Deck 30: the Fetal Environment: a Lasting Impression

Question 1

Some of the earliest research on the fetal origins theory took place in

A)France.
B)South Africa.
C)Japan.
D)the Netherlands.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following is FALSE concerning research conducted on subjects born during weather- and war-related famines in Africa?

A)Cardiovascular disease is now the second leading cause of death in adults.
B)One-half of the cardiovascular deaths in the sub-Saharan population are among adults 30 to 69 years old.
C)Infectious disease accounts for the majority of deaths.
D)Low birth weight is associated with higher blood pressure in childhood and adolescence.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The negative impact of fetal exposure to malnutrition is worsened if followed by low nutrient intakes shortly after birth.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

The offspring of mothers who experienced low pregnancy weight gain have an increased risk of obesity in adulthood.

Question 5

Research suggests that there are lifelong consequences to any type of nutrient imbalance during pregnancy.

Question 6

Which of the following birth defects has NOT been linked to maternal obesity?

A)neural tube defects
B)cleft palate
C)heart defects
D)developmental delays

Question 7

The process by which a fetus's metabolism, hormone production, and other physiological processes shift in response to inadequate energy intake during pregnancy is called the

A)fetal adaptation theory.
B)fetal response theory.
C)fetal mutation theory.
D)fetal modification theory.

Question 8

Poor maternal intake of calcium increases the risk of what disease in the adult offspring?

A)osteoporosis
B)colon cancer
C)hypertension
D)obesity

Question 9

Studies have shown that the higher the body mass index is in childhood the greater the risk of developing insulin resistance in adulthood.

Question 10

According to certain studies, exposure of a fetus to famine in the first trimester of pregnancy can result in high risk for the development of what disease in adulthood?

A)osteoporosis
B)celiac disease
C)metabolic syndrome
D)colon cancer

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a risk in the offspring of women who smoke during pregnancy?

A)osteoporosis
B)hypertension
C)childhood allergies
D)respiratory diseases

Question 12

Which of the following statements is F regarding the consequences of the following maternal nutrient deficiencies during pregnancy?

A)Poor maternal intake of calcium during pregnancy results in a high risk of hypertension in offspring.
B)Poor maternal intake of folate during pregnancy is linked to the development of neural tube defects.
C)Low maternal intake of DHA and omega-3 fatty acid during pregnancy is associated with developmental delays in children.
D)Maternal zinc deficiency has no known consequences in adult offspring.

Question 13

The fetal adaptation theory indicates that a fetus exposed to starvation or malnutrition goes into a survival mode. Which of the following is NOT a fetal physiological response in this situation?

A)The production of hormones shifts to promote energy storage.
B)The activity of enzymes may increase or decrease.
C)There may be changes in the expression of certain genes.
D)The size and function of body organs, such as liver or kidneys, does not change.

Question 14

Smoking during pregnancy is dangerous to the fetus only during the first trimester of pregnancy.

Question 15

Research has shown that there is no association between fetal exposure to famine and future risk of chronic disease.