Deck 2: Functional Neuroanatomy and the Evolution of the Nervous System

Question 1

 The parietal lobes are found rostral to the occipital lobes and posterior to the frontal lobes.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

 A person's hand is __________ relative to his or her elbow.

A) proximal
B) distal
C) contralateral
D) ipsilateral

Answer 2

distal

Question 3

 A dog's ears are __________ relative to its tail.

A) rostral
B) caudal
C) dorsal
D) ventral

Answer 3

rostral

Question 4

 Structures located relatively toward the belly of a four-legged animal are referred to as

A) rostral.
B) caudal.
C) dorsal.
D) ventral.

Question 5

 The thalamus and hypothalamus are the central structures in the limbic system.

Question 6

 The reticular formation extends from the medulla through the pons and into the midbrain.

Question 7

 The amygdala participates in emotional behavior and is particularly important in the fear response.

Question 8

 An imaginary line that runs the length of the spinal cord to the front of the brain is known as the

A) sagittal slice.
B) proximal.
C) neuraxis.
D) plane of section.

Question 9

 The primary auditory cortex is found in the parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex.

Question 10

 All cranial nerves carry both sensory and motor information to and from the brain.

Question 11

 Your right arm is ____ to your left arm.

A) proximal
B) distal
C) ipsilateral
D) contralateral

Question 12

 Nerves originating in the lumbar division of the spinal cord serve the lower back and legs.

Question 13

 Which of the following pairs of terms mean the same thing in a four-legged animal?

A) ventral-superior
B) dorsal-inferior
C) rostral-anterior
D) caudal-ipsilateral

Question 14

 The cerebellum is part of the diencephalon.

Question 15

 Structures located relatively toward the tail of a four-legged animal are referred to as

A) rostral.
B) caudal.
C) dorsal.
D) ventral.

Question 16

 The neuraxis runs in a straight line

A) parallel to the ground in four-legged animals and humans.
B) perpendicular to the ground in four-legged animals and humans.
C) parallel to the ground in four-legged animals but makes a 80-degree turn in the brains of humans.
D) parallel to the ground in humans but makes a 80-degree turn in the brains of four-legged animals.

Question 17

 Neurons comprising the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system are located in the brain and sacral divisions of the spinal cord.

Question 18

 The arachnoid layer of the meninges is found in both the central and peripheral nervous systems.

Question 19

 The primary somatosensory cortex is located in the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe.

Question 20

 From early versions of the hominin up until current Homo sapiens, the brain has undergone virtually no change in size.

Question 21

 Which of the meninges is described as a leatherlike tissue that follows the contours of the skull bones?

A) pia mater
B) dura mater
C) arachnoid layer
D) subarachnoid space

Question 22

 Most of the neural input to your left eyebrow originates in the motor cortex of the left hemisphere. In other words, your eyebrow receives input from the _________ hemisphere.

A) proximal
B) distal
C) contralateral
D) ipsilateral

Question 23

 A subdural hematoma is a "bruise" that often occurs following a head injury and affects a layer of the membranes that cover the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nerves. Given your knowledge of anatomical terms, which of the following is the likely location of this type of injury?

A) the scalp
B) the meninges
C) the lateral ventricles
D) the central canal of the spinal cord

Question 24

 An anatomical section that divides the brain parallel to the midline and perpendicular to the ground is a ______ section.

A) sagittal
B) coronal
C) horizontal
D) axial

Question 25

 The correct ordering of the layers of the meninges from the skull to the brain is

A) pia mater, arachnoid layer, and dura mater.
B) arachnoid layer, pia mater, and dura mater.
C) dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid layer.
D) dura mater, arachnoid layer, and pia mater.

Question 26

 Your right arm is __________ to your right leg.

A) proximal
B) distal
C) contralateral
D) ipsilateral

Question 27

 Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is secreted by the

A) meninges.
B) subarachnoid space.
C) choroid plexus.
D) ventricles.

Question 28

 You just heard about a friend who has a tumor on the meninges of her right temporal lobe. This means that the tumor is ________ to the midline of the brain.

A) contralateral
B) medial
C) ventral
D) lateral

Question 29

 The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is located _________ the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC).

A) behind
B) in front of
C) below
D) above

Question 30

 A lymphatic system was discovered recently in which part of the nervous system?

A) Circle of Willis
B) central canal
C) ventricles
D) meninges

Question 31

 What types of tissue protect the nerve fibers of the peripheral nervous system?

A) pia mater, arachnoid layer, and dura mater
B) pia mater only
C) connective tissue
D) arachnoid layer and dura mater only

Question 32

 The nerve fibers originate in the cerebral cortex and control movement cross the midline just above the junction of the medulla and spinal cord. As a result, these fibers provide input to _________ structures of the body or structures that are on the _________ side of the midline as the cortical cells providing their motor input.

A) ipsilateral; same
B) contralateral; opposite
C) ipsilateral; opposite
D) contralateral; same

Question 33

 The plane of section that divides the brain from top to bottom is a _____ section.

A) sagittal
B) coronal
C) horizontal
D) midsagittal

Question 34

 In order to assess the size of the lateral ventricles in patients with schizophrenia, Dr. Weinberger has decided to use a coronal or frontal section. In other words, he is looking at a plane of section that is

A) perpendicular to the ground, dividing the brain from front to back.
B) perpendicular to the ground, dividing the brain from side to side.
C) parallel to the midline, dividing the brain from side to side.
D) parallel to the ground, dividing the brain from top to bottom.

Question 35

 The superior and inferior colliculi are located in the midbrain. Where are these two structures located relative to one another?

A) The superior colliculi are located above the inferior colliculi.
B) The superior colliculi are located below the inferior colliculi.
C) The superior colliculi are closer to the midline than the inferior colliculi.
D) The superior colliculi are farther away from the midline than the inferior colliculi.

Question 36

 Researchers investigating appetite distinguish between the roles played by the ventromedial hypothalamus and the lateral hypothalamus. Where are these two structures located relative to one another?

A) The lateral hypothalamus is contralateral to the ventromedial hypothalamus.
B) The lateral hypothalamus is rostral to the ventromedial hypothalamus.
C) The lateral hypothalamus is closer to the midline than the ventromedial hypothalamus.
D) The ventromedial hypothalamus is located closer to the midline than the lateral hypothalamus.

Question 37

 Early computerized tomography (CT) equipment could take images from only one perspective, the axial or horizontal section. This means that the resulting images were from sections that are _________, dividing the brain from _________.

A) perpendicular to the ground; front to back
B) perpendicular to the ground; side to side
C) parallel to the midline; side to side
D) parallel to the ground; top to bottom

Question 38

 Your cat always walks up to you and wants you to pet it on its back or ________ surface, but your dog lies on its back and presents its _________ surface for you to scratch.

A) ventral; dorsal
B) dorsal; ventral
C) rostral; caudal
D) caudal; rostral

Question 39

 The subarachnoid space is found between the arachnoid layer and the

A) pia mater.
B) dura mater.
C) skull bones.
D) lateral ventricles.

Question 40

 A person who experiences damage to the motor cortex from a stroke in the right hemisphere is likely to

A) not be able to walk at all because he will be paralyzed from the waist down.
B) have some paralysis in the left side of his body.
C) not be able to understand anything you say to him.
D) have some paralysis on the right side of his body.

Question 41

 The correct order of the spinal divisions from rostral to caudal is

A) cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal.
B) cervical, lumbar, thoracic, sacral, and coccygeal.
C) thoracic, cervical, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal.
D) cervical, thoracic, lumbar, coccygeal, and sacral.

Question 42

 A thoracic surgeon operates in the vicinity of the thoracic division of the spinal cord; that is, the structures located in the

A) neck.
B) torso.
C) lower back.
D) genitals and legs.

Question 43

 A friend calls and says his child is complaining of a severe headache. When the child bends her head forward she screams in pain. The parent asks you what to do. Given what you have read in this chapter, what would you suggest?

A) Have the child lie down; she'll probably be fine.
B) Call the pediatrician in the morning.
C) Get the child immediately to a physician to be evaluated for meningitis.
D) Get the child to see a neurologist without delay, as she likely has a brain tumor.

Question 44

 Which of the following allows the left and right hemispheres to communicate?

A) the corpus callosum
B) the red nucleus
C) the sympathetic nervous system
D) the central canal

Question 45

 The primary purpose of CSF is to

A) nourish the cells of the brain and spinal cord.
B) float the brain within the skull.
C) remove toxins from the brain and excrete them from the body.
D) synthesize chemical messengers.

Question 46

 Which of the following is a component of the peripheral nervous system?

A) the corpus callosum
B) the red nucleus
C) the sympathetic nervous system
D) the central canal

Question 47

 The region consisting of the head, neck, and arms is served by nerves exiting the _________ division of the spinal cord.

A) sacral
B) lumbar
C) thoracic
D) cervical

Question 48

 The blood supply to the brain is provided by the

A) carotid and vertebral arteries.
B) subclavian and axillary arteries.
C) celiac artery.
D) aorta.

Question 49

 The spinal cord extends _________ of the vertebral column.

A) down the entire length
B) down about two-thirds the length
C) about halfway down the length
D) about a third of the way down the length

Question 50

This figure illustrates the circulation of

A) blood through the brain and spinal cord.
B) CSF between the meninges and the upper layer of cortex.
C) CSF through the ventricles, the central canal of the spinal cord, and in the subarachnoid space.
D) CSF, from its manufacture in the subarachnoid space into the ventricles and central canal of the spinal cord.

Question 51

 Which of the following statements is correct?

A) The CNS is encased in bone but has no CSF.
B) The peripheral nervous system is encased in bone but has no CSF.
C) The peripheral nervous system is encased with bone and is bathed with CSF.
D) The CNS is encased with bone and is bathed with CSF.

Question 52

 If you go to the doctor with a horrible headache and a stiff neck, why might she suggest a spinal tap?

A) A spinal tap will tell if you have a brain tumor
B) The CSF can help diagnose specific diseases.
C) The CSF is the same as the blood supply, and the doctor can tell if you have an infection.
D) The CSF is the only way the doctor can tell if you are on drugs.

Question 53

 Running down the center of the spinal cord is the

A) subarachnoid space.
B) fourth ventricle.
C) central canal.
D) spinal ventricle.

Question 54

 As a result of an accident that occurred while playing football, Michael must wear a device known as a cervical collar until his injuries heal. Based on this information, we know that Michael injured his

A) shoulder.
B) knee.
C) neck.
D) lower back.

Question 55

 Julie's physician tells her that she damaged a disk in the lumbar region of her spinal cord. It is likely that Julie sought medical advice due to pain she experienced in her

A) neck.
B) upper back.
C) shoulder.
D) lower back.

Question 56

 Why would your doctor want to do a spinal tap if she suspected that you had an infection of the brain?

A) Because the CSF of the spinal cord is continuous with the CSF of the brain.
B) Because the spinal cord is part of the CNS.
C) Because the peripheral and central nervous systems are connected.
D) She wouldn't do a spinal tap because the spinal cord is made of different kinds of neurons than the brain.

Question 57

 CSF may be found in the

A) central and peripheral nervous systems.
B) peripheral nervous system only.
C) lateral and distal ventricles of the brain.
D) ventricles, subarachnoid space, and central canal of the spinal cord.

Question 58

 Injuries to the lower back from lifting heavy objects are the cause of damage to which region of the spinal cord?

A) sacral
B) lumbar
C) thoracic
D) cervical

Question 59

 Spinal neurons that pass motor information to the body's muscles may be found in _________ of the spinal cord.

A) the white matter
B) the dorsal horns
C) the ventral horns
D) both the dorsal and ventral horns

Question 60

 A condition that results when the circulation of CSF is blocked is known as

A) hydrocephalus.
B) meningioma.
C) meningitis.
D) septicemia.

Question 61

 Which of the following structures is in the brainstem?

A) the central sulcus
B) the corpus callosum
C) the medulla
D) the hypothalamus

Question 62

 The reticular formation is involved with regulation of

A) appetite.
B) heart rate and respiration.
C) sexual activity.
D) consciousness and arousal.

Question 63

 The locus coeruleus is located in the

A) medulla.
B) pons.
C) midbrain.
D) cerebellum.

Question 64

 The medulla contains nuclei responsible for which of the following functions?

A) balance and motor coordination
B) heart rate and respiration
C) visual reflexes
D) auditory reflexes

Question 65

 The knee jerk reflex, in which your foot kicks in response to a tap on your knee, is also known as a _________ reflex.

A) withdrawal
B) postural
C) patellar
D) polysynaptic

Question 66

 A person with cervical spinal cord damage is known as a _________ and experiences loss of sensation and motor control in the _________.

A) paraplegic; arms and legs
B) paraplegic; legs only
C) quadriplegic; arms, legs, and torso
D) quadriplegic; legs only

Question 67

 The ________ is the most caudal portion of the brain and is a gradual swelling of tissue that lies above the cervical spine.

A) medulla
B) cerebellum
C) pons
D) reticular formation

Question 68

 Another name for the midbrain is the

A) myelencephalon.
B) metencephalon.
C) mesencephalon.
D) diencephalon.

Question 69

 The pons and cerebellum make up which of the following divisions?

A) telencephalon
B) diencephalon
C) mesencephalon
D) metencephalon

Question 70

 The reticular formation is located in the

A) medulla.
B) medulla and pons.
C) pons.
D) medulla, pons, and midbrain.

Question 71

 The cochlear and vestibular nuclei are located in the

A) midbrain.
B) medulla.
C) pons.
D) cerebellum.

Question 72

 Which of the following structures are important to the regulation of mood, states of arousal, and sleep?

A) the vestibular nucleus and the cochlear nucleus
B) the raphe nuclei and the locus coeruleus
C) the red nucleus and substantia nigra
D) periaqueductal gray and the red nucleus

Question 73

 Lucy is experiencing problems with maintaining both her muscle tone and her balance. Her physician is likely to look for the source of her problems in the

A) vestibular system and the cerebellum.
B) reticular formation.
C) red nucleus and the cerebellum.
D) cochlear nucleus and the inferior colliculi.

Question 74

 The brainstem contains the

A) hindbrain only.
B) midbrain only.
C) hindbrain and midbrain.
D) hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain.

Question 75

 The brainstem contains the

A) rhombencephalon only.
B) mesencephalon only.
C) rhombencephalon and mesencephalon.
D) rhombencephalon, mesencephalon, and prosencephalon.

Question 76

 Axons carrying sensory information to the brain may be found in

A) the ventral white matter of the spinal cord.
B) the dorsal white matter of the spinal cord.
C) both the ventral and dorsal white matter of the spinal cord.
D) the lateral gray matter of the spinal cord only.

Question 77

 You've just heard that someone's spinal cord has been injured at L2 (lumbar nerve 2). Given what you've learned in this chapter, which of the following will likely be true?

A) The person will be totally paralyzed from the neck down.
B) The person will be totally paralyzed from just below the arms.
C) Depending on how severe the injury, the person may be unable to move or feel anything from around the waist down.
D) Depending on how severe the injury, the person may be unable to move or feel anything from around the chest down.

Question 78

 Which of the following structures does NOT contain any parts of the reticular formation?

A) the midbrain
B) the diencephalon
C) the medulla
D) the pons

Question 79

 Jonathan has been diagnosed with a tumor located in his medulla. His physician warns him that until treated, the tumor will most directly affect his

A) balance and motor coordination.
B) breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure.
C) control of aggression.
D) decision making.

Question 80

 The myelencephalon and metencephalon are located in the

A) hindbrain.
B) midbrain.
C) forebrain.
D) cerebellum.