Deck 16: Psychopathology

Question 1

 Autism spectrum disorder affects

A) school-aged males and females equally.
B) about three times as many preschool-aged females as males.
C) about twice as many adult males as females.
D) about four times as many school-aged males as females.

Answer 1

about four times as many school-aged males as females.

Question 2

 Schizophrenia is far more likely to occur in people who are over 25 years of age.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

 Men and women are equally likely to demonstrate antisocial personality disorder (ASPD).

Answer 3

False

Question 4

 An interesting effect of Marquita's antidepressant medication is that it increases her amount of REM sleep.

Question 5

 Which of the following individuals is MOST likely to have a child with autism spectrum disorder?

A) Linda, a skilled mechanical engineer
B) Samantha, who like her partner is age 25
C) Susan, a gifted artist and poet
D) Ashley, an actress who regularly smokes marijuana

Question 6

 Mental disorders affect _________ percent of the U.S. population.

A) fewer than 1
B) about 26
C) about 52
D) about 77

Question 7

 Autism spectrum disorder usually becomes apparent

A) at birth.
B) within the first few years of life.
C) between the ages of three and six years.
D) at puberty.

Question 8

 Medications that influence the activity of serotonin, GABA, and glutamate have produced encouraging improvements in the behavior of children with autism spectrum disorder.

Question 9

 Women are more likely than men to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder but are about equally likely as men to be diagnosed with bipolar disorder.

Question 10

 Mental disorders

A) result from interactions between biology and experience.
B) always result from brain diseases.
C) always result from biochemical imbalances.
D) can be found in the majority of the human population.

Question 11

 Rates of mental disorders are

A) higher in the United States than in most other countries, due to superior diagnostic methods.
B) higher in the United States than in most other countries, due to higher levels of stress.
C) lower in the United States than in most other countries, due to the stigma attached to mental disorders within the public and medical communities.
D) lower in the United States than in most other countries, due to the higher levels of poverty, war, and stress outside the United States.

Question 12

 The concordance rate in identical twins for autism spectrum disorder is between _________ percent.

A) 10 and 17
B) 23 and 41
C) 53 and 65
D) 76 and 88

Question 13

 Autism spectrum disorder may be associated with

A) larger than normal amounts of neurotrophins.
B) reduced amounts of neurotrophins.
C) childhood exposure to viruses.
D) parenting style.

Question 14

 Hallucinations, such as hearing voices, are a common type of positive symptom experienced by patients with schizophrenia.

Question 15

 Among the most common mental disorders are

A) autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
B) schizophrenia and antisocial personality disorder (ASPD).
C) anxiety and depression.
D) ASPD and borderline personality disorder.

Question 16

 Dr. West's cat developed an exaggerated grooming habit that caused her to start going bald. The veterinarian said it wasn't impossible for animals to exhibit behavior that resembled obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Question 17

 Injections of sodium lactate can initiate a panic attack in individuals diagnosed with panic disorder.

Question 18

 Brain growth in autism spectrum disorder usually

A) proceeds at a normal rate.
B) first accelerates and then decelerates relative to healthy controls.
C) first decelerates and then accelerates relative to healthy controls.
D) proceeds at an increased rate throughout childhood and adolescence.

Question 19

 According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM), the depression that sometimes accompanies bipolar disorder is quite different than the depression seen in cases of major depressive disorder.

Question 20

 Dr. Gossard is interested in studying individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) because she is curious about the fact that people with known frontal lobe damage behave similarly to those with ADHD.

Question 21

 Claud has been diagnosed with ________ because he has been having delusional thoughts, which his doctor explained are a _______ symptom.

A) schizophrenia; positive
B) schizophrenia; negative
C) bipolar disorder; positive
D) bipolar disorder; negative

Question 22

 Professor Peach is giving a lecture on schizophrenia. She tells her class that

A) men are diagnosed more often than women.
B) women are diagnosed about twice as often as men.
C) women are diagnosed about three times as often as men.
D) men and women are diagnosed at about the same rates.

Question 23

 Misti is studying for a quiz on psychopathology. She writes in her notes that ______ is/are a positive symptom of schizophrenia.

A) hallucinations
B) social withdrawal
C) mood disturbance
D) lack of motivation

Question 24

 Compared with healthy controls, people with autism spectrum disorder show

A) increased numbers of minicolumns.
B) reduced numbers of minicolumns.
C) minicolumns that are closer together.
D) larger minicolumns.

Question 25

 When patients with schizophrenia perform behaviors that we would not expect to see in a typical person, we refer to these behaviors as _________ symptoms.

A) negative
B) positive
C) active-phase
D) prodromal

Question 26

 Professor Windell is lecturing her class about psychopathology. She reports that using medication for treating ASD symptoms

A) has been more effective than behavioral treatments.
B) is effective with high-functioning children but has little effect on low-functioning children.
C) has not yet been evaluated scientifically due to ethical concerns.
D) has been ineffective.

Question 27

 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may involve abnormalities in all of the following EXCEPT the

A) hippocampus.
B) hypothalamus.
C) amygdala.
D) basal ganglia.

Question 28

 Your parents have been advised to give your little brother methylphenidate (Ritalin) as treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). What advice would you give them?

A) Don't bother. The drug rarely produces any improvements in behavior.
B) Make sure the diagnosis is correct, as Ritalin has no effect on behavior unless you really have ADHD.
C) Proceed with caution. Ritalin can improve behavior, but it also produces significant side effects.
D) Try giving him a cup of coffee first, and if he reacts well to that, he probably will respond well to Ritalin, too.

Question 29

 Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

A) show consistent deficits in gray matter growth beginning in early childhood.
B) may simply need more time for their brains to mature than other children.
C) show obvious signs of brain damage, particularly in the frontal lobes.
D) cannot be expected to improve as they mature.

Question 30

 Most cases of schizophrenia are diagnosed for the first time between _________ years of age.

A) 10 and 12
B) 12 and 18
C) 18 and 25
D) 25 and 40

Question 31

 Which of the following statements correctly describes the relationship between gender and schizophrenia?

A) Men and women are equally likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia.
B) Women are about twice as likely as men to be diagnosed with schizophrenia.
C) Men are slightly more likely than women to be diagnosed with schizophrenia.
D) Men are about twice as likely as women to be diagnosed with schizophrenia.

Question 32

 Butch is studying for a quiz on psychopathology. He writes in his notes that ______ is/are a negative symptom of schizophrenia.

A) delusions
B) hallucinations
C) psychotic episodes
D) social withdrawal

Question 33

 In 2011, approximately how many American children between the ages of 4 and 17 years were diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

A) less than 1 percent
B) about 7-8 percent
C) about 11 percent
D) about 15 percent

Question 34

 Research by Angold et al. (2000) on the use of medication for ADHD found that

A) there is no evidence that children are being inappropriately medicated.
B) fewer than 5 percent of children on medication are being inappropriately medicated.
C) more than half of children on medication are being inappropriately medicated.
D) medication is rarely used to treat the disorder.

Question 35

 Autism spectrum disorder may be associated with structural abnormalities in the

A) basal ganglia, raphe nucleus, and hippocampus.
B) cerebellum, amygdala, and hippocampus.
C) orbitofrontal cortex, corpus callosum, and cingulate cortex.
D) locus coeruleus, red nucleus and hippocampus.

Question 36

 Professor McEwen tells his class that, worldwide, schizophrenia is diagnosed in approximately _________ percent of the population.

A) 0.7
B) 1.5
C) 5
D) 7

Question 37

 The heritability of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is _________

A) less than 10 percent.
B) between 20 and 40 percent.
C) between 40 and 60 percent.
D) 70 percent or higher.

Question 38

 Research into the molecular causes of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have shown that abnormal ________ might contribute to ASD through their participation in the pruning of synapses during development

A) microglia
B) astrocytes
C) oligodendrocytes
D) mirror neurons

Question 39

 Jamar has been diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). He is most likely to be treated with

A) intensive behavioral therapies, similar to those used to treat autism.
B) medication with tranquilizers.
C) medication with stimulant drugs, possibly in conjunction with behavioral therapies.
D) medication with antidepressant drugs.

Question 40

 When patients with schizophrenia fail to perform behaviors considered to be normal, we refer to these "missing" behaviors as _________ symptoms.

A) negative
B) positive
C) active-phase
D) prodromal

Question 41

 Schizophrenia may be associated with

A) the mercury found in routine childhood immunizations.
B) routine prenatal ultrasound.
C) contracting influenza in early childhood.
D) prenatal exposure to viruses.

Question 42

 Schizophrenia patients might self-medicate with _____ as it has been shown to provide relief from problems in more general executive functioning and inhibitory control as well as the aberrant eye movements

A) nicotine
B) caffeine
C) heroin
D) alcohol

Question 43

 Research has identified several factors that might explain the prevalence of schizophrenia in urban environments. One of them is the stress related to

A) "keeping up" with neighbors financially, by buying expensive houses and cars.
B) commuting long distances to work.
C) racism.
D) outdoor noise levels.

Question 44

 The Petersons' child has schizophrenia. It is possible that his ______ played a significant role.

A) high birth weight
B) abnormally large head circumference
C) birth complications such as lack of oxygen and emergency caesarean section
D) abnormally high neurotrophin levels in umbilical blood

Question 45

 Professor Ruggs tells her class that research has shown that schizophrenia occurs

A) most frequently among people from the upper and middle socioeconomic statuses.
B) most frequently among people from the lower socioeconomic status.
C) without respect to a person's socioeconomic status.
D) more commonly among men from the lower socioeconomic status and women from the upper and middle socioeconomic statuses.

Question 46

 The abnormal saccades seen in relatives of people with schizophrenia are

A) eye movements during the visual tracking of a stimulus.
B) eye movements during REM sleep.
C) EEG waveforms recorded over the occipital lobe.
D) chemicals found in the cerebrospinal fluid.

Question 47

 Brooks has schizophrenia. It would be expected that his hippocampus would be

A) smaller than normal.
B) larger than normal.
C) unusually disorganized.
D) displaced within the brain compared to someone without schizophrenia

Question 48

 Which of the following individuals has the highest risk of being diagnosed with schizophrenia?

A) a 23-year-old woman whose mother was diagnosed with bipolar disorder
B) a 62-year-old man born in Panama
C) a 5-year-old child diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
D) a 42-year-old man who uses heroin regularly

Question 49

 According to some researchers, the brains of people with schizophrenia are

A) more symmetrical in structure and function than brains of typical controls.
B) more symmetrical in structure, but not function, compared to brains of typical controls.
C) more symmetrical in function, but not structure, compared to brains of typical controls.
D) less symmetrical in structure and function than brains of typical controls.

Question 50

 Professor Heggestad tells his class that research has found that patients with schizophrenia have

A) low metabolic activity throughout the brain.
B) less metabolic activity in the temporal lobes than in the frontal lobes.
C) hypofrontality, or less activity in the frontal lobes.
D) overactivity in the right hemisphere.

Question 51

 Studies of rates of schizophrenia among adopted children have shown that

A) the presence of schizophrenia in the adopted parents correlated with schizophrenia in the adopted children.
B) the presence of schizophrenia in the biological parents correlated with schizophrenia in the adopted children.
C) the presence of schizophrenia in the adopted parents appeared to be as important as the presence of schizophrenia in the biological parents in predicting outcomes of the adopted children.
D) schizophrenia neither in the adopted parents nor in the biological parents appeared related to the presence of schizophrenia in the adopted children.

Question 52

 The case study of the Genain quadruplets indicates that

A) genetics play a major role in schizophrenia, with little, if any, influence from the environment.
B) the environment plays a major role in schizophrenia, with little, if any, influence from genetics.
C) genetics play a strong role in schizophrenia, but environmental factors contribute as well.
D) environmental factors play the strongest role in schizophrenia, but genetics contribute slightly to the outcomes.

Question 53

 The same genes that contribute to schizophrenia might also be involved in the development of

A) panic disorder.
B) antisocial personality disorder (ASPD).
C) major depressive disorder.
D) bipolar disorder.

Question 54

 If your identical twin has schizophrenia, what does that mean for you?

A) If you inherited the gene for schizophrenia, you will be diagnosed with schizophrenia too.
B) Your chances of being diagnosed with schizophrenia are not increased as long as you were not raised by the same parents.
C) Your chances of being diagnosed with schizophrenia are the same as the rest of the population-about 1 percent.
D) You have about a 50 percent chance of also being diagnosed with schizophrenia.

Question 55

 Schizophrenia occurs

A) more frequently in rural than in urban environments.
B) more frequently in urban than in rural environments.
C) about as frequently in urban as in rural environments.
D) more frequently in rural environments in wealthy countries and in urban environments in poorer countries.

Question 56

 Use of which of the following substances has been implicated in the development of schizophrenia in vulnerable individuals?

A) MDMA (ecstasy)
B) methamphetamine
C) heroin
D) marijuana

Question 57

 Elia and Leslie are fraternal twins. Elia was recently diagnosed with schizophrenia. What are Leslie's chances of also being diagnosed?

A) 50 percent
B) 17 percent
C) 25 percent
D) 100 percent

Question 58

 How should we interpret the correlation between schizophrenia and birth complications?

A) Birth complications clearly cause schizophrenia in the mother.
B) Birth complications clearly lead to the later development of schizophrenia in the child.
C) Infants who will later develop schizophrenia are difficult to carry and deliver.
D) Birth complications may trigger schizophrenia, or an infant who is vulnerable to schizophrenia may be difficult to carry and deliver, or both.

Question 59

 The concordance rate among identical twins for schizophrenia is approximately _________ percent.

A) 10
B) 25
C) 50
D) 90

Question 60

 Ventricular enlargement of the brains of some patients with schizophrenia appears to develop from

A) increased fluid pressure in the ventricles from blocking of fluid pathways.
B) increases in the volume of adjacent neural tissue.
C) death of neurons in adjacent areas.
D) increased production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Question 61

 Howard has schizophrenia. Compared to healthy children his age, he is expected to have

A) less brain growth in the teen years.
B) excessive brain growth in the teen years.
C) excessive loss of gray matter during his teen years.
D) excessive loss of white matter during his teen years.

Question 62

 Tardive dyskinesia may result from

A) medication with either typical or atypical antipsychotics.
B) medication with typical antipsychotics but not atypical antipsychotics.
C) overactivity in GABA neurons.
D) increases in dopamine activity associated with schizophrenia.

Question 63

 Bipolar disorder affects about _________ percent of the U.S. population in a given year.

A) 0.8
B) 2.6
C) 5.6
D) 10

Question 64

 In the treatment of schizophrenia, an advantage of the atypical antipsychotics over typical antipsychotics is their

A) lack of side effects.
B) superiority in treating positive symptoms.
C) superiority in treating negative symptoms.
D) ability to enhance dopamine activity.

Question 65

 You are responsible for treating a patient who has just taken a large amount of PCP. Which of the following might help your patient?

A) a drug that acts as a dopamine agonist
B) a drug that acts as a dopamine antagonist
C) a drug that acts as a glutamate antagonist
D) MDMA (ecstasy) to promote increased serotonin activity

Question 66

 When used to treat schizophrenia, typical antipsychotics are

A) effective against negative symptoms but not against positive symptoms.
B) effective against positive symptoms but not against negative symptoms.
C) equally effective against both positive and negative symptoms.
D) ineffective against both positive and negative symptoms.

Question 67

 Some patients given L-dopa to control the symptoms of Parkinson's disease reportedly

A) develop Tourette's syndrome.
B) become euphoric.
C) experience panic attacks.
D) develop symptoms similar to schizophrenia.

Question 68

 Most medications used to reduce positive symptoms of schizophrenia act as

A) dopamine agonists.
B) dopamine antagonists.
C) serotonin agonists.
D) serotonin antagonists.

Question 69

 Substantial drops in the population of patients institutionalized for mental disorders coincided with

A) the use of typical antipsychotics to treat schizophrenia.
B) the use of clozapine to treat schizophrenia.
C) the widespread use of psychosocial rehabilitation.
D) reduced exposure of pregnant women to viruses.

Question 70

 Mania is characterized by

A) loss of interest in pleasurable activities.
B) thoughts of death and suicide.
C) boundless energy and elevated mood.
D) depressed motor activity.

Question 71

 Professor Geib tells his class that some patients taking antipsychotics might develop symptoms of tardive dyskinesia, which suggests that the medications are interfering with _______ systems in the body.

A) sensory
B) motor
C) executive
D) emotional

Question 72

 Prior to puberty, symptoms of bipolar disorder are

A) more common in males than females.
B) more common in females than males.
C) as common as in adults.
D) diagnosed as disruptive mood dysregulation disorder.

Question 73

 One problem with the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia is

A) the lack of response to dopamine agonists shown by some patients.
B) the lack of response to dopamine antagonists shown by some patients.
C) research findings showing people with schizophrenia produce abnormal amounts of dopamine.
D) research findings showing people with schizophrenia have normal numbers of dopamine receptors.

Question 74

 Which of the following best describes the actions of typical and atypical antipsychotic medications?

A) Both types of medication act as dopamine agonists.
B) Both types of medication act as dopamine antagonists.
C) Typical antipsychotics act as dopamine antagonists, but atypical antipsychotics act as dopamine agonists.
D) Typical antipsychotics act as dopamine antagonists, and atypical antipsychotics act on other neurotransmitters in addition to dopamine.

Question 75

 Jamison is studying for a quiz and was surprised to read that bipolar disorder was

A) more common in men than women.
B) more common in women than men.
C) equally common in men and women.
D) about three times as common in women as in men.

Question 76

 Dr. Weimer has noticed that many of his patients with schizophrenia have

A) abnormally low amounts of serotonin.
B) abnormally low amounts of dopamine.
C) increased numbers of glutamate receptors in their brains.
D) reduced numbers of glutamate receptors in their brains.

Question 77

 If medication with antipsychotics is discontinued, tardive dyskinesia

A) disappears immediately.
B) disappears after a period of about six months to a year.
C) disappears after a period of about three years.
D) can continue indefinitely and may be permanent.

Question 78

 A patient was brought into the ER with unusual, schizophrenic-like symptoms. Until bloodwork was done, the doctors couldn't tell if the patient had schizophrenia or had been using large doses of

A) amphetamines.
B) marijuana.
C) heroin.
D) MDMA (ecstasy).

Question 79

 The World Health Organization (WHO) published data suggesting that

A) patients with schizophrenia recovered more frequently in wealthy countries like the United States than in developing countries like India, Nigeria, and Colombia.
B) patients with schizophrenia recovered more frequently in developing countries like India, Nigeria, and Colombia than in wealthier countries.
C) psychosocial approaches to schizophrenia were a waste of time and resources.
D) psychosocial approaches were used in treating the vast majority of patients with schizophrenia in the United States but rarely in developing countries.

Question 80

 Why are researchers investigating a possible role for glutamate in schizophrenia?

A) Known antipsychotic medications have their primary effects on glutamate.
B) People with schizophrenia have abnormal levels of glutamate activity.
C) Phencyclidine (PCP) use, which affects glutamate systems, mimics most symptoms of schizophrenia.
D) Glutamate levels are directly influenced by cocaine and amphetamine.