Deck 1: What Is Behavioral Neuroscience?

Question 1

 The process of trepanation

A) always killed the patient.
B) may have been done to release demons or relieve feelings of pressure.
C) appears to have been performed after a person died.
D) was first used during the sixteenth century in Europe.

Answer 1

may have been done to release demons or relieve feelings of pressure.

Question 2

 Questions about the activity of the brain can be investigated using positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

Answer 2

True

Question 3

 During the process of mummification, early Egyptians discarded the

A) heart.
B) brain.
C) lungs.
D) stomach.

Answer 3

brain.

Question 4

 Electroencephalograms (EEGs) were first developed and used by Raymond Damadian in Germany in 1924.

Question 5

 Stimulation of the brain using optogenetics is more precise than stimulation through surgically implanted electrodes.

Question 6

 Biological psychology can be defined as the branch of psychology that studies the biological foundations of behavior, emotions, and mental processes.

Question 7

 You are a licensed clinical counselor. A 35-year-old woman comes to you who has always been very optimistic and cheerful but suddenly is extremely depressed. There has been no change in her life circumstances, and she is aware of nothing that could be causing this depression. Given what you have learned so far, what is the first thing you might suggest to her?

A) She should see her doctor for a complete physical and perhaps even see a neurologist to rule out any underlying physical problem.
B) She probably has some deep underlying resentment of her parents that she needs to admit to before she will be able to get better.
C) The whole family should come in for therapy, as there is obviously something going on somewhere that is not obvious.
D) She should see a psychiatrist and get medication for the depression first and foremost, then talk therapy will probably be able to help her.

Question 8

 Which of the following provide(s) evidence for early, accurate understanding of the function of the human brain?

A) phrenology
B) Egyptian mummification
C) the Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus and the writings of Hippocrates
D) trepanation and the writings of Aristotle

Question 9

 It is important for students of psychology to learn about the biological basis of brain function to be a counselor because it allows them to

A) be able to diagnose mental illness in public settings.
B) be able to recognize a neurological condition underlying psychological symptoms in a client.
C) be able to prescribe medications correctly for your clients.
D) have clear knowledge about all of neuroscience.

Question 10

 The pathways of the brain can be studied using either myelin stains or horseradish peroxidase.

Question 11

 Biological psychology is best defined as the

A) study of the mind.
B) science of brain and behavior.
C) study of behavior and mental processes.
D) branch of psychology that studies the biological foundations of behavior, emotions, and mental processes.

Question 12

 Who correctly identified epilepsy as originating in the brain?

A) Galen
B) Aristotle
C) Herophilus
D) Hippocrates

Question 13

 The Egyptian author of the Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus understood that

A) paralysis and lack of sensation in the body resulted from nervous system damage.
B) the brain is the source of every documented type of intelligence.
C) functions can be localized in the brain and the spinal cord, both of which comprise the central nervous system.
D) the brain is made up of trillions of separate cells.

Question 14

 Microdialysis can be used to assess the chemicals present in a very small area of the brain.

Question 15

 Federal guidelines for using human participants in research apply to all organizations and individuals receiving federal funding.

Question 16

 Repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) can be used to help treat those who suffer from auditory hallucinations associated with schizophrenia.

Question 17

 If the concordance rate for a psychological disorder is 60 percent, this means that genetics determine 60 percent of a person's risk and the environment contributes the other 40 percent.

Question 18

 Santiago Ramón y Cajal is best known for demonstrating that neurons generate electrical signals.

Question 19

 The Egyptian author of the Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus understood that

A) the ventricles are not the source of behavior.
B) epilepsy is a brain disturbance.
C) most nervous system damage is relatively permanent.
D) information about sensation and movement is carried by separate nerves.

Question 20

 Trepanation is a(an)

A) ancient practice of drilling holes in a person's skull.
B) type of mummification.
C) postmortem ritual.
D) technique involving the analysis of the bumps on the skull.

Question 21

 Which of the following made the Neuron Doctrine possible?

A) the light microscope and the use of stains in histology
B) the ability to apply electricity through wires
C) fewer restrictions on animal research
D) fewer restrictions on human dissection

Question 22

 The Neuron Doctrine pertains to the

A) use of electricity by neurons in communication.
B) localization of language to the left hemisphere.
C) separate pathways used for processing sensory and motor information
D) nervous system as a collection of separate cells.

Question 23

 Experiments in which the cortices of rabbits and dogs were stimulated electrically were carried out by

A) Paul Broca.
B) Santiago Ramón y Cajal.
C) Fritsch and Hitzig.
D) Camillo Golgi.

Question 24

 Anton van Leeuwenhoek advanced brain science by

A) demonstrating that neurons communicate via electricity.
B) demonstrating that sensory and motor information travel along separate pathways.
C) inventing the light microscope.
D) proposing the Neuron Doctrine.

Question 25

 Monism is defined as a philosophical view that considers

A) mind to be the product of activity in the brain.
B) mind and body to be separate entities.
C) the senses as the source of knowledge.
D) reality to exist when it enters the thinking of an observer.

Question 26

 Your former roommate's personality has changed a great deal since an accident injured his frontal cortex. This observation offers support for the _________ view of the mind-body connection.

A) phrenologistic
B) monistic
C) socialization
D) dualistic

Question 27

 Although phrenology is mostly wrong, what did phrenologists get right about the nervous system?

A) The ventricles play a major role in the transmission of messages in the brain.
B) Sensation and movement have separate pathways.
C) Neurons communicate using electrical signals.
D) Some functions can be localized in the brain.

Question 28

 Rene Descartes was a dualist, believing the mind and body are different entities. Which of the following statements is true regarding his understanding?

A) The mind is the product of neural activity.
B) The mind exists in both human and nonhuman animals.
C) The mind forms an indivisible whole with the body.
D) The mind is not a physical entity that can be studied.

Question 29

 What mistaken notion about the nervous system persisted from ancient times up through the work of some Renaissance thinkers?

A) The ventricles play a major role in the transmission of messages in the brain.
B) The heart is the organ of intellect.
C) Damage to the brain is easily repaired.
D) The muscular tremors that characterize epilepsy do not originate in the brain.

Question 30

 Gall and Spurzheim are responsible for

A) the Neuron Doctrine.
B) establishing the electrical nature of neural communication.
C) demonstrating that sensory and motor information uses separate pathways.
D) proposing the "science" of phrenology.

Question 31

 The microscope was invented by

A) Anton van Leeuwenhoek.
B) Camillo Golgi.
C) Santiago Ramón y Cajal.
D) Vernon Mountcastle.

Question 32

 Which of the following outcomes were among the implications of Rene Descartes's mind-body dualism?

A) Increased animal experimentation due to the belief that humans and animals had much in common.
B) Animal experimentation that appears cruel by modern standards, due to the belief that only humans possessed "mind."
C) Avoidance of animal experimentation due to respect for the animal "mind."
D) Improvements in ethical guidelines for the use of animals in research due to the recognition of animal "minds."

Question 33

 We know today that Santiago Ramón y Cajal's Neuron Doctrine is true, but what theory competed with the Neuron Doctrine as recently as the early 1900s?

A) the Bell-Magendie law
B) Camillo Golgi's view of the nervous system as an interconnected network
C) Luigi Galvani's proposal that nerves communicate using electricity
D) phrenology

Question 34

 Which of the following thinkers believed that the ventricles played an important role in transmitting information to and from the brain?

A) Aristotle
B) Galen
C) Magendie
D) Herophilus

Question 35

 ________ demonstrated that communication in the nervous system is accomplished electrically.

A) Descartes
B) Galvani and du Bois-Reymond
C) Golgi and Cajal
D) van Leeuwenhoek

Question 36

 The work of Fritsch and Hitzig provided further evidence for the

A) Neuron Doctrine.
B) accuracy phenomenon.
C) localization of some functions in the brain.
D) Bell-Magendie law.

Question 37

 The Neuron Doctrine was proposed by

A) Descartes.
B) Bell and Magendie.
C) Camillo Golgi.
D) Santiago Ramón y Cajal.

Question 38

 The localization of language functions in the brain was observed by

A) Paul Broca.
B) Santiago Ramón y Cajal.
C) Fritsch and Hitzig.
D) Camillo Golgi.

Question 39

 Localization of function in the brain became established in large part due to the work of

A) Descartes.
B) Santiago Ramón y Cajal.
C) Broca, Fritsch, and Hitzig.
D) Hughlings Jackson.

Question 40

 Descartes's mind-body dualism is defined as a philosophical view that considers

A) mind to be the product of neural activity.
B) mind and body to be separate entities.
C) reality to exist only when perceived by an observer.
D) the senses as the source of knowledge.

Question 41

 The term synapse, meaning the point of communication between two neurons, was first used by

A) Charles Sherrington.
B) Santiago Ramón y Cajal.
C) John Hughlings Jackson.
D) Otto Loewi.

Question 42

 Structures at the synapse may be viewed with

A) optogenetics.
B) a light or electron microscope.
C) the naked eye.
D) a CT scanner.

Question 43

 If you want to identify clusters of cell bodies in a sample of tissue, it would be best to use the

A) Golgi silver stain.
B) Nissl stain.
C) myelin stain.
D) horseradish peroxidase stain.

Question 44

 CT scanning is based on

A) the gamma camera.
B) histology.
C) x-ray technology.
D) magnetism.

Question 45

 Examination of a body after death is known as

A) autopsy.
B) phrenology.
C) microdialysis.
D) optogenetics.

Question 46

 The existence of chemical signaling at the synapse was first demonstrated by

A) Charles Sherrington.
B) Santiago Ramón y Cajal.
C) John Hughlings Jackson.
D) Otto Loewi.

Question 47

 Dr. Jones argues that higher levels of the brain inhibit aggressive impulses originating in lower levels of the brain. It is likely that Dr. Jones has been most directly influenced in her thinking by the work of

A) Santiago Ramón y Cajal.
B) John Hughlings Jackson.
C) Franz Josef Gall.
D) Luigi Galvani.

Question 48

 In his study of the biology of sexual orientation, Simon LeVay (1991) used the method of

A) phrenology.
B) histology.
C) CT scanning.
D) fMRI.

Question 49

 John Hughlings Jackson is best known for

A) demonstrating the localization of language in the brain.
B) the Neuron Doctrine.
C) mind-body dualism.
D) viewing the nervous system as a hierarchy.

Question 50

 "Fixing" tissue to be viewed refers to

A) slicing tissue into thin slices.
B) preserving the tissue by freezing or by the use of formalin.
C) mounting tissue on slides.
D) deciding which tissue to observe.

Question 51

 If you want to observe a small number of cells in detail, it would be best to use the

A) Golgi silver stain.
B) Nissl stain.
C) myelin stain.
D) horseradish peroxidase stain.

Question 52

 A microtome is a

A) stain.
B) fixative.
C) machine used to slice tissue.
D) type of microscope.

Question 53

 Modern CT images differ from earlier versions in that they

A) no longer use x-rays.
B) are safer for the participant as well as the x-ray technician.
C) can be used to construct three-dimensional images.
D) can be used to measure activity in a structure.

Question 54

 To follow the pathways carrying information from one part of the brain to another, it would be best to use the

A) Golgi silver stain.
B) Nissl stain.
C) myelin stain.
D) antibody stain.

Question 55

 PET scans were made possible by the development of

A) the gamma camera.
B) x-rays.
C) powerful magnets.
D) histology techniques.

Question 56

 Electron microscopes are capable of magnifications up to _________ times.

A) 1,000
B) 100,000
C) 1 million
D) 10 million

Question 57

 Particular proteins in cells can be identified using ________ in a process known as immunohistochemistry.

A) the Golgi silver stain
B) the Nissl stain
C) horseradish peroxidase
D) antibodies

Question 58

 A researcher is interested in discovering if one part of the brain, the orbitofrontal cortex, connects directly to another part of the brain, the amygdala. Which of the following experimental methods would be the most appropriate for this purpose?

A) Inject horseradish peroxidase into a rat's amygdala and then see if cells in the orbitofrontal cortex are stained.
B) Inject a human volunteer with a radioactive glucose and see what part of his brain is active while viewing an emotionally charged set of pictures using a PET scan.
C) Look at a human brain with fMRI to see if the orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala are active at the same times.
D) Stimulate the orbitofrontal cortex of a human volunteer during neurosurgery.

Question 59

 The study of microscopic structures and tissues is known as

A) histology.
B) phrenology.
C) staining.
D) imaging.

Question 60

 If you want to locate a pathway's point of origin, it would be best to use

A) the Golgi silver stain.
B) the Nissl stain.
C) the myelin stain.
D) horseradish peroxidase.

Question 61

 Although his ability to speak is otherwise normal, a patient suffering from a stroke is having difficulty naming common everyday objects, such as tools. In order to determine which part of the brain is functioning abnormally, his doctor may use which of the following techniques?

A) Inject the patient with horseradish peroxidase and look at his brain during an autopsy.
B) Do a CT scan on the brain to see what area is not functioning.
C) Use fMRI to compare the activity of the brains of the patient and normal volunteers when they are presented with pictures of various tools.
D) During neurosurgery on the patient, stimulate his brain to see what part is not functioning.

Question 62

 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technology is based on

A) magnetism.
B) radioactivity.
C) x-rays.
D) the gamma camera.

Question 63

 The BOLD effect is important in which of the following technologies?

A) PET
B) CT
C) Electroencephalography (EEG)
D) fMRI

Question 64

 Which of the following contemporary technologies was previewed by nineteenth century physiologist Angelo Mosso's work with patients who had head injuries?

A) PET
B) CT
C) Electroencephalography (EEG)
D) fMRI

Question 65

 In MRI technology, the area of the body to be imaged is exposed to

A) x-rays.
B) radioactivity.
C) radio frequency (RF) pulses.
D) a gamma camera.

Question 66

 Quantitative analysis of modern electroencephalography (EEG) recordings can be used to

A) construct 3-D maps of brain activity.
B) generate high resolution images of brain structures.
C) identify the neurochemicals active in particular parts of the brain.
D) track the utilization of glucose and oxygen by the brain.

Question 67

 PET scans

A) expose the participant to x-rays.
B) expose the participant to strong magnets.
C) utilize detectors of radioactive tracers.
D) require the participant to wear a helmet containing sensors.

Question 68

 Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) takes advantage of the fact that compared with less active neurons, more active neurons require greater amounts of

A) hydrogen.
B) oxygen.
C) gamma radiation.
D) magnetism.

Question 69

 Traditionally, electroencephalography (EEG) is most commonly used to study

A) emotion.
B) psychopathology.
C) states of consciousness and epilepsy.
D) learning and memory.

Question 70

 In MRI technologies, we use the term voxel to refer to

A) the rate at which atoms spin.
B) the strength of the magnets being used.
C) a small area of tissue to be assigned a pixel of appropriate color or darkness.
D) a gamma ray released during the breakdown of a radioactive tracer.

Question 71

 Future law enforcement personnel might possibly be able to use which of the following technologies to assess whether a person is being truthful or not?

A) PET
B) magnetoencephalography (MEG)
C) fMRI
D) repeated rTMS

Question 72

 Joan has a seizure disorder. Her doctors are most likely to assess her progress using which of the following technologies?

A) PET
B) CT
C) Electroencephalography (EEG)
D) fMRI

Question 73

 In MRI technology, powerful magnets are used to align

A) oxygen atoms.
B) hydrogen atoms.
C) glucose molecules.
D) water molecules.

Question 74

 Compared with PET scans, fMRI provides

A) more information about brain activity.
B) better structural resolution.
C) fewer side effects.
D) more economical imaging.

Question 75

 Naomi Eisenberger and her colleagues are interested in whether or not brain activity correlates with feelings of social rejection. If you were advising Dr. Eisenberger, which technology would you recommend for her study?

A) MRI
B) CT
C) Electroencephalography (EEG)
D) fMRI

Question 76

 Hemoglobin's magnetic properties change when it is

A) combined with oxygen.
B) combined with glucose.
C) bombarded with gamma rays.
D) exposed to x-rays.

Question 77

 Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) requires

A) stronger magnets than those used in MRI.
B) the injection of radioactive substances into the participant.
C) larger numbers of gamma cameras than in MRI.
D) multiple images taken in a short period of time.

Question 78

 In PET scans, colors are assigned that reflect the

A) density of tissue in a particular area.
B) response of the cells in a particular area to magnetism.
C) magnetic output of an area of the brain.
D) amount of activity in a particular area of the brain.

Question 79

 A red area in a PET scan typically indicates that the area is showing ________ activity.

A) high
B) moderate
C) low
D) no

Question 80

 The first EEG recordings were made by

A) Phelps and Hoffman.
B) Wilhelm Röntgen.
C) Hans Berger.
D) Hounsfield and Cormack.