________.

A) cryptomnesia
B) reality monitoring
C) internal source monitoring
D) output bias

Question 6

According to source monitoring theory, semantic details and affective information are more likely to be present for memories that are __________.

A) internally generated
B) externally generated
C) accurate
D) weakly stored

Question 7

Cryptomnesia, or unconscious plagiarism, is more likely to occur when __________.

A) a person is distracted during encoding
B) a person is distracted during retrieval
C) there is a large shift in context
D) there is a great deal of stability in context

Question 8

When people use source cuing, what are they doing?

A) using knowledge of where something came from to help them remember it
B) using information to help them identify a source
C) using source monitoring as a decision-making process
D) using source information to cue other people's memories

Question 9

Cryptomnesia refers to __________.

A) forgetting of previous plagiarism
B) very dense amnesia
D) chronic amnesia

Question 10

If you know that you heard something at school rather than at home, what sort of source information are you using to help you figure out from whom you learned something?

A) perceptual detail
B) contextual information
C) cognitive operations
D) affective information

Question 11

What type of source monitoring information is most likely to be present in a memory trace when used to make a reality monitoring decision that an event was only imagined?

A) perceptual detail
B) contextual information
D) affective information

Question 12

Cryptomnesia is an example of __________.

A) reality monitoring
B) external source monitoring
C) normal plagiarism
D) psychosomatic thinking

Question 13

Your friend uses an idea you suggested to her 2 years ago as her own without realizing it. This is an example of __________.

A) hypermnesia
B) cryptomnesia
C) plagiarism
D) recovered memory

Question 14

The type of source monitoring information that would be most indicative of internally generated memories is __________.

A) perceptual detail
B) affective information
C) contextual information
D) cognitive operations

Question 15

What type of information is NOT usually used to determine the source of a memory?

A) perceptual detail
B) contextual information
C) reality monitoring
D) affective information

Question 16

A dissociation between what is remembered and what actually happened is most likely to be caused by a problem with __________.

A) source monitoring
B) low arousal
C) divided attention
D) elevated retrieval activation

Question 17

When are you least likely to make source monitoring errors?

A) when someone has made you show them what you are going to do (rehearsal)
B) when the event happens often, so you have adequate practice
C) when your attention is focused during encoding
D) when you have thought about what you are going to do

Question 18

The type of source monitoring that requires you to distinguish between whether some other person actually said something or whether you just imagined that they said it is __________.

A) reality testing
B) internal source monitoring
C) reality monitoring
D) external source monitoring

Question 19

Source monitoring errors can lead to all of the following EXCEPT __________.

A) cryptomnesia
B) hypermnesia
C) false fame
D) eyewitness errors

Question 20

The _____ type of source monitoring involves differentiating ____________.

A) internal; what you thought about versus what you did
B) external; actual memories and imagined memories
C) reality; between 2 possible outside sources
D) personal; between whether you did something or someone else did something

Question 21

False memories are often reported __________.

A) later rather than earlier
B) at a rate similar to the primacy effect
C) earlier rather than later
D) at a rate similar to the recency effect

Question 22

False memories are more like to occur when __________.

A) people think abstractly
B) only the most confident memories are considered
C) the false memory is highly plausible
D) a person is very young

Question 23

What is the most noticeable consequence of additional memory reports generated under hypnosis?

A) hypermnesia
B) reduced memory (increased forgetting)
C) false memories
D) altered perspectives

Question 24

People's confidence and rate of reporting "remember" rather than "know" for false memories is __________.

A) similar to real memories
B) somewhat lower than for real memories
C) very much lower than for real memories
D) somewhat higher than for real memories

Question 25

What might increase the likelihood of a false memory?

A) using pictures instead of word lists
B) having words with a large number of associations
C) using items that are easily recallable
D) have people do a simple memory task instead of a source monitoring task

Question 26

False memories are more likely to occur __________.

A) in children
C) for very surprising events
D) early on during a memory report

Question 27

As reflected by the sleeper effect, the loss of source information can make __________.

A) a low-credibility message more credible
B) false memories seem real
C) a low-credibility message even less credible
D) memories of dreams seem real

Question 28

False memories are more likely to occur __________.

A) with increased attention
B) earlier than later
D) if nothing is known about a topic previously

Question 29

What is the sleeper effect?

A) the tendency to think that someone is famous because their name sounds familiar
B) unconsciously plagiarizing a source
C) forgetting the source of a memory from consolidation that occurs during sleep
D) forgetting that information came from a source that was not credible

Question 30

As reflected by the sleeper effect, the loss of source information can make __________.

A) a low-credibility message more credible
B) false memories seem real
C) a low-credibility message seem even less credible
D) memories of dreams seem real

Question 31

Which of the following does NOT boost false memory reports?

A) hypermnesia
B) use of imagery
C) increased organization
D) plausibility

Question 32

________ plays a primary role in producing the false fame effect.

A) Pre-experimental knowledge
B) Encoding familiarity
C) Proximity
D) Retrieval familiarity

Question 33

What is the wishful thinking bias?

A) a tendency for people to misremember desirable information as having come from reliable sources
B) a tendency for people to misremember desirable information as having come from unreliable sources
C) a tendency for people to accurately remember desirable information as having come from reliable sources
D) a tendency for people to accurately remember desirable information as having come from unreliable sources

Question 34

False fame reveals that memory judgments are often based on __________.

A) a conscious recollection of some event
B) extensive memory searches
C) increased neurological connections between the LGN and the hippocampus
D) feelings of familiarity

Question 35

Overall, true and false memories differ in their distribution of __________.

A) confidence reports
B) P300 ERP recordings
C) neither of these
D) both of these

Question 36

Altering one's opinions in the direction of information provided by a noncredible source after a period of time is called a __________.

A) source monitoring task
B) false fame effect
C) false memory
D) sleeper effect

Question 37

False memories can be generated by the process of integration when __________.

A) several memory traces become very old
B) a person is told a coherent story
C) several memory traces overlap in their content but refer to the different situations
D) several memory traces overlap in their content and refer to the same situation

Question 38

The false fame effect suggests that sometimes people make memory judgments based on __________.

A) source information
B) the number of memory traces used
C) recency
D) familiarity of the memory trace

Question 39

False memories are more likely to be reported __________.

A) later on in recall
B) at a very high rate
C) early on in recall
D) under divided attention

Question 40

The sleeper effect is __________.

A) an increase in belief change over time under all conditions
B) a greater change in attitude towards previously rejected opinions over time
C) independent of source monitoring
D) better memory for people who are allowed to sleep after learning

Question 41

What is NOT a way false memories can be implanted?

A) Make a random story up that isn't likely to happen.
B) Use a series of direct questions about the alleged event.
C) Have people overhear another person talking about the false event.
D) Have the person visualize the event.

Question 42

Which of the following is NOT an accurate reflection of the idea of false memories as a social contagion?

A) People are more likely to form a false memory if they hear that other people remembered something.
B) False memories are much more likely to occur when people recall information in a large group.
C) People are not more or less likely to report false memories when remembering in groups.
D) False memories are more likely to occur if the person giving the false memory is extroverted.

Question 43

To increase the likelihood that a person will accurately remember reality as it was, he or she could __________.

A) try taking different perspectives
B) accept all information that is retrieved from memory
C) repeatedly try to recall an event
D) try recalling things known not to be true
Short Answers

Question 44

When studying false integrations, people were more likely to recognize which of the following sentences during the Bransford and Franks (1971) recognition test?

A) The ants in the kitchen ate the jelly, which was on the table.
B) The ants ate the sweet jelly.
C) The ants in the kitchen were on the table.
D) The ants ate the jelly.

Question 45

What is true about many false memories?

A) People are the most confident about the false memory.
B) A false memory is usually random.
C) A false memory is usually among the first to be recalled.
D) A false memory is related to actual information.

Question 46

A study has people create mental images of themselves being robbed in high school. As a result, imagery inflation occurs, which is __________.

A) a greater likelihood of accepting a false memory
B) a greater likelihood of recovering false memories
C) better memory (less forgetting) for this event over time
D) an increase in mental capacity that comes with the active and vigorous use of imagination

Question 47

When hypnosis is used to help a person recover memories, it is likely that __________.

A) repressed memories will be recovered
B) false memories will be reduced
C) false memories will be created
D) hypermnesia will be eliminated

Question 48

With regard to the "recollect"/"know" distinction, implanted false memories are __________.

A) never recollected
B) frequently recollected
C) never known
D) unable to be classified on this dimension

Question 49

One effect of hypnosis on memory is that __________.

A) people are more liberal with what they consider an accurate memory
B) people are more conservative with what they consider an accurate memory
C) people become uncooperative with the hypnotist
D) it causes recovered memories to be permanently forgotten when the session is over

Question 50

Memories recovered under hypnosis are often __________.

A) correct
B) vague
C) high in confidence
D) self-oriented

Question 51

In distinguishing true from false memories, true memories are often _________.

A) more likely to be observer memories
B) richer in detail
C) more emotional
D) more likely to be "recollected"

Question 52

Which influence does emotion NOT have on the formation of false memories in the DRM paradigm?

A) People are more likely to form a false memory for emotionally negative information.
B) False memories are more likely to occur when a person is in a negative mood.
C) False memories are more likely to occur when a person is in a positive mood.
D) People are less likely to form a false memory for emotionally negative information,

Question 53

What are the different types of information people use when engaged in source monitoring?

Question 54

Under hypnosis, most of the information that is reported from memory is __________.

A) false
B) very difficult to retrieve otherwise
C) accurate
D) autobiographical

Question 55

What can be concluded from research involving hypnosis and memory?

A) Hypnosis makes little to no difference in recall of memories.
B) Hypnosis allows people to recall additional memories with very high accuracy.
C) Hypnosis allows people to recall additional memories with a high risk of inaccuracy.
D) Hypnosis allows people to recall additional memories with normal accuracy.

Question 56

A study has participants visualize themselves being lost in a mall as children, which leads to a greater likelihood of a false memory being created. This is called __________.

A) cryptomnesia
B) revelation effect
C) imagination inflation
D) sleeper effect

Question 57

The revelation effect states that people are more likely to identify information as old if it is __________.

A) revealed quickly
B) revealed with context
C) emotionally charged
D) revealed slowly

Question 58

A witness talks about a crime to her family, which changes her memory. This change in the accuracy of her memory in this case is called __________.

A) verbal overshadowing
B) revelation effect
C) sleeper effect
D) memory implantation

Question 59

Which if the following statements is true?

A) People can never implant false memories in themselves.
B) False memories always require very large amounts of time between exposure and testing to be observed.
C) People can induce false memories in themselves.
D) People can create false memories which are psychically transferred to other people.

Question 60

False memories can be implanted if a person __________.

A) is asked to remember only once
B) tries to retrieve a memory in a normal waking state
C) forms mental images to help remembering
D) willingly allows false information to become a memory

Question 61

how is the creation of false memories affected by emotional content? By the mood of the person?

Question 62

What is the false fame effect?

Question 63

What is cryptomnesia?

Question 64

What is the likely influence of hypnosis on memory?

Question 65

What are two consequences of problems with source monitoring?

Question 66

When does the revelation effect occur?

Question 67

When does the sleeper effect occur?

Question 68

What are the consequences of verbal overshadowing?

Question 69

What are the three types of source monitoring?

Question 70

What are two ways to increase the likelihood of false memories being created?